The document provides a table of contents and overview of Spanish grammar topics including: - Verb tenses like the preterite, imperfect, future, and commands - Irregular verb conjugations - Uses of ser vs estar, por vs para, and saber vs conocer - Forming comparisons, conditionals, questions, and negatives - Placement of direct and indirect object pronouns - Using impersonal expressions and conjunctions of time - Forming the present subjunctive and irregular subjunctive verbs

1. Grammar Book By:Alec Cohen

2. Table of Contents Preterite Preterite trigger words Car, gar, zar Spock Cucaracha Snake Snakey Imperfect Imperfect trigger words Preterite vs imperfect Ser vs estar Verbs like gustar Comparatives/superlatives Transition words Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenses Present Past Present perfect irregulars Subjunctive perfect tanto y tan Impersonal ‘se’ Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos Informal/Formal Affirmative Negative Irregular DOP + IOP placement Nosotros command -mono verbs Subjunctive + irregulars Trigger phrases □ Impersonal expressions □ Expressions of emotion □ Conjunctions of time Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns Future Future trigger words Future irregulars Por Para Demonstrative adjectives, Demonstrative pronouns

3. Preterite Tense Preterite tense is a completed action in the past and not ongoing. Verbs end in ar, ir, or er have different endings. Ar: Er/Ir: Example: Comí mi pizza al mediodía. E í Aste iste Ó ió Amos imos Aron ieron Uses of preterite: used to express complete actions and to express the beginning or end of a past action

4. Preterite trigger words Ayer Año pasado Anoche Anteayer El mes pasado Ayer por la tarde La semana pasada El otro día

5. Car, Gar, Zar In the car, gar,and zar verbs the endings of the conjugations are varied. Verbs ending in: -car: -gar -zar: Que camos Caste casteís Có caron Gue gamos Gaste gasteís Gó garon Cé zamos Zaste zasteís Zó zaron

6. Spock Verbs Ir Ser Dar Ver Hacer The verbs Ir (to go) and ser (to be) are conjugated the same way. Fui Fuimos Fuiste Fuisteis Fue Fueron The verbs dar (to give) and ver (to see) are also conjugated the same way. Í imos Iste isteis Ió ieron The verb hacer (to make or do) is conjugated differently from the rest of the “Spock” verbs. Hice Hicimos Hiciste Hicisteis Hizo Hicieron

7. Cucaracha Verbs Andar- anduv__ Estar- estuv__ Poder- pude__ Poner-pus__ Querer-quis__ Saber- sup__ Tener- tuv__ Venir- vin__ Conducir- conduj__ Producir- produj__ Traducir- traduj__ Decir- dij__ Traer-traj__ Changes into: E Iste Imos Isteis Ieron “ j” verbs drop the “I”- eron

8. Snake Verbs Snake verbs are verbs that only change in the third person. The verbs that change from e to I are: pedir, preferir, competir, repetir, servir, sentir, and venir. The verbs that change from o to u are dormir and morir.

9. Snakey Verbs Snakey verbs are also irregular preterite verbs that change in third person only. In these verbs either an I or an E changes to a y. In the verb oír the I changes to a y. In the verbs leer and creer the E changes to a y.

10. Imperfect Tense Imperfect tense is a tense in spanish that is an imperfected or uncompleted action in the past that does not have a definite beginning or an end. Ar: Er/Ir: Aba ía Abas ías Aba ía Abamos íamos Aban ían Uses of the imperfect: describes an ongoing past action with no definite beginning or end, to express habitual, and to describe physical or emotional states or characteristics.

11. Imperfect irregulars The irregular verbs for the imperfect tense are the verbs ir, ser, and ver. The conjugation is below. Ir: Ser: Ver: Iba era veía Ibas eras veías Iba era veía Íbamos éramos veíamos Iban eran veían

