This document provides an overview of key Spanish grammar concepts including:
1. The present tense and how it is used to express present and near future actions.
2. Irregular verb forms in the present tense such as stem changes and irregular yo forms.
3. The verbs ser and estar and how they are used with adjectives to describe inherent vs. temporary qualities.
4. Gustar and similar verbs that follow the gustar model of conjugation.
5. Spanish nouns, articles, adjectives and how they agree in gender and number.
6. The preterite and imperfect tenses and how they are used to express completed vs. ongoing past actions.
The document outlines the key grammar concepts covered in a Spanish 4 course. It includes 34 sections that cover topics such as verb conjugations in the present, preterite, imperfect, and subjunctive tenses, irregular verbs, use of ser vs estar, pronouns, adjectives, articles, por vs para, and future and conditional forms. The table of contents provides an overview of all grammatical structures and verbs forms covered in the class.
The document provides an overview of key Spanish 4 grammar concepts including:
1. The present tense and its regular conjugations as well as irregular yo forms.
2. Ser and estar and how they are used with adjectives.
3. Gustar and similar verbs like gustar that follow the same conjugation.
4. The preterite and imperfect tenses, including how to identify them using "trigger words" and their regular and irregular conjugations.
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book covering topics such as: nationalities, stem changers, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, the preterite, trigger words, -car -gar -zar verbs, deber and infinitives, modal verbs, the present progressive, and adverbs. The document provides examples and explanations of grammar structures and conjugations.
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book covering topics such as nationalities, stem changers, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and more. It provides examples and explanations of grammar structures and conjugations in Spanish.
This document provides a table of contents and sections for a Spanish grammar book. It covers topics such as nationalities, stem changers, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. The sections provide explanations, examples, and conjugations for different grammar points in Spanish.
This document provides an outline of 30 grammar topics in Spanish including: verb conjugations, irregular verbs, uses of ser and estar, pronouns, commands, and moods such as subjunctive. It covers essential concepts such as stem-changing verbs, direct and indirect object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, and uses of preterite vs imperfect tense. The document serves as a comprehensive reference guide for key elements of Spanish grammar.
This document is the table of contents for a Spanish 4 grammar book. It lists 14 chapters covering various topics of Spanish grammar, including the present tense, ser vs estar, gustar verbs, preterite and imperfect tenses, subjunctive mood, commands, object pronouns, and more. Each chapter title is listed along with the page numbers for that section.
The document outlines the table of contents for a Spanish 4 grammar book, which covers topics such as verb tenses like the present, preterite, and imperfect, uses of ser and estar, stem-changing verbs, irregular verbs, object and possessive pronouns, and uses of the subjunctive mood.
The document outlines the key grammar concepts covered in a Spanish 4 course. It includes 34 sections that cover topics such as verb conjugations in the present, preterite, imperfect, and subjunctive tenses, irregular verbs, use of ser vs estar, pronouns, adjectives, articles, por vs para, and future and conditional forms. The table of contents provides an overview of all grammatical structures and verbs forms covered in the class.
The document provides an overview of key Spanish 4 grammar concepts including:
1. The present tense and its regular conjugations as well as irregular yo forms.
2. Ser and estar and how they are used with adjectives.
3. Gustar and similar verbs like gustar that follow the same conjugation.
4. The preterite and imperfect tenses, including how to identify them using "trigger words" and their regular and irregular conjugations.
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book covering topics such as: nationalities, stem changers, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, the preterite, trigger words, -car -gar -zar verbs, deber and infinitives, modal verbs, the present progressive, and adverbs. The document provides examples and explanations of grammar structures and conjugations.
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book covering topics such as nationalities, stem changers, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and more. It provides examples and explanations of grammar structures and conjugations in Spanish.
This document provides a table of contents and sections for a Spanish grammar book. It covers topics such as nationalities, stem changers, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. The sections provide explanations, examples, and conjugations for different grammar points in Spanish.
This document provides an outline of 30 grammar topics in Spanish including: verb conjugations, irregular verbs, uses of ser and estar, pronouns, commands, and moods such as subjunctive. It covers essential concepts such as stem-changing verbs, direct and indirect object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, and uses of preterite vs imperfect tense. The document serves as a comprehensive reference guide for key elements of Spanish grammar.
This document is the table of contents for a Spanish 4 grammar book. It lists 14 chapters covering various topics of Spanish grammar, including the present tense, ser vs estar, gustar verbs, preterite and imperfect tenses, subjunctive mood, commands, object pronouns, and more. Each chapter title is listed along with the page numbers for that section.
The document outlines the table of contents for a Spanish 4 grammar book, which covers topics such as verb tenses like the present, preterite, and imperfect, uses of ser and estar, stem-changing verbs, irregular verbs, object and possessive pronouns, and uses of the subjunctive mood.
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book. It outlines 12 topics that will be covered including nationalities, stem changing verbs, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. The document provides an overview of the key grammatical concepts that will be explained in the book.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics covered in Period 1, including:
- The present tense of regular, stem-changing, and irregular verbs.
- Uses of ser and estar.
- The subjunctive mood and common expressions that take the subjunctive.
- Commands (mandatos) and how to form them.
- Direct and indirect object pronouns.
- Possessive adjectives and demonstrative pronouns.
- Reflexive verbs and how to conjugate them.
- The differences between using por and para.
This document provides a summary of key grammatical concepts in Spanish, organized into 23 sections. It covers topics such as verb conjugations, irregular verbs, uses of ser and estar, gustar constructions, preterite vs imperfect, the subjunctive mood, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, demonstratives, reflexives, and the differences between por and para.
This grammar book provides an overview of key Spanish grammar topics in 14 sections:
1. El Presente - formation of regular and irregular present tense verbs.
2. Ser y Estar - uses of ser and estar with adjectives to describe permanent vs. temporary qualities.
3. Verbs like Gustar - construction and uses of verbs like gustar, encantar, and faltar.
4. Nouns and Articles - agreement of nouns and articles based on gender and number.
5. Adjectives - agreement of adjectives with nouns.
6. Preterite vs. Imperfect - uses of the preterite and imperfect
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book. It lists and provides brief explanations of topics like nationalities, stem changers, para, object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, preterite, deber, present progressive, -mente, and more. The document provides examples and conjugations to demonstrate key grammar concepts in Spanish.
1. The document provides instruction on Spanish grammar concepts including pronoun placement, nationalities, stem-changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and superlatives.
2. It explains how to form reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and superlatives. Examples are provided to demonstrate concepts like pronoun placement with commands.
3. Sequencing events in Spanish is discussed, including terms like primero, entonces, luego, después, por fin that indicate the order in which things occurred. Time phrases with por, la mañana, la tarde and la noche are also addressed.
This document provides information on grammar topics in Spanish, including nationalities, stem-changing verbs, para, object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexive verbs, commands, and sequencing events. It defines terms, gives examples, and explains how to conjugate and use different parts of speech in Spanish, like verbs, pronouns, and adjectives.
This document is a grammar book that provides instruction on various Spanish grammar topics including: the imperfect tense, preterite tense, modal verbs, adverbs, progressive tenses, future tense, superlatives, formal commands, prepositions, conditional tense, and demonstratives. It includes examples and conjugations for each topic.
The grammar book covers topics such as nationalities, stem changers, pronouns, commands, reflexives, and sequencing events. It provides tables and explanations of grammar structures in Spanish including how to use words like para, gustar, modal verbs, and present progressives. The document offers a comprehensive reference guide for learning Spanish grammar.
This document contains a grammar book table of contents covering topics such as nationalities, stem changers, para, object pronoun placement, indirect object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, preterite (past tense), deber, present progressive, -mente adverbs, adjective endings, and preterite irregular verbs. The table of contents lists 20 sections that provide explanations and examples of Spanish grammar concepts.
1. The document provides instruction on Spanish grammar concepts including pronoun placement, nationalities, stem-changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events.
2. It explains rules for attaching object pronouns to verbs, conjugations of stem-changing verbs like jugar and contar, forms of the indirect object pronouns, and how to form reflexive verbs.
3. Affirmative and negative commands are discussed, including how to change the verb form and attach object pronouns for both regular and irregular verbs.
The document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including: the imperfect tense and how it is used; irregular verb forms in the preterite and future tenses; modal verbs and how they are conjugated; forming adverbs; and uses of demonstratives, prepositions, and formal commands. The summary covers the key topics and structures discussed across 15 sections.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including:
1. The present tense and how it is used to describe ongoing actions.
2. Stem-changing verbs and irregular verb conjugations in the present tense.
3. The differences between using ser and estar.
4. Additional irregular verb forms and conjugations in the preterite, imperfect, and other verb tenses.
5. Key terms, examples, and tables to illustrate Spanish verb usage and conjugations.
This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar concepts including:
- The present tense formation of regular and irregular verbs.
- The differences between ser and estar.
- Verbs like gustar and their usage.
- Spanish noun and adjective agreement including gender and number.
- The differences between the preterite and imperfect tenses.
This document provides information on Spanish verb conjugation patterns, uses of para and indirect object pronouns, how to form superlatives, reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing words. It explains vowel changes for different verb conjugations and how to add suffixes to form superlatives. It also outlines the proper placement of indirect object and reflexive pronouns as well as how to form affirmative and negative commands.
This document contains a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book covering topics such as verb conjugations, irregular verbs, stem changes, uses of por vs para, commands, and the subjunctive mood. It provides example conjugations and explanations for present tense verbs, stem changing verbs, irregular yo forms, saber vs conocer, reflexive verbs, and se impersonal verbs. It also covers uses of the imperfect vs preterite, future/conditional forms, por vs para prepositions, commands, the present perfect, double object pronouns, adverbs, and progressive tenses.
This document provides an overview of grammar and its four levels: parts of speech, parts of the sentence, phrases, and clauses. It then discusses the eight parts of speech in detail, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For nouns and pronouns, it covers definitions, types, cases, numbers, genders, persons, possessive forms, and correct usage. For verbs it discusses tense, voice, regular and irregular forms, transitive/intransitive distinctions. It also covers adjectives and adverbs, including forms of comparison.
This document provides an overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: stem changing verbs, indirect object pronouns and their placement, gustar, superlatives, reflexive verbs, commands, preterite tense, sequencing words, irregular preterite verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar, using deber + infinitive, modal verbs, present progressive tense, and forming adverbs. It explains how to conjugate and apply these different elements of Spanish grammar.
This document provides information on Spanish grammar concepts including:
- Conjugating verbs according to subject
- Uses of the word "para" including possession and intention
- Placement of indirect object pronouns
- How the verb "gustar" works with subject pronouns
- Affirmative and negative words in Spanish
- Forming superlative adjectives
- Uses of reflexive verbs and pronouns
- Forming affirmative and negative commands
- Words that indicate sequencing of events
This document provides a table of contents and overview for a Spanish grammar book. It covers topics such as the present tense, stem changing verbs, ser vs estar, gustar and similar verbs, nouns and articles, preterite vs imperfect, the subjunctive, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, reflexive verbs, por vs para, and verbs to express becoming something. The document provides conjugation charts and explanations of grammar concepts.
The document provides an outline of 30 grammar topics in Spanish including: verb conjugations, uses of ser and estar, pronouns, commands, subjunctive mood, por vs para, and future tense conjugations. It covers essential concepts in Spanish grammar and provides examples to illustrate each topic.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics. It includes sections on nationalities, stem changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, superlatives, reflexive verbs, commands, sequencing events, preterit tense, and common trigger words. The document serves as a table of contents and outlines key concepts and examples for each grammar point.
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book. It outlines 12 topics that will be covered including nationalities, stem changing verbs, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. The document provides an overview of the key grammatical concepts that will be explained in the book.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics covered in Period 1, including:
- The present tense of regular, stem-changing, and irregular verbs.
- Uses of ser and estar.
- The subjunctive mood and common expressions that take the subjunctive.
- Commands (mandatos) and how to form them.
- Direct and indirect object pronouns.
- Possessive adjectives and demonstrative pronouns.
- Reflexive verbs and how to conjugate them.
- The differences between using por and para.
This document provides a summary of key grammatical concepts in Spanish, organized into 23 sections. It covers topics such as verb conjugations, irregular verbs, uses of ser and estar, gustar constructions, preterite vs imperfect, the subjunctive mood, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, demonstratives, reflexives, and the differences between por and para.
This grammar book provides an overview of key Spanish grammar topics in 14 sections:
1. El Presente - formation of regular and irregular present tense verbs.
2. Ser y Estar - uses of ser and estar with adjectives to describe permanent vs. temporary qualities.
3. Verbs like Gustar - construction and uses of verbs like gustar, encantar, and faltar.
4. Nouns and Articles - agreement of nouns and articles based on gender and number.
5. Adjectives - agreement of adjectives with nouns.
6. Preterite vs. Imperfect - uses of the preterite and imperfect
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book. It lists and provides brief explanations of topics like nationalities, stem changers, para, object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, preterite, deber, present progressive, -mente, and more. The document provides examples and conjugations to demonstrate key grammar concepts in Spanish.
1. The document provides instruction on Spanish grammar concepts including pronoun placement, nationalities, stem-changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and superlatives.
2. It explains how to form reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and superlatives. Examples are provided to demonstrate concepts like pronoun placement with commands.
3. Sequencing events in Spanish is discussed, including terms like primero, entonces, luego, después, por fin that indicate the order in which things occurred. Time phrases with por, la mañana, la tarde and la noche are also addressed.
This document provides information on grammar topics in Spanish, including nationalities, stem-changing verbs, para, object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexive verbs, commands, and sequencing events. It defines terms, gives examples, and explains how to conjugate and use different parts of speech in Spanish, like verbs, pronouns, and adjectives.
This document is a grammar book that provides instruction on various Spanish grammar topics including: the imperfect tense, preterite tense, modal verbs, adverbs, progressive tenses, future tense, superlatives, formal commands, prepositions, conditional tense, and demonstratives. It includes examples and conjugations for each topic.
The grammar book covers topics such as nationalities, stem changers, pronouns, commands, reflexives, and sequencing events. It provides tables and explanations of grammar structures in Spanish including how to use words like para, gustar, modal verbs, and present progressives. The document offers a comprehensive reference guide for learning Spanish grammar.
This document contains a grammar book table of contents covering topics such as nationalities, stem changers, para, object pronoun placement, indirect object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, preterite (past tense), deber, present progressive, -mente adverbs, adjective endings, and preterite irregular verbs. The table of contents lists 20 sections that provide explanations and examples of Spanish grammar concepts.
1. The document provides instruction on Spanish grammar concepts including pronoun placement, nationalities, stem-changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events.
2. It explains rules for attaching object pronouns to verbs, conjugations of stem-changing verbs like jugar and contar, forms of the indirect object pronouns, and how to form reflexive verbs.
3. Affirmative and negative commands are discussed, including how to change the verb form and attach object pronouns for both regular and irregular verbs.
The document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including: the imperfect tense and how it is used; irregular verb forms in the preterite and future tenses; modal verbs and how they are conjugated; forming adverbs; and uses of demonstratives, prepositions, and formal commands. The summary covers the key topics and structures discussed across 15 sections.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including:
1. The present tense and how it is used to describe ongoing actions.
2. Stem-changing verbs and irregular verb conjugations in the present tense.
3. The differences between using ser and estar.
4. Additional irregular verb forms and conjugations in the preterite, imperfect, and other verb tenses.
5. Key terms, examples, and tables to illustrate Spanish verb usage and conjugations.
This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar concepts including:
- The present tense formation of regular and irregular verbs.
- The differences between ser and estar.
- Verbs like gustar and their usage.
- Spanish noun and adjective agreement including gender and number.
- The differences between the preterite and imperfect tenses.
This document provides information on Spanish verb conjugation patterns, uses of para and indirect object pronouns, how to form superlatives, reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing words. It explains vowel changes for different verb conjugations and how to add suffixes to form superlatives. It also outlines the proper placement of indirect object and reflexive pronouns as well as how to form affirmative and negative commands.
This document contains a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book covering topics such as verb conjugations, irregular verbs, stem changes, uses of por vs para, commands, and the subjunctive mood. It provides example conjugations and explanations for present tense verbs, stem changing verbs, irregular yo forms, saber vs conocer, reflexive verbs, and se impersonal verbs. It also covers uses of the imperfect vs preterite, future/conditional forms, por vs para prepositions, commands, the present perfect, double object pronouns, adverbs, and progressive tenses.
This document provides an overview of grammar and its four levels: parts of speech, parts of the sentence, phrases, and clauses. It then discusses the eight parts of speech in detail, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For nouns and pronouns, it covers definitions, types, cases, numbers, genders, persons, possessive forms, and correct usage. For verbs it discusses tense, voice, regular and irregular forms, transitive/intransitive distinctions. It also covers adjectives and adverbs, including forms of comparison.
This document provides an overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: stem changing verbs, indirect object pronouns and their placement, gustar, superlatives, reflexive verbs, commands, preterite tense, sequencing words, irregular preterite verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar, using deber + infinitive, modal verbs, present progressive tense, and forming adverbs. It explains how to conjugate and apply these different elements of Spanish grammar.
This document provides information on Spanish grammar concepts including:
- Conjugating verbs according to subject
- Uses of the word "para" including possession and intention
- Placement of indirect object pronouns
- How the verb "gustar" works with subject pronouns
- Affirmative and negative words in Spanish
- Forming superlative adjectives
- Uses of reflexive verbs and pronouns
- Forming affirmative and negative commands
- Words that indicate sequencing of events
This document provides a table of contents and overview for a Spanish grammar book. It covers topics such as the present tense, stem changing verbs, ser vs estar, gustar and similar verbs, nouns and articles, preterite vs imperfect, the subjunctive, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, reflexive verbs, por vs para, and verbs to express becoming something. The document provides conjugation charts and explanations of grammar concepts.
The document provides an outline of 30 grammar topics in Spanish including: verb conjugations, uses of ser and estar, pronouns, commands, subjunctive mood, por vs para, and future tense conjugations. It covers essential concepts in Spanish grammar and provides examples to illustrate each topic.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics. It includes sections on nationalities, stem changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, superlatives, reflexive verbs, commands, sequencing events, preterit tense, and common trigger words. The document serves as a table of contents and outlines key concepts and examples for each grammar point.
The document provides an overview of key grammar topics in Spanish, including:
- Present tense conjugations and stem changing verbs
- Ser vs estar and verbs like gustar
- Preterite vs imperfect tenses
- Subjunctive mood in noun and adjective clauses
- Commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives/pronouns, and demonstrative adjectives/pronouns.
The document outlines various Spanish grammar topics including:
1) Ser vs estar, gustar expressions, reflexive verbs, and imperfect tense
2) Formulas for talking about time periods and prohibited/permitted actions
3) Direct object pronouns, placement, commands, and irregular verb conjugations
It provides explanations, examples, and conjugations for these essential elements of Spanish grammar.
The document provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics including: present tense verb conjugations, stem-changing verbs, irregular verbs like gustar and ser/estar, preterite vs imperfect tenses, subjunctive mood, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives/pronouns, demonstrative adjectives/pronouns, reflexive verbs, por vs para, saber vs conocer, diphthongs with accents, verbs ending in ger/gir/uir/guir/cer/cir, the future and conditional tenses, and relative pronouns. It also briefly mentions the uses of hacer + time + que + present tense, irregular verbs, Spock verbs, the
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including:
- Present tense conjugations of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs
- Stem-changing and irregular yo verbs
- Uses of ser and estar
- Verbs like gustar and their conjugation
- Differences between preterite and imperfect tenses
- Reflexive, impersonal se, and diphthong verbs
- Subjunctive mood, saber vs conocer, and irregular preterite verbs
The document covers core grammatical structures in Spanish for students to learn.
This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including:
- Present tense conjugations of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs
- Stem-changing and irregular yo verbs
- Uses of ser and estar
- Verbs like gustar and their conjugation
- Differences between preterite and imperfect tenses
- Saber vs conocer, reflexive verbs, and se impersonals
- Verb conjugations with diphthongs and accents
- Forms like the present perfect and pluperfect tenses
This document provides a table of contents for a Spanish 4 grammar book. The table of contents lists 37 chapters covering various Spanish grammar topics like verb tenses (present, preterite, imperfect), uses of ser and estar, gustar and similar verbs, object pronouns, subjunctive mood, commands, and prepositions. Each chapter title is accompanied by the page numbers for that chapter.
This document is a grammar book that provides an overview of various Spanish grammar topics across 10 chapters. It covers nationalities, stem changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. Each chapter defines and provides examples for the grammar concept covered.
The document provides an outline of Spanish grammar topics including: the imperfect and preterite tenses, stem-changing verbs, modal verbs, adverbs, progressive tenses, future tenses, superlatives, formal commands, prepositions, conditional tense, and demonstratives. The topics are listed with brief examples or conjugations for some of the grammar points.
This document provides a summary of key grammar concepts in Spanish organized by topic in a table of contents. It includes explanations and conjugations for verb tenses like the imperfect, preterite, and future, as well as other grammar topics such as adverbs, participles, commands, conditionals, and demonstratives.
This document is the table of contents for a grammar book. It lists 20 topics related to Spanish grammar, including present tense verbs, stem changers, irregular verbs, reflexive verbs, diphthongs, comparisons and the future tense. The table of contents provides an overview of the key concepts and verb types covered in the grammar book.
The document lists various Spanish grammar topics including verb conjugations, irregular verbs, stem changers, reflexive verbs, saber vs conocer, gustar verbs, diphthongs, hacer expressions, preterite vs imperfect tense, and comparatives. It provides examples of conjugating regular verbs ending in -ar, -er, -ir. Irregular verbs like ser, ir, dar and stem changers like oir and hacer are also exemplified.
This document provides an outline of topics covered in a grammar book. It includes sections on verb conjugations for regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs, stem changers, irregular verbs, saber vs conocer, reflexives, the impersonal "se", diphthongs, verbs ending in -uir/guir, -cer/cir, and -ger/gir. Other topics covered are the preterite vs imperfect tenses, verbs like traer/hacer/poder, comparatives and superlatives, the future and conditional tenses, por vs para prepositions, commands, present perfects, double object pronouns, adverbs, the subjunctive mood, the imperson
This document provides a table of contents and overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: the imperfect form, irregular verbs in the imperfect, preterite tense, triggers for using the preterite, irregular preterite verbs, modal verbs, adverbs, present and past progressive tenses, the future tense, irregular future verbs, future conditionals, superlatives, formal commands, prepositions, and demonstrative adjectives. It defines and provides examples for each topic.
This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar topics including: que vs cual, uses of ser and estar, gustar verbs, imperfect tense, reflexive verbs, commands, and placement of direct object pronouns. It covers key concepts for each topic in brief paragraphs and charts.
This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book covering various topics of Spanish grammar including nationalities, stem-changers, indirect object pronouns, reflexive verbs, commands, preterit tense, adverbs, and more. Each topic has a brief definition or examples provided.
This document is a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book. It lists 16 chapters covering topics like the present tense, ser vs estar, gustar verbs, nouns and articles, past and imperfect tenses, subjunctive mood, commands, pronouns and more. For each chapter it provides a brief overview of the key concepts and examples to illustrate grammar points.
The document provides a review for a Spanish II mid-term exam, outlining various topics and grammar points students should study. It includes: listening questions focusing on comprehension; vocabulary from all units to study; cultural sections to review; ensuring strong knowledge of Unit 5; familiarity with present, preterite, and present progressive verb tenses; reflexive verbs; direct and indirect object pronouns; the verb "doler"; comparatives; and the uses of "ser" and "estar".
El documento describe la familia actual del autor, que incluye tres tías y tíos, una hermana y siete primos. También describe su familia ideal, que sería pequeña con solo un esposo y dos gatos, y que se apoyarían y respetarían mutuamente sin peleas.
Este documento promociona un champú llamado "Pelo Prolongado" que promete alargar el pelo, recomendando usar solo dos gotas, lavarse el pelo con él y comprarlo hoy para experimentar los mejores resultados. Advierten no usar más de la cantidad indicada y mantenerlo fuera del alcance de niños pequeños.
El documento compara las obras de las artistas Judy Baca y Carmen Lomas Garza. Judy Baca creó el Gran Muro de Los Ángeles, el mural más largo del mundo que rinde homenaje a los trabajadores de California y representa la historia de los pueblos étnicos de California. La pintura "Camas para Sueños" de Carmen Lomas Garza representa a ella y su hermana soñando con convertirse en artistas mientras su madre también reflexiona sobre su futuro, inspirada en su infancia. El estilo de Carmen Lomas Garza se describe como
Día de los Muertos se celebra del 31 de octubre al 2 de noviembre en México y partes de Centroamérica y Estados Unidos, durante el cual las personas visitan cementerios para decorar las tumbas de sus seres queridos fallecidos con flores y velas, y comparten la comida y bebida favorita de los muertos como una forma de honrar sus almas.
The document discusses the Mexican holiday Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead). Some key points:
1) Foods made include the deceased's favorites and pan de muerto bread, which is traditional.
2) Día de los Muertos has its origins in ancient Aztec rituals to honor the dead that were continued after the Spanish conquest.
3) Modern celebrations in Mexico and areas of the US involve decorating family gravesites and altars with offerings, crafts, foods and symbols to remember the deceased.
The document discusses the Mexican holiday Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead). Some key points:
1) Foods made include the deceased's favorites and pan de muerto bread, which is traditional.
2) Día de los Muertos has its origins in ancient Aztec rituals to honor the dead that were continued after the Spanish conquest.
3) Modern celebrations involve decorating gravesites and homes with offerings, crafts, and foods to welcome visiting souls.
This document provides an overview of key Spanish 2 grammar concepts organized into 25 sections, including:
1) The uses of ser and estar
2) Verbs like gustar and hacer expressions
3) Pretérito and trigger words for the preterite tense
4) Irregular verb conjugations like car, gar, zar, cucaracha, and spock
5) Affirmative and negative commands
6) Demonstratives, reflexives, saber vs conocer, and more.
Champú Loco es un champú que hace el pelo brillante y suave, pero no debe usarse para lavarse los dientes ni mezclarse con otros champús. Se recomienda comprar Champú Loco o llamar al número (770)-232-3232 para obtener más información.
Champú Loco es un champú que promete hacer el pelo brillante y suave, pero no debe usarse para lavarse los dientes ni mezclarse con otros champús. El anuncio incluye un número de teléfono para comprar Champú Loco.
Galicia es una región al noroeste de España conocida por ser un importante destino de peregrinación cristiana debido a la tumba del apóstol Santiago en la catedral de Santiago de Compostela. La gastronomía gallega incluye platos como el pulpo a la gallega, empanadas y tarta compostelana, y se celebran varias fiestas a lo largo del año, como la Semana Santa y la Feria del Ganado.
This document provides a summary of key Spanish 2 grammar concepts including:
1. Ser and estar verbs as well as verbs like gustar that follow the same conjugation.
2. Expressions using hacer to talk about time in both the present and preterite tenses.
3. Conjugations for the preterite or "el pretérito" and common trigger words that indicate use of this past tense form.
4. Irregular verb conjugations including car, gar, y zar verbs as well as spock, cucaracha, snake, and snakey verbs.
This document provides a summary of key Spanish 2 grammar concepts including:
1. Ser and estar verbs as well as verbs like gustar that follow the same conjugation.
2. Expressions using hacer to talk about time in both the present and preterite tenses.
3. Conjugations for the preterite or "el pretérito" and common trigger words that indicate use of this past tense form.
4. Irregular verb conjugations including car, gar, y zar verbs as well as spock, cucaracha, and snake verbs.
2. Table of Contents
1. El Presente 17. Present Subjunctive
2. Irregular yo form 18. Impersonal Expressions
3. Irregulars 19. Subjunctive in Noun clauses
4. Ser 20. Subjunctive in Adjective
clauses
5. Estar
21. Commands
6. Ser y estar con adjectivos
22. Object Pronouns
7. Gustar
23. Prepositional Pronouns
8. Verbs like gustar
24. Possessive adjectives +
9. Nouns/articles/adjectives pronouns
10. Preterite v Imperfect 25. Demonstrative adjectives +
11. Preterite y trigger words pronouns
12. Preterite Conjugation 26. Reflexive Verbs
13. Preterite Irregulars 27. Por y Para
14. Imperfect y trigger words 28. To become- hacerse,
15. Imperfect conjugation ponerse, volverse, llegar a
16. Imperfect Irregulars ser
3. El Presente
• Used to express actions or situations
that are happening in the present
• Used to express habitual actions or
actions that will take place in the near
future
• Regular –ar, -er, -ir
• -ar: o, as, a, amos, áis, an
• -er: o, es, e, emos, éis, en
• -ir: o, es, e, imos, ís, en
4. Irregular yo form
• Irregular yo forms: many –er and –ir verbs have irregualr yo forms in
the present tense.
• Verbs ending in –ger or –gir change to –jo
coger, colegir (e:i), dirigir, escoger, recoger…
ex: Coger – changes to cojo in yo form
• Verbs ending in –guir change the gu to g in the yo form
conseguir,distinguir, extinguir, seguir…
ex: Conseguir (e:i) – changes to consigo in yo form
• Verbs ending in –cer or –cir change the c to z in yo form
coercer, convencer, ejercer, esparicir, mecer, remecer, vencer, zurcir,
conducir, producir, concocer, palcer, crecer, aparacer
exceptions are hacer and decir
• Verbs that end in –uir add y before o, e, and a
atribuir, concluir, construir, distruir, exclurir, destruir, incluir
ex: atribuir – atribuyo, atribuyes, atribuye, atribuimos, atribuís,
atribuyen
5. Irregulars
• Irregular in present tense or combine a stem change with an irregular yo
form or spell change
• Stem changes: e-ie, o-ue, e-i
• e-ie: acertar, advertir, negar, atravesar, entender, comenzar, defendir,
pensar…
ex: cerrar- cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cerráis, cierran
• o-ue:almorzar, rogar , dormir, volver, sonar, soler, poder, morir,
encontrar…
ex: contar- cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, contáis, cuentan
• e-i: competir, concebir, despedir, medir, servir, repetir, vestir…
ex: pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
• *Notice that there is no stem change in the Vosotros or Nosotros form*
• Ir: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
• Dar: doy, das, damos, dais, dan
• Tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
• Venir: vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen
6. Ser
Description, Origin,
Characteristics, Time, Occupation,
Relationship, Possession, Event,
Date
7. Ser
• Means to be
• Used to express an essential equality
soy somos
eres sois
es son
8. Health
Estar
Emotions
Location
Present Condition
Present
Participles.
Rules:
•-ar to –ando
•-er and –ir to –
iendo or -yendo
9. Estar
estoy estamos
estás estáis
está están
• Means to be
• Used to express
condition
10. Ser y estar con adjectivos
• Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities.
• Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities, or a change in
appearance or condition.
• Some adjectives change their meaning when used with either "ser" or "estar".
• Examples :
Listo : means clever when used with ser
means ready when used estar
Malo: means bad when used with ser
means ill when used with estar
Rico: means rich when used with ser
means tasty when used with estar
Vivo: means lively when used with ser
means alive when used with estar
Bueno: means good when used with ser
means well when used with estar
Moreno: means dark haired when used with ser
means suntanned when used with estar
Aburrido: means boring when used with ser
means bored when used with estar
Seguro: means safe when used with ser
means sure, certain when used with estar
11. Gustar
• Means to like or to be pleasing
• Me gusta el libro - I like the book
• Me gustan los libros – I like the books
• When the noun that you like is plural use
–an
• Pronouns – me, te, le, nos, os, les
• A mi me gusta, a ti te gusta, etc.
12. Verbs Like Gustar
• These verbs follow the same conjugation as gustar with doler having an “e” stem changer.
Aburrir- to bore
Importar- tp be important to
Caer bien/mal- to (not) suit
Interesar- to be interesting to
Digustar- to hate soemthing
Parecer- to appear to be
Encantar- to love
Quedar- to be left over, remain
Volver loco- to be crazy about
Faltar- to lack
Doler- to hurt
Fascinar- to fascinate
Molestar- to bother
Sorprender- to surprise
Hacer falta- to miss
• The construction a + [prepositional pronoun] or a + [noun] can be used to emphasize who is
pleased, bothered, etc.
• Faltar and quedar express what someone lacks or has left. Quedar is also used to talk about how
clothing fits or looks on someone
Examples: Te falta pelo.
Nos gustan los libros.
13. Nouns
• In Spanish, nouns ending in –o, -or, -I, -s, and –ma are usually masculine.
• Nouns ending in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, and –z are usually feminine.
• Most nouns form the plural by adding –s to nouns ending in a vowel and –
es to nouns ending in a constant.
• Nouns that end in –z change to –c before adding –es
el hombre los hombres a mujer las mujeres
la novia las novias el lápiz los lápices
• If noun is singular and it ends in a vowel that is stressed, the plural form
ends in –es. The plural form doesn’t change if the noun form ends in –s
which is unstressed.
el tabú los tabúes el lunes los lunes
el israelí los isrealíes la crisis las crisis
14. Articles
• Spanish definite and indefinite articles agree in gender and number with the nouns they
modify.
• Definite articles are:
Singular Plural
Masculine: el los
Feminine: la las
• Indefinite articles:
Singular Plural
Masculine: un unos
Feminine: una unas
• In Spanish, a definite article is always used with an abstract noun :
la belleza el amor
• An indefinite article is not used before nouns that indicate profession or place of origin
unless they are followed by an adjective.
Juan es profesor Juan es un profesor excelente
15. Adjectives
• Spanish adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
• Most adjectives ending in –e or a consonant have the same masculine and
feminine forms.
• Masculine singular usually end in –o, -e, -l
• Masculine plural usually end in –os, -es, -les
• Feminine singular usually end in –a, -e, -l
• Feminine plural usually end in –as, -es, les
• They usually follow the noun they modify
• If a single adjective modifies more than one noun, then you use the plural form
• If at least one of the nouns is masculine, use the masculine form.
• A few adjectives have shortened forms when they precede a masculine singular
noun: buenobuen, algunoalgun, primeroprimer, malomal,
nungunoningun, tercerotercer
• When the adjective follows the noun, the meaning is more literal, but if it
precedes the noun, the meaning is more figurative.
16. Preterite Imperfect
•To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the •To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the
preterite, simply drop the ending (-ar) imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar)
and add one of the following: and add one of the following:
•é •aba
aste abas
ó aba
amos ábamos
asteis abais
aron aban
•The preterite is used for actions in the •The imperfect is used for actions in the
past that are seen as completed. Use of past that are not seen as completed.
the preterite tense implies that the past Use of the imperfect tense implies that
action had a definite beginning and the past action did not have a definite
definite end. beginning or a definite end.
The preterite tells us specifically
when an action took place.The
imperfect tells us in general
when an action took place.
17. El Pretérito y Trigger Words
It is a definite time in the past, and has a
beginning or an ending.
Trigger words that you could assume may
deal with this are:
Ayer
Anoche
El año pasado
La semana pasada
Ante ayer
18. ER
-í -imos
El -iste -isteí s
Pretérito -ió -ieron
IR
-í -imos
-iste -isteís
-ió -ieron
19. El Pretérito Irregulars
There are 3 main types of Irregular
Pretérito verbs we have learned about.
They are:
Car, Gar, y Zar
Cucaracha
Spock
21. Spock Irregulars!
3 different groupings.
The words in each grouping are
conjugated the same way.
The groupings are:
1. IR y SER
2.DAR y VER
3.HACER
22. DAR- to give VER- to see
IR- to go SER- to
be I Imos
Fui Fuimos Iste Isteís
Fuiste Fuisteís Io Ieron
Fue Fueron
HACER…. TO MAKE
OR DO
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste Hicisteís
Hito Hicieron
25. Snake
• In the 3rd person, the stem change
occurs.
• The stem change is to opposite vowel
with the first vowel.
Dormi Dormimos
Dormiste Dormisteis
Durmio Durmierion
26. Snakeys
Follows same concept as SNAKE, but is
more specific.
In the 3rd person the stem change is the
vowel “I” to the vowel “y”.
Leer
27. Imperfect y Trigger Words
• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.
• They have no definite end or beginning
• Trigger words:
muchas veces
a menudo
mucho
a veces
cada día nunca
cada año por un rato
con frecuencia siempre
de vez en cuando tantas veces
en aquella época todas las semanas
frecuentemente todos los días
generalmente todo el tiempo
varias veces
28. Imperfect
- ar -er and –ir
aba ábamos ía íamos
abas abais ías íais
aba aban ía ían
32. The Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
• The subjunctive is used mainly in multiple clause sentences which express will, influence,
emotion, doubt, or denial.
• Irregular yo forms:
conocer conozca seguir siga
decir diga tener tenga
hacer haga traer traiga
oír oiga venir venga
poner ponga ver vea
• Verbs that have stem changes in the present subjunctive. Remember that only –ir verbs
undergo stem changes in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms.
pensar (e:ie) jugar (u:ue)
mostrar (o:ue) entender (e:ie)
resolver (o:ue) pedir (e:i)
sentir (e:ie) dormir (o:ue)
• A clause it a group of words that contains both a conjugated verb and a subject. In a
subordinate noun clause, a group of words function together as a noun.
• There are three types : verbs of will and influence, verbs of emotion, verbs of doubt or
denial
33. Verbs of will and influence
• Aconsejar- to advise • Pedir- to ask for; to request
• Importar- to be important; to matter • Preferir- to prefer
• Insistir (en)- to insist (on) • Prohibir- to prohibit
• Mandar- to order • Proponer- to propose
• Prohibir- to prohibit • Querer- to want, to wish
• Recomendar (e:ie)- to recommend • Es urgente- its urgent
• Rogar (o:ue)- to beg, to plead • Exigir- to demand
• Sugerir (e:ie)- to suggest • Gustar- to like
• Desear- to desire, to wish • Hacer- to make
• Es importante- its important • Necisitar- to need
• Es necesario- its necessary
The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of will
and influence if there is no change of subject in the sentence
34. Verbs of Emotion
• Alegrarse (de)- to be happy • Esperar- to hope, to wish
• Es bueno que- it’s good • Gustar- to like; to be pleasing
• Es extraño- it’s strange • Sentir (e:ie)- to be sorry, to regret
• Es malo- it’s bad • Sorprender- to surprise
• Es mejor- it’s better • Temer- to be afraid, to fear
• Es ridículo- it’s ridiculous • Es triste- it’s sad
• Es terrible- it’s terrible • Ojalá (que)- I hope (that), I wish
• Es una lastima- it’s a shame (that)
• Molestar- to bother • Tener miedo (de)- to be afraid (of)
When the main clause expresses emotion like hope, fear, joy, pity, or
surprise, the verbs in the subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its
subject is different from that of the main clause
35. Expressions of doubt, disbelief,
and denial
• Dudar- to doubt
• Es poco seguro- its uncertain
• Negar (e:ie)- to deny
• No es possible- it’s not possible
• Es imposible- it’s impossible
• No es probable- it’s not probable
• Es improbable- it’s improbable
• Negar- to deny
• No es cierto- it’s not true, it’s not certain
• No creer- not to believe
• No es seguro- it’s not certain
• No es evidente- it’s not evident
• No es verdad- it’s not true • No estar seguro- not to be sure
When the main clause implies doubt, uncertainty, or denial the verb in the
subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from
that of the main clause
36. The subjunctive in adjective clauses
• When the subordinate clause of a sentence refers to something that is
known to exist, the indicative is used.
• When the antecendent is uncertain or indefinite, the subjunctive is used.
Antecedent certain indicative Antecedent uncertain subjunctive
Necisito el libro que tiene informacion Necesito un libro que tenga informacion
sobre los prejuicios sociales sobre los prejuicios sociales.
I need the book that has information I need a book that has information
about social prejudices. about social prejudices.
37. Adjective Clauses
When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun
(nadie/ninguno) the subjunctive is used:
Antecedent certain subjunctive Antecedent uncertain subjunctive
Ella tiene tres parientes que viven Ella no tiene ningun pariente que vfiva
en Puerto Rico. en Madrid.
She has three relatives who live in She doesn’t have any relatives who
Puerto Rico. live in Madrid.
38. Adjective Clauses
• The personal a is not used with direct objects that represent hypothetical
questions:
subjunctive: Busco un abogado que sea honrado
indicative: Conozco a un abogado que es honrado
• The personal a is maintained before nadie and alguien, even when their
existence is uncertain:
subjunctive: No conozco a nadie que se queje tanto como mi suegra
indicative: Yo conozco a alguien que se queja aun mas
• The subjunctive is commonly used in questions with adjective clauses
when the speaker is trying to find out information about which he or she
is uncertain.
• If the person who responds knows the information, the indicative is used.
39. Commands
• Affirmative tú: simply drop the s
los irregulares- di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
• Negative tú: put it in yo form and change to opposite vowel
and add an ‘s’
los irregulares- TVDISHES
• Affirmative Ud./Uds: put in yo form and change to opposite
vowel
los irregulares- TVDISHES
• Negative Ud./Uds: same as above
• DOP + IOP + ‘sé’ can attach to an affirmative
• DOP + IOP + ‘sé’ must go before the negative command
40. Indirect Commands
• The construction que + [verb] in the third person subjunctive
can be used to express indirect commands that correspond to
the English let someone do something.
• If the subject of the indirect command is expressed, it usually
follows the verb
• Example: Que pase el siguiente
Let the next person pass
• Pronouns are never attached to the conjugated verb when
using the subjunctive
• Example: Que se lo den los otros; Que no se lo den
41. Object Pronouns
• Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb.
• Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an action is done.
• Indirect object pronouns:
me nos
te os
le les
• Direct object pronouns
me nos
te os
lo/la los/las
• They both precede the conjugated verb
• Indirect object example: Carla siempre me da boletas para el cine.
• Direct object example: Ella los consigue gratis.
42. Object Pronoun Placement
• When the verb is an infinitive construction, object
pronouns may either be attached to the infinitive or
placed before the conjugated verb.
• Lo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea
that has no gender.
• When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns
may either be attached to the present participle or
placed before the conjugated verb.
43. Double Object Pronouns
• The indirect object prounoun precedes the direct object pronoun when
they are used together in a sentence
Me mandaron los boletos por correo
Me los mandaron por correo
• Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las
Le damos las revistas a Ricardo
Se las damos
• When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or
commands, a written accent is often required to maintain proper word
stress:
Infinitive: cantármela
Present Participle: escribiéndole
Command: acompáñeme
44. Prepositional Pronouns
mí me myself
ti you, yourself
Ud. you, yourself
él him, it
ella her, it
nosotros/as us, ourselves
vosotros/as you, yourselves
Uds. you, yourselves
ellos them
ellas them
sí themselves
45. Prepositional Pronouns
• Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of
prepositions. Except for mí, ti, and sí, they are identical to
their corresponding subject pronouns.
• A + [prepositional pronoun] is often used for clarity or
emphasis.
• The pronoun sí (himself, herself, itself, themselves) is the
prepositional pronoun used to refer back to the same third
person subject.
• When mí, ti, and sí are used with con, they become conmigo,
contigo, and consigo.
• These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mí and
ti: entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según
46. Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns
• Used to express ownership or possession
• Spanish has two types of possessive adjectives: the short/unstressed
forms and the long/stressed forms.
• Both of the forms agree in number and gender with the object owned and
not with the owner.
Short/Unstressed Long/Stressed
Mi(s) My Mío(s)/a(s) My; (of) mine
Tu(s) Your Tuyo(s)/a(s) Your; (of) yours
Su(s) Your; his; hers; its Suyo(s)/a(s) Your; (of yours); (of)
his; (of) hers; (of) its
Nuestro(s)/a(s) Our Nuestro(s)/a(s) Our; (of) ours
Vuestro(s)/a(s) Your Vuestro(s)/a(s) Your; (of) yours
Su(s) Your; their Suyo(s)/a(s) Your; (of) yours; (of)
theirs
47. Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns
• Short possessive adjectives precede the nouns they
modify:
En mi opinión… Nuestras revistas…
• Stressed possessive adjectives follow the nouns they
modify and are used for emphasis
mi amgio el amigo mío
tus amigas las amigas tuyas
• Because su(s) and suyo(s)/a(s) have multiple
meanings, the construction [article] + [noun] + de +
[subject pronoun] is used to clarify the meaning.
• Possessive pronouns have the same forms as
stressed possessive adjectives and are preceded by a
definite article.
No tengo mi papel Me prestas el tuyo
48. Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
• Specify to which noun a speaker is referring to.
• They precede the nouns that they modify and agree in number
and gender.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Este Esta Estos Estas This; these
Ese Esa Esos Esas That; those
Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellass That; those
(over there)
49. Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
• There are three sets of demonstrative adjectives.
este : used to point out nouns that are close.
ese : used to modify nouns that are not close.
aquel : refer to nouns that are far away.
• Demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative
adjectives except they carry an accent mark on the
stressed vowel.
• Esto, eso, and aquello are neuter pronouns that refer to
unspecified things, ideas, or situations.
• They do not vary in gender or number.
• They do not carry an accent mark.
50. Reflexive Verbs
• In a reflexive construction, the subject of the verb both performs and
recieves the action.
• To get or become is frequently expressed by the Spanish verb
ponerse + [adjective]
• In the plural, reflexive verbs can express reciprocal actions done to
one another
• The reflexive pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun.
• Reflexive verbs always use reflexive pronouns:
Ex: lavarse – to wash (oneself)
Yo me Nosotros/as nos lavamos
lavo
Tú te lavas Vosotros/as os laváis
Ud./Ella/Él se lava Uds./Ellos/Ellas se lavan
51. Reflexive Verbs
• Verbs used to describe daily routines and personal care:
acostarse- to go to bed afeitarse- to shave
cepillarse- to brush (one’s hair) despertarse- to wake up
dormirse- to go to sleep ducharse- to take a shower
lavarse- to wash oneself levantarse- to get up
ponerse- to put on (clothing) vestirse- to get dressed
• Many verbs change meaning when they are used with a refelxive pronoun
aburrir- to bore aburrirse- to be bored
acordar- to agree acordarse(de)- to remember
comer- to eat comerse- to eat up
ir- to go irse(de)- to go away (from)
paracer- to seem paracerse- to resemble, to look like
• Some spanish verbs and expressions are always relexive; many are followed by a, de, & en
acercarse (a)- to approach; fijarse (en)- to take notice of; arrepentirse (de)- to repent (of);
morirse (de)- to die (of); atreverse (de)- to dare (to); olvidarse (de)- to forget (about);
convertirse (en)- to become; preocuparse (por)- to worry (about); darse cuenta (de)- to
realize; quejarse (de)- to complain about; enterarse (de)- to find out (about); sorprenderse
(de)- to be surprised (about)
52. Por y Para
Uses of Para Uses of Por
Destination Motion or a general location
(toward, in the direction of) (along, through, around by)
Deadline or a specific time in future Duration of an action
(by, for) (for, during, in)
Purpose or goal + [infinitive] Reason or motive for an action
(in order to) (because of, on account/behalf of)
Recipient Object of a search
(for) (for, in search of)
Comparison with others or opinion Means by which
(for, considering) (by, by way, by means of)
Employment Exchange or substitution
(for) (for, in exchange for)
Unit of measure
(per, by)
Agent (passive voice)
(by)
53. Por y Para
Expressions with para:
No estar para bromas: to be in no mood for jokes
No ser para tanto: to not be so important
Para colmo: to top it all off
Para que sepas: just so you know
Para siempre: forever
Expressions with por:
Por allí/aquí: around there/here Por lo tanto: therefore
Por casualidad: by chance/accident Por lo visto: apparently
Por ejemplo: for example Por mas/mucho que: no matter how much
Por eso: therefore, for that reason Por otro lado/parte: on the other hand
Por fin: finally Por primera vez: for the first time
Por lo general: in general Por si acaso: just in case
Por lo menos: at least Por supuesto: of course
54. To become- hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser
• There are several different Spanish equivalents for the English verb “to become”
• Ponerse is followed by an adjective and express a change in mental, emotional, or
physical state that does not last long:
Me puse enfermo en Caracas I got sick in Caracas.
Heli se pone roja cuando habla Heli turns red when she talks
• Volverse is followed by an adjective and indicates a sudden, profound, change in mental
or emotional state:
Se ha vuelto loco He went crazy
Ella se ha vuelto insorportable She has become unbearable
• Hacerse is followed by a noun or adjective and indicate a change brought about by
effort:
Mi hermana se ha hecho abogado My sister has become a lawyer
Mi abuelo se hizo rico My grandfather became wealthy
• Llegar a ser may also be followed by a noun or adjective and it indicates a change that
has occurred over time and does not imply effort:
La novela que escribió el ano pasado ha llegado a ser un superventas.
The novel that he wrote last year has become a best seller.
55. To become
• There are often reflexive verb equivalents for ponerse
+ [adjective]
• When used with object pronouns instead of reflexive
pronouns, such verbs convey that another person or
thing is imposing mental, emotional, or physical state
on some one else.
ponerse alegre alegrarse
ponerse furioso/a enfurecerse
ponerse deprimido/a deprimirse
ponerse triste entristecerse