This document provides a grammar review of Spanish subjects, verb conjugations, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and other grammar topics. It defines subjects such as yo, tú, él/ella, and ustedes. It reviews AR, ER, and IR verb endings for different subjects. It also covers topics such as stem-changing verbs, possessive adjectives, gustar verbs, ser vs estar, direct and indirect object pronouns, the present progressive, and reflexive verbs. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate concepts.

1. Grammar Review

2. Spanish Subjects Yo- I Tú- Familiar You Él - He Ella- She Usted- Formal You Nosotros- We (male or mixed group) Nosotras- We (female) Vosotros- You all familiar (male or mixed group) Spain only! Vosotras- You all familiar (female) Spain only! Ellos- They (male or mixed group) Ellas- They (female) Ustedes- You all formal

3. AR Verb Endings Yo- o Tú- as Él - a Ella - a Usted - a Nosotros,as- amos Vosotros,as- áis Ellos- an Ellas- an Ustedes- an

4. ER Verb Endings Yo- o Tú- es Él - e Ella - e Usted - e Nosotros,as- emos Vosotros,as- éis Ellos- en Ellas- en Ustedes- en

5. IR Verb Endings Yo- o Tú- es Él - e Ella - e Usted - e Nosotros,as- imos Vosotros,as- ís Ellos- en Ellas- en Ustedes- en

6. Reminder In order to conjugate a verb you must first--- Find the stem. Remove the ending. Replace with appropriate ending that matches the subject of the sentence. Example. Yo- hablar Habl ar Habl Hablo

7. Let’s Practice! Yo- beber Nosotros- bailar Tú- caminar Nosotras- comer Él - hablar Ellos- vivir Ella- escribir Ellas- tomar Usted- pagar Ustedes-mirar

8. Answers… Check your work! Yo- bebo Nosotros- bailamos Tú- caminas Nosotras- comemos Él - habla Ellos- viven Ella- escribe Ellas- toman Usted- paga Ustedes-miran

9. Nouns, Articles, Adjectives Remember that in Spanish a sentence must agree in gender and number. That is why it is important to remember how to use nouns, articles, and adjectives in the singular and the plural.

10. Nouns Nouns are people, places, or things. A noun that ends in a vowel can be made plural by adding –s . Example: blusa – blusas A noun that ends in a consonant such as -n or -l is made plural by adding –es . Example: mantel - manteles

11. Articles Definite Articles- signify the. El- masc. sing. La- fem. sing. Los- masc. plur. Las- fem. plur. El libro- the book Los libros- the books Indefinite Articles- signify a or an in the singular and some in the plural. Un- masc. sing. Una- fem. sing. Unos- masc. plur. Unas- fem. plur. Una blusa- a blouse Unas blusas- some blouses

12. Adjectives- Agreeing in Number An adjective is a word that describes a noun. An adjective that ends in a vowel can be made plural by adding –s . Example: rojo – rojos An adjective that ends in a consonant such as -n or -l is made plural by adding –es . Example: azul - azules

13. Adjectives- Agreeing in Gender An adjective that ends in an –o is masculine and modifies masculine nouns. Example: carro rojo If you want that adjective to modify a feminine noun, you must change the –o to –a. Example: blusa roja If an adjective ends in another letter such as -e or -l, it is neutral and has no gender. It can modify a masculine or feminine word. Example: alumno inteligente casa azul

14. Adjectives- Agreeing in Gender (cont.) Once you have changed the adjective to match the noun for gender, you add an –s or –es if the noun it modifies is plural. Example: blusas rojas carros azules

15. Irregular Verbs...

16. Irregular Verbs Ser - soy eres es somos sois son Ir - voy vas va vamos vais van Dar - doy das da damos dais dan Estar - estoy estás está estamos estáis están Tener - tengo tienes tiene tenemos tenéis tienen

17. Irregular Verbs (cont.) These verbs are irregular only in the yo form. Hacer- hago haces hace hacemos hacéis hacen Poner- pongo pones pone ponemos ponéis ponen Traer- traigo traes trae traemos traéis traen

18. Irregular Verbs (cont.) Salir- salgo sales sale salimos sal ís salen Saber- sé sabes sabe sabemos sabéis saben Conocer- conozco conoces conoce conocemos conocéis conocen

19. Stem Changing Verbs... Present Tense

20. How do I stem change? Find the change. (This is listed in most dictionaries and will be given on tests or quizzes. After practice, you will start to remember them on your own.) Make the switch. (Not in nosotros or vosotros, remember the boot) Conjugate the verb appropriately. Examples coming…

21. Examples Ella- empezar (e:ie) e:ie Empiezar Empieza Nosotros- poder (o:ue) o:ue Poder Podemos *Notice I did not stem-change the verb b/c we are in the nosotros form.*

22. Common Stem-Changing Verbs Empezar- e:ie Querer- e:ie Perder- e:ie Preferir- e:ie Volver- o:ue Poder- o:ue Comenzar- e:ie Jugar- u:ue AND THAT’S JUST Dormir- o:ue A FEW!!!!!

23. Practice---Put in Notes. Yo- empezar Nosotros- comenzar Tú- perder Nosotras- jugar Él - poder Ellos- volver Ella-dormir Ellas- preferir Usted- querer Ustedes-devolver

24. Answers… Check your work! Yo- empiezo Nosotros- comenzamos Tú- pierdes Nosotras- jugamos Él - puede Ellos- vuelven Ella-duerme Ellas- prefieren Usted- quiere Ustedes-devuelven

25. Possessive Adjectives

26. Possessive Adjectives – modify a noun to show possession! Mi, Mis - My Tu,Tus – Familiar Your Su, Sus – His, Her, Formal and Plural Your, Their *Note: these possessive adjectives only need to match the noun in number. They have no gender. * Ex. Mi casa- Mis casas My house- My houses Tu libro- Tus libros Your book- Your books

27. Possessive Adjectives – modify a noun to show possession! Nuestro- our Nuestros - our Nuestra- our Nuestras – our *Note: these possessive adjectives need to match the noun in gender and number. * Ex. Nuestra casa- Nuestras casas Our house- Our houses Nuestro libro- Nuestros libros Our book- Our books

28. Gustar Verbs

29. Literal Meaning The verb gustar means to like, but literally it means to be pleasing to. This is why with the gustar verbs we use indirect object pronouns. When we say…”Me gusta pizza.” We are literally saying…”Pizza is pleasing to me.”

30. Let’s review the indirect pronouns. Me - me Te – you (fam.) Le – you (form.) him her Nos - us Os – you plural (fam.) Les – you plural (form.) them You choose which pronoun to use depending upon who is doing the verb…i.e. “ Who is liking” “Who is it boring”, etc.

31. Verbs like gustar Here is a list of verbs that are used like gustar: Gustar – to like Costar (o:ue) – to cost Aburrir – to bore Fascinar – to facinate Encantar – to love Molestar – to bother Interesar – to interest

32. Verbs like gustar are all conjugated the same. If you are talking about a singular object or an infinitive verb, you use the he/she form. Ex. Me gust a el verano. Les gust a correr. If you are talking about a plural object, you use the they form. Ex. Me gusta n los zapatos. Le gusta n las peliculas.

33. Two last things to remember… *The verb agrees with the subject of the sentence– that is, with the person or thing being liked. *You can use the preposition a + noun or pronoun to emphasize or specify the name of the person referred to by the indirect object pronoun. Ex. Le gusta el pollo. He/She likes the chicken. A Eva le gusta el pollo. Eva likes the chicken.

34. Ser vs Estar

35. The basics… Ser expresses a fundamental quality and identifies the essence of a person or thing. Estar expresses more transitory qualities and often implies the possibility of change.

36. Uses of Ser Basic nature or character of a person or thing. It is also used with expressions of age that do not refer to a specific number of years. Example: La orquesta es buena. Yo soy joven. Material that things are made of. Example: Las mesas son de metal Denote nationality, origin, and profession or trade. Example: Sandra es norteamericana. Yo soy de Caracas. Mi madre es profesora.

37. Uses of Ser cont. Expressions of time with dates. Example: Hoy es jueves, cuatro de abril. Son las cuatro y cuarto de la tarde. With events as the equivalent of taking place. Example: La fiesta es en el club Los Violines. To indicate possession or relationship. Example: Los discos compactos son de Julia. Antonio es el hermano de Pablo.

38. Uses of Estar Place or location. Example: Mi prima no está aquí. ¿ Dónde está ? Condition. Example: Mis amigos está n muy cansados. Sara está enferma. With personal reactions. It describes what is perceived through the senses—that is how a person or thing seems, looks, tastes, or feels. Example: El ponche está delicioso. With the present progressive. (Will be reviewing later.)

39. Pronouns

40. Two types of pronouns… Direct Object Pronouns take the place of a direct object. The direct object of a sentence may be either a person or thing that directly receives the action of the verb. Ex. Ellos compran el libro. Subject verb direct object. Answers the question whom or what about what the subject is doing. What are they buying? The book.

41. Direct Object Pronouns Me - me Te – you (fam.) Lo – you (form. masc.) him, it (masc.) La – you (form. fem.) her, it (fem.) Nos - us Os – you plural (fam.) Los – them (masc.) you plural (form. masc.) Las- them (fem.) you plural (form. fem.)

42. D.O.P Rules of Placement DOP placed before a conjugated verb. Ellos sirven la cena. Ellos la sirven. In a negative sentence, the no must precede the DOP. Ellos no sirven la cena. Ellos no la sirven. The DOP may be attached or in front when used with an infinitive verb or with the present progressive. Puedo firmarlo. Lo puedo firmar. Estoy leyéndolo. Lo estoy leyendo. *An accent was added to maintain the correct stress.*

43. Two types of pronouns… Indirect Object Pronouns take the place of an indirect object. The indirect object of a sentence describes to whom or for whom an action is done. Ex. Yo mando los libros a los estudiantes. Subject verb direct object indirect object In Spanish, the IOP includes the meaning to or for. Ex. Yo les mando los libros. I send the books to them.

44. In direct Object Pronouns Me - me Te – you (fam.) Le – you (form.) him her Nos - us Os – you plural (fam.) Les – you plural (form.) them

45. I.O.P Rules of Placement IOP placed before a conjugated verb. Ellos sirven la cena a los chicos. Ellos les sirven la cena. In a negative sentence, the no must precede the IOP. Ellos no sirven la cena a los chicos. Ellos no les sirven la cena. The IOP may be attached or in front when used with an infinitive verb or with the present progressive. Nos está diciendo que viene hoy. Está diciéndonos que viene hoy. *An accent was added to maintain the correct stress.*

46. Using both pronouns at once… If you are going to use two pronouns in one sentence you need to remember, the Indirect Object Pronoun always comes before the Direct Object Pronoun. Ellos dan la cuenta a mí. Ellos me la dan. If you have two pronouns that begin with –l the first pronoun(IOP) changes to se. Ellos sirven la cena a los chicos. Ellos les la sirven. Ellos se la sirven.

47. Present Progressive

48. Two parts to the Present Progressive Present tense form of estar (Matches the subject) Present Participle (AR- ando ER/IR - iendo) The present progressive is something that is currently taking place. I am walking. Yo estoy caminando.

49. More examples… He is running. Él está corriendo. We are talking. Nosotros estamos hablando. They are dancing. Ellos están bailando. Irregular Participles- Leer – leyendo Traer- trayendo

50. Try a couple on your own. We are singing. (cantar) They are writing. (escribir) I am reading. (leer) He is bringing a book. (traer)

51. Answers… Nosotros estamos cantando. Ellos están escribiendo. Yo estoy leyendo. Él está trayendo un libro.

52. Reflexive Verbs

53. Reflexive Verbs The subject of a reflexive verb both performs and receives the action. Each subject has its corresponding pronoun. Reflexive verbs follow the conjugation rules (i.e. regular ar, er, ir verbs, stem-changers, etc.)

54. Pronouns and Examples Yo- me Tú- te Él, Ella, Usted - se Nosotros,as- nos Vosotros,as- os Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes- se

55. How to do it… 1. Remove the se and move it to the front. 2. Match the pronoun with the subject. 3. Conjugate the verb to match the subject. Ex. Yo- lavarse 1. se lavar 2. me lavar 3. me lavo

56. You try it. Ella – levantarse Ellos- acostarse (o:ue) Yo- ducharse Tú- cepillarse Él- afeitarse

57. Answers… Ella – levantarse Se levanta Ellos- acostarse (o:ue) Se acuestan Yo- ducharse Me ducho Tú- cepillarse Te cepillas Él- afeitarse Se afeita

58. El Fin