This document is the table of contents for a grammar book in Spanish. It lists 20 different grammar topics that will be covered in the book, including nationalities, stem changing verbs, adjectives, pronouns, verbs like ser vs estar, affirmative and negative words, preterite tense and present progressive tense.

1. Grammar Book
Orlando Witcher
3rd

2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Adjectives
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. Direct Object Pronoun
7.Indirect Pronoun
8. Ser vs. Estar
9. ísimo(a) and g/c/z
10. Verbs like Gustar
 11. Affirmative and Negative
Words
 12. pero vs. sino
 13. DOP/IOP/SE
 14. Reflexive Verbs
 15. Affirmative and Negative
words
 16. los adverbios-mente
 17. deber + other modal verbs
 18. past participles as
adjectives
 19. preterite
 20. Present progressive.

3. Nacionalidades
 Mexicano Mexico D.F. Mexico City D.F.
 Guatemalteco Guatemala Guatemala
 Hondureño Honduras Tegucigalpa
 Salvadoreño Salvador San Salvador
 Nicaragüense Nicraugua Managua
 Costarricense Costa Rica San Jose
 Panameño Panama Panama

4. Nacionalidades
 Venezolano Venezuela Caracas
 Colombiano Colombia Bogota
 Ecuatoriano Ecuador Quito
 Peruano Peru Lima
 Paraguayo Paraguay Asunción
 Boliviano Bolivia Sucre
 Chileno Chile Santiago
 Argentino Argentina Buenos Aires
 Uruguayo Uruaguay Montevideo

5. Nacionalidades
 Cubano Cuba Havana
 Domincano Dominican Republic Santo
Domingo
 Puertorriqueño Puerto Rico San Juan
 español Spain Madrid
 Guineano Guinea Conakry

6. Stem Changing Verbs
 When a word ends in a "a" "e" or "i" you change the
ending to correspond with the right pronoun.
 When a word ends in "ar" you have to add a i after the
"e" in the word.
 If the word ends in "ir" you change the "e" to a "i".
 For nosotros and vosotros you do not change the
spellign.
pensar pedir
pienso pensamos pido pidimos
pienas piensan pides piden
piena pide

7. Para
 It is used with an infinitive to express the purpose of
doing something.
 It means "For" or "in order to"
 It can also be used to make a personal opinion
 It can also tell the destination of something.
 Ex: Esta agua para beber.

8. Los Adijectivos
 If adjectives ends in a “e” add “s”
 Ex: grandes
 If adjectives ends in a constant add es
 Ex azules
 Note: if

9. Object Pronoun Placement
 Indirect objects pronouns act and go in the
same places that direct objects.
 When the pronoun is with a conjugated
verb it goes before the verb.
ex: Juan le compra.
 But when the pronoun accompanies a
infinitive, it can before the conjugated verb
or be attached to the infinitive.
ex: Juan quiere comprale.

10. Direct Object Pronoun
 A direct object pronoun is something that is being
described.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
me me nos nos
te te les les
lo/le la/le los/les las/les

11. Indirect Pronoun Verbs
 Indirect object are nouns that tell to whom/what
or for whom/what.
 Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany
indirect objects.
 Indirect pronouns are the same as direct pronouns
except for le and les.
Singular Plural
me nos
te os
le les

12. Ser vs. Estar
Ser
 identifies people and
things, expresses origin,
profession and
occupation, explains
characteristics and when
and where an event
takes place.
soy somo
eres sois
es son
Estar
 shows how you feel,
location, health, and
certain weather
expressions
estoy estamos
estás estáis
está están

13. ísimo(a) and g/c/z
 Is used to express extremes with adjectives, drop the final
vowel and add the ending ísimo(a).
 EX: facil-facilísimo
grande-grandísimo
difícil-difícilísimo

14. Verbs like Gustar
 When you want to talk about things that people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for
those things.
Singular Plural
me gusta nos gusta me gustan nos gustan
te gusta os gusta te gustan os gustan
le gusta les gusta le gustan les gustan

15. Affirmative and Negative Words
 Put it in the "yo" for
ex: hablo
 Change to opposite vowel ar>e er/ir>e
ex: no hable
 Add "s"
ex: no hables

16. pero vs. sino
Pero
 Pero means "but".
 Pero also states that
something is done even
with circumstances behind
the action.
Sino
 Sino means "but rather".
 Sino is used when you
need to contrast a previous
negative statement.

17. DOP/IOP/SE
IOP DOP SE
me me me
te te te
le la se
nos nos nos
os os os
les los/les se

18. Reflexive Verbs
 Reflexive verbs shows if the subject does something to himself
or herself.
 Usually appears before conjugated verbs
 When using the reflexive verb after a conjugated verb you
have to use the right reflexive pronoun.
 EX: acostarse-go to bed
banarse-to bathe
ponerse-to out on

19. Tú commands
affirmative+negative+irregulars
 Tú form and then drop the "s".
 Di- Decir- to say or tell
 Haz- Hacer- to do or make
 Ve- ir- to go
 Pon- poner- to put or to place
 Sal- salir- to leave
 Se- ser- have
 Ten- tener- to have
 Ven- venir- to come

20. Los Adverbios
 Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding "mente" to the
feminine singular form of the adjectives.
 Adjectives Adverb
 Claro>a (feminine) Claramente
 Constante Constantemente
 Dificil Dificilmente
 Perfecto>a(feminine) Perfectamente
 Alegre Alegremente

21. Los Adverbios
Irregular Adverbs
 Mucho Bien
 Muy
 Mal
 Bastante

22. Modal Verbs
 when verbs are used in modal verbs combinations
 The 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive
form.
 you would never say "no puedo nado."
 Desear=to need
 Poder= to be able to
 Querer= to want
 ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
 poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
 querer+infinitive(want to do soemthing)

23. Modal Verbs
 ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
 poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
 querer+infinitive(want to do soemthing)
 deber+infinitive

24. past participles as adjectives
 Drop -ar ending and add -ado
 Drop -er or -ir ending and add -ido
 EX:
 La puerta está cerrada.
 El restaurante está abierto.

25. El pretérite
 Past tense
 a definite time in the past
 has a beginning and/or ending
 las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
 Ayer, Anoche, El año pasado, La semana pasada, Ante ayer
ar: er/ir:
 -é -amos - í -imos
hablé hablamos comí comimos
-aste -aron -iste -oeron
hablaste hablaron comiste comieron
-ó -ió
habló comió

26. Progressive Tense
 Estar+ ando(ar)/iendo(ir verb)/yendo(ir/er)
 The present progressive is only used to describe an action that
is in the process of taking place.
 It is not used for future action.
 Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar or attach
them to the end of the present participle.
 e i

27. La concordancia
 Nouns ending in a vowel add “s”
 Ex: el lago = a lagos
 Nouns ending in a consonant add “es”
 Ex: el arbol = los arbloes
 Nouns ending in “z” add “ces”
 El lapiz = los lapices