12. Imperfect trigger words Siempre A veces Mientras Frecuentamente A menudo Todos los dias Cada dia

13. Imperfecto vs Preterito Definition: An imperfect or uncompleted action in the past that has no sure beginning or end and is ongoing. Verbs ending in ar and er/ir : Aba ía Abas ías Aba ía Abamos íamos Aban íban Ex: Ayer , comía mi pizza al mediodía. Irregulares: Ser, Ver, and Ir Era iba veía Eras ibas veías Era iba veía Éramos íbamos veíamos Eran iban veían Definition: A completed action in the past that has a sure beginning and end and is not ongoing. Verbs ending in ar and er/ir: E í Aste iste Ó ió Amos imos Aron ieron Ex: Comí mi pizza al mediodía. Irregulares: Yo tú él, ella, usted nosotros ellos, ellas, ustedes Andar: anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos anduvieron Conducir:* conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujeron Decir:* dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron Estar: estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvieron Hacer: hice hiciste hi z o hicimos hicieron Poner: puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron Poder: pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron Querer: quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron Saber: supe supiste supo supimos supieron Tener: tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron Traer:* traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron Venir: vine viniste vino vinimos vinieron Dar: di diste dio dimos dieron Ser/Ir: Fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron Ver: vi viste vio vimos vieron VS

14. Ser vs. Estar Both of these verbs mean to be but are used in different contexts. Ser is used for to express time or the day, place of origin, to express nationality, to express relationship, to express where an event is taking place, and to express possession. Estar is used to express geographical or physical location and to express state or condition. Ser: Estar: Soy estoy Eres estás Es está Somos estamos Son están

15. Verbs like gustar aburrir to bore fascinar to be fascinating bastar to be sufficient importar to be important caer bien (mal) to (not) suit interesar to be interesting molestar to be a bother disgustar to hate something parecer to appear to be doler (o:ue) to be painful picar to itch encantar to "love" something quedar to be left over, remain faltar to be lacking something volver loco to be crazy about

16. Comparatives/Superlatives In order to say something is more than another you use más + ajective+ que. In order to say something is the most you use el/la más + adjective+ de. In order to say something is less than another you use menos+ adjective+que. In order to say something is the least you use el/la menos+ adjective+ de. The irregular forms of certain adjectives are: bueno-> mejor, malo->peor, viejo->, and joven -> menor.

17. Transition Words Aunque- even though Mientras-while Por lo tanto-therefore A pesar de- in spite of También-also No obstante- nevertheless Sin embargo- nevertheless

18. Futuro In the future tense is an infinitive plus an ending. All the endings are the same for -ar,-ir, and -er verbs. É emos Ás éis Á an

19. Futuro trigger words Mañana En (numero) días, semanas, horas, años, minutos… El proximo día, hora, año, semana, minuto et c..

20. Future irregulars Caber-> cabr Decir -> dir Haber -> habr Hacer-> har Hay-> habrá Poder -> podr Poner -> pondr Querer ->querr Saber -> sabr Salir -> saldr Tener -> tendr Valer-> valdr Venir -> vendr

21. Por Por has many things that its used for: To express passing through To express general rather than specific locations To express a period of how long something lasts To express the cause of something To express an exchange To replace something To express a means of transportation

22. Para Para is used to express many things such as por. Para is used for: To express for whom something is done. A specific rather than general location To express the purpose for which something is done To express an opinion To contrast or compare To express the idea of a deadline

23. Conditional + Irregulars To express probability, possibility, wonder, or conjecture (an inference). Endings: ía íamos ías ían ía Used to make polite requests What would happen Past habitual action = imperfect Conditional probability- conjecture, probability, past (event, action) Would, should, could, wondered if, must have been, probably was Irregular stem verbs and ending: Hacer- haría haber- habría Saber- sabría tener- tendría

24. Perfect Tenses Perfect tense consists of a helping verb + past participle. Three main perfect tenses: past, present, and future. Portrays an action or state as completed from a different point of view.

25. Present Perfect The present perfect tense is one of seven compound tenses, which means you use the helping verb haber (to have), in the present tense with a past participle. he hemos has habeís ha han Past perfect is haber (conjugated in the preterite) + past participle Había habíamos Habías Había habían

26. Past perfect The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle. Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

27. Present Perfect Irregulars Abrir- abierto poner- puesto Cubrir- cubierto resolver- resuelto Decir- dicho romper- roto Escribir- escrito ver- visto Hacer- hecho volver- vuelto Morir- muerto ir- ido

28. Subjunctive Perfect The present perfect subjunctive is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle of the main verb. used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect SALIR yo haya salido nosotros hayamos salido tú hayas salido Él/ella/Ud. haya salido Ellos/ellas/Uds. hayan salido

29. Tanto y tan Tanto is used to form comparisons of equalities with nouns. Tanto (os, as, a) + noun + como Tan is used to form comparisons of equlaities with adjectives or adverbs Tan + adjective/adverb+como

30. Impersonal se 1) Use se to avoid specifiying a person who is doing the action of the verb Ex: Se vende fruta en la frutería 2) When using se, the verb is always in the 3 rd person - Aquí se habla español 3) Se can be used in all tenses - Se hizo mucho - Se hará mucho - Se había hecho

31. Saber v. Conocer Saber: to know facts, information, or how to do something Conocer: to know people, places, literary works Saber Conjugation: Sé Sabemos supe supimos Sabes saben supiste supieron Sabe supo Conocer Conjugation: Conozco conocemos Conocí conocimos Conoces conocen conociste conocieron Conoce conoció

32. Los mandatos Used to directly address someone and give them an order Can be formal or informal Can be affirmative or negative Can be used in the nosotros form

33. Informal and formal commands Informal commands are given in the tú form and can be affirmative or negative. Formal commands are given in the usted form and can be affirmative or negative.

34. Affirmative Informal and Formal Commands Informal: Conjugated in the same form as the present subjunctive. Conjugate in the yo form, drop the ending and add the opposite vowel. Ex: Comer-> Coma Formal: Conjugated in the same form as the usted present indicative . Conjugate in the yo form, drop the ending and put an a for –ar verbs and e for –er/ir verbs Ex:Comer-> come

35. Negative Informal and Formal Commands Informal: uses the same form as the present subjunctive. Ex: no hable Formal: uses the same form as the formal affirmative Ex: No hables

36. Irregulars Decir-> di Hacer-> haz Ir-> ve Poner-> pon Salir-> sal Tener-> ten venir-> ven

37. DOP and IOP Placement DOPs: are placed before the verb and answers the questions of who and what. yo-> me tú-> te él/ella/ud.-> lo, la nosotros-> nos ellos/uds-> los, las IOPs: are placed before the verb and answers the questions for whom and to whom. Yo-> me tú-> te él/ella/ud.-> le nosotros-> nos ellos/uds.-> les

38. Nosotros Commands Nosotros commands are used when a speaker is included in the command and are used to express “let’s” plus a verb Has the opposite nosotros ending, -ar verbs: emos/imos, -er/ir verbs: amos To make it negative, just add no in front

39. Mono Verbs For affirmative nosotros commands, the ending “s” of the verb is dropped and then you add the pronouns “nos” or “se”. Ex: comemos+ nos is comemonos For negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verb. Ex: no nos comemos

40. Subjunctive The subjunctive form is used to express everything but uncertainty and objectivity. To conjugate it, start with the yo form of the present indicative, drop the o, and add the opposite ending. Ar verbs: e, es, e, emos, en Ir/Er verbs: a, as, a, amos Ex: hablar-> hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hablen

41. Irregulars -car, -gar, -zar(s) TVDISHES Ex: Estar-> esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén Ex: Ir-> vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan Ex: Ser-> sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean

42. Trigger phrases A menos que… Es malo que… Es impossible que… Es mejor que… Sin que… Es posible que… Es bueno que…

43. Impersonal Expressions of the Present Subjunctive Es necessario que… Es mejor que… Es importante que… Es malo que… Es facíl que… Es bueno que….

44. Expressions of Emotions alegrarse de que to be happy that es bueno que it's good that es difícil que it's hard es extraño que it's strange that es fácil que it's easy es increíble que it's incredible that es justo que it's fair that es mejor que it's better that es peor que it's worse that es triste que it's sad that estar contento que to be happy that estar triste que to be sad that extrañarse que to be amazed that más vale que it's better that sentir que to regret, be sorry that sorprenderse que to be surprised that

45. Conjunctions of time Cuando- when Tan pronto como- as soon as Luego que- as soon as Depues de que- after Así que- as soon as En cuanto- as soon as Hasta que- until

46. Demonstrative Adjectives Adjectives that describe a noun éste- this Aquel- that over there ése- that

47. Demonstrative Pronouns Like demonstrative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns also describe a noun. esto (this matter, this thing) aquello (that matter/thing over there) eso (that matter, that thing)