This document provides a summary of topics covered in a 2nd semester Spanish grammar book, including: 1. Perfect tenses (present, past, present perfect irregular verbs) 2. Comparisons using "tan" and "tanto" 3. Impersonal "se" 4. Differences between "saber" and "conocer" 5. Formal and informal commands, including irregular verbs

1. 2nd Semester Grammar Book Selena Pollack Period 5

2. Table of Contents: Conditional + Irregulars Perfect Tenses -Present -Past -Present Perfect Irregulars -Subjunctive Perfect 3. Tan y Tanto 4. Impersonal “se” 5. Saber vs. ConocerLos Mandatos Los Mandatos -Informal vs. Formal: *Affirmative, *Negative, -Irregulars 8. DOP and IOP placement 9. Nosotros Commands y Mono Verbs 10. Subjunctive y Irregulares 11. Trigger Phrases: -Impersonal Expressions -Expressions of Emotions -Conjunctions of time 12. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

4. Perfect Tenses: Formed by combining an auxiliary or helping verb, “has” or “have”, with a past participle. The Perfect Tense is mostly used with the verb “haber”. It is used to express a past event with a present consequence, and it shows a completed action.

5. Present In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber: -he -has -ha -hemos -han Example: I have eaten: He comido. You have eaten: Has comido. He has eaten: Ha comido. We have eaten: Hemoscomido. They have eaten: Han comido.

6. Past The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle. Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb. (yo) Habíavivido.I had lived. (tú) Habíasvivido.You had lived. (él) Habíavivido.He had lived. (nosotros) Habíamosvivido.We had lived. (vosotros) Habíaisvivido.You-all had lived. (ellos) Habíanvivido.They had lived. Past Haber: había habías había habíamos habían Past

7. Present Perfect Irregulars: Some Present Perfect Irregulars include: Decir -> Decho Hacer -> Hecho Ver -> Visto Escribir -> Escrito Poner -> Puesto Romper -> Roto Volver -> Vuelto Devolver -> Devuelto Morir -> Muerto Abrir -> Abierto Cubrir -> Cubierto

8. Subjunctive Perfect Subjunctive Perfect is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxillary verb haber plus the past participle of the main verb. The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used: to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms. Yo -Haya Tu -Hayas El/Ella/Usted -Haya Nosotros -Hayamos Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -Hayan

9. Tan y Tanto To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use.. tan + adjective (adverb) + como To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use.. tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como Examples: -El chicoes tan alto como la chica. - Tienetantoslibroscomoella.

10. Impersonal “Se” When using “se”, you avoid being specific about a topic. It can be used in all tenses and is always used in the third person singular, followed by a direct object. Ex: Senecesitaque la genteproteja la Tierra. Sedicequeva a llovermañana. Sehablaespañolaquí. SE + THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

11. To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something, use "saber." EX: Juan sabedondeestáMaría. Juan knows where Maria is. - To express knowledge or ignorance of a skill, or how to do something, use saber + infinitive. SABER: VS. To express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning discipline, use saber or conocer, depending upon the context.. To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object, use conocer. EX: Yo no conozco a María.br /> I don't know (am not acquainted with) Maria. CONOCER:

15. Hacer: haz

16. Ir: ve

17. Poner: pon

18. Salir: sal

19. Ser: Se

20. Tener: ten

21. Venir: ven`

23. Negative Commands and DOP: DOP is placed in front of the verb and there is no accent. Use: me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las‘

26. To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb form (present subjunctive). EX: No comamosallí. Lets not eat there.

27. Start with the nosotros ending, then the opposite nosotros ending is used.

29. Subjunctive Start with the present “yo” form of the verb. Take off the “o” at the end Add the opposite ending, similar to a formal command. - The Subjunctive is a mood, rather than a tense. The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc. Example: Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.

30. El Subjuntivo

31. Subjunctive Irregulares DarHaberEstarIrSaberSer dé des dé demos deis den hayahayashayahayamoshayáishayan estéestésestéestemosestéisestén vayavayasvayavayamosvayáisvayan sepasepassepasepamossepáissepan seaseasseaseamosseáissean

32. Triggers A menosque Cuanto En el futuro Proximo El proximoano Manana ~

33. Subjuntive with Emotional Expressions Alegrarsede Sorprender EsperarSentir Temer Es tristeOjala que

34. Impersonal Expressions

35. Conjunctions of Time Examples: a poco de que antes de que cadavez después de en tantoque hastaque mientrasque siempreque These are examples of conjunctions most often used in the subjunctive tense. Also are used in the indicitive mood and past tense.

36. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Demonstrative adjectives describe the noun and the pronouns take the place of the noun. *the words "this" and "that" