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Isabel's grammar book
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- 2. Table of Contents 1.Nationalities 2. Stem Changers 3. Para 4. IOP 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar Verb 7. Affirmative and Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. Affirmative Tu Commands + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement 11. Negative Tu Commands + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement 12. Sequencing Events 13. Tu Commands 14. Preterite 15. Trigger Words 16. –Car –Gar –Zar 17. Deber + Infinitive 18. Modal verbs 19. Present Progressives 20. Adverbs
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- 4. Stem Changers O UE U UE Dormir Jugar Duermo Dormimos Juego Jugamos Duermes Juegas Duerme Duermen Juega Juegan All forms of the verb change except for nosotros and vosotros
- 5. Para Definition – in order to or for Para is used: Right before an infinitive Shows purpose or need It can also mean “no later than” Ex – Mi papa cocina el pollo para el cena.
- 6. Indirect Object Pronouns Yo Me Ellos, ellas, Les uds. Tú Te Nosotros Nos Él, ella, ud. Le Indirect Object Pronouns 1. Before already conjugated verb 2. Attached to an infinitive 3. Attached to a gerund Ex. Él nos compró unos regalos.
- 7. Pronoun Placement 1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command 4. Attach the pronoun before a conjugated verb
- 8. Gustar Ex. Me gusta cantar. SINGULAR PLURAL Yo Me gusta Yo Me gustan Tú Te gusta Tú Te gustan Él, ella, ud. Le gusta Él, ella, ud. Le gustan Ellos, ellas, Ellos, ellas, Les gusta Les gustan uds. uds. Nosotros Nos gusta Nosotros Nos gustan
- 9. Affirmative & Negative Words Algo Something Alguien Somebody Negative Alguno Some Siempre Always Tambien Also O…o Either…or Nada Nothing Nadie Nobody Ninguno None Nunca Never Tampoco Neither Affirmatives Ni…ni Neither…nor
- 10. Superlativos Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas - These are added to adjectives and adverbs Equivalent to “extremely” or “very” But if an adjective ends with –n or –r “cisímo” is added When the word ends with a c, change it to a q
- 11. Reflexivos Reflexive verbs are verbs that you do to yourself, - For example, you brush you hair. - Or, you wash yourself: Me lavanto. Position of Reflexives: 1. Right before a conjugated verb 2. Attached to an infinitive 3. Attached to a gerund 4. Attached to an infinitive command
- 12. Affirmative Tu Commands Sal 1. Drop the “s” Haz Pronoun Placement 1. Infinitive Ven Pon 2. Gerund 3. In front of an already conjugated verb 4. Affirmative Command Di -!Comelo! (Eat it) Se Ten Ve
- 13. Negative Tu Commands T No tengas 1. Put in “yo” form V No vengas 2. Change the vowel: No des/digas D -ar to –e (Ir) No vayas -er/ir to –e I 3. Add the “s” S No seas H No hagas E No estes No sepa S
- 14. Tu Commands 1. Affirmatives- drop the “s” 2. Then put in “yo” form, change the vowel, add back the “s” 3. Iregular Affirmatives: Di, Haz, Ven, Pon, Sal, Se, Ten, Ven Irregular Commands Tener No Tengas Venir No vengas Dar/Decir No des/digas Ir No vayas Ser No seas Hacer No hagas Saber/Salir No sepas/salgas
- 15. Sequencing Events These words show order of how things happen. Primero- First Entonces- After Luego/Despues- then, after El Final- Finally Antes de/ despues de- before that, after that Por la manana/ tarde/ noche- in or during the ____ Los lunes, los martes, ctn. -On Monday, Tuesday, etc
- 16. Preterite Preterite- past tense AR ER/IR é amos í Imos aste Ieste ó aron ió ieron
- 17. Trigger Words Undia Una vez A ver A noche Hace un ano Ya El mas pasado Anteayar Por Una Hora A las Dos Veces
- 18. Car, Gar, Zar ONLY USED WHEN IN YO FORM. Verbs that end in –car, change from –c to -qu Verbs that end in –gar, change from –g to –gu Verbs that end in –zar, change from –z to –c Ex. Yo busque. (buscar)
- 19. Deber + Infinitive Deber- “should do” or “ought to” Use conjugated deber + an infinitive to say what someone ought to do. Deber “should do” Debo Debemos Debes Debe Deben Ex. Debo limpiar mi recamara.
- 20. Modal Verbs If a verb is used in modal verb form, then the second verb remains in its infinitive form Saber- to know Soler- usually Poder- can Necesitar- to need Desear- to desire Deber- should Querer- to want
- 21. Present Progressives How to use Present Progressives: 1. Use “estar” conjugated Ex. Ella esta. 2. Change the ending of the other verb to: -ando -iendo -yendo ****When the stem of an –er or –ir verbs ends ina vowel, change –iendo to –yendo
- 22. Adverbs ADJECTIVE -MENTE = ADVERB -rapid -change masculine ending, -Rapidamente -feliz “o”, to feminine “a” -Felizmente -lento -if this ^ rule doesn’t apply, -Lentamente just add -mente