This document contains a table of contents that lists various Spanish grammar topics including verbs like ser and estar, verbs like gustar, hacer expressions, the preterite and trigger words, irregular preterite verbs, affirmative and negative commands, DOPs, IOPs, the future tense, adjectives, formal commands, modal verbs, reflexive verbs, and saber vs conocer.

2. Table of ContentsSer EstarVerbs like GustarHacer ExpressionsEl Pretérito and Trigger WordsCar, Gar, y ZarSpock Cucaracha SnakeSnakeysAffirmative CommandsNegative CommandsDOPsIOPs

3. SerDescription OriginCharacteristics TimeOccupation RelationshipPossession Event Date

4. EstarRules!!Ar to andoEr and ir to iendoor yendo

5. Verbs like GustarThese verbs follow the same conjugation as gustar with doler having an e stem changer.Faltar- to lackDoler- to hurtFascinar- to fascinateMolestar- to bother

6. Hacer Time ExpressionsHace=TimeQue=VerbPresent Tense is since and for.Preterite Tense is ago.

7. El Pretérito y Trigger WordsIt is a definite time in the pastEx: Ayer,Anoche, El añopasado, La semanapasada, Ante ayerCont’d PreteritoEr/irAr -e/-amos -aste/-asteis -o/-aron -i/-imosiste/isteisio/ieron

8. El Pretérito IrregularsThere are 3 types of irregular preterito verbs and they are:Car, Gar, y Zar

9. Cucaracha

10. SpockCar, Gar, Zar

11. Spock Irregulars1. ir y ser2.dar y ver3.hacerEach group is conjugated the same

12. SpockDARSERVERIRHACER

13. Cucaracha-e -imos-iste -isteis-o -ieronAndar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vin

14. SnakesThe stem change occurs only in 3rd person.The stem change is to opposite vowel with the first vowel.

15. SnakeysIn the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel “I” to the vowel “y”.

16. . Affirmative CommandsPut verb in ‘yo’ formChange to opposite vowel.Ar to e er/ir to a3. If plural add an n4. Then, add DOP to end ONLY IF POSITIVE

17. Negetive CommandsInstead of putting the DOP at the end of the verb, put it before it.

18. DOPsAnswers the question of what is receiving the direct action of the verb.DOPs are : lo, la, los, las, me, te, nosYou must have a DOP in order to have an IOP, however in a sentence you always put the IOP behind the DOP.

19. IOPsAnswers the question to whom or for whom. IOPs are: me, te, le, nos, os, les.

20. Se ImpersonalUse se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd personSe can be used in all tenses

21. Past Participles Add-ado for-ar verbsAdd-ido for-ir/-er verbsHas to agree with nouns they modify in gender and number.

22. Irregular Past ParticiplesAbrir-abierto resolver-resueltoCubrir-cubierto romper-rotoDecir-dichover-vistoEscribir-escritovolver-vueltoFreir-fritoHacer-hechoMorir-muertoPoner-puesto

23. El futuroInfinitive+EndingEndings are all the same for ar/er/ir verbseasaemoseisan

24. IregularFuturoDecir-dirHacer-harPoder-podrQuerer-querrSaber-sabrSalir-saldrTener-tendrValer-valdrVenir-vendr

25. Extended el futuroIr + A + Infinitive (going to do something)

26. Adjectivos DemonstrativesPut in front of the noun it modifiesMake sure it agrees with number and gender

27. Mandatos FormalesAR-put in the yo form/ drop the o and add the eER-put in the yo form/ drop the o add the aIR- put in the yo form/ drop the o and add the a

28. Affirmative&Negative Mandatos

29. Modal VerbsIr + a + infinitive - going to do somethingPoder + infinitive- are able to do somethingQurer + infinitive- want to do somethingDeber + infinitive- should do somethingTenerque + infinitive- to have to do something

30. Reflexives-in front of the conjugated verb- attached to the infinitive- attached to the present participle- attached to an affirmative commandReflexive Pronouns: me, te, se, nos, os, seReflexive Verbs: acostarse, afeitarse, bañarse, cepillarse, ducharse, llamarse, ponerse, vestirse.

31. Saber vs. ConocerSaber is used to express knowledge of informationConocer is used to express knowledge of a person, place, thing, etc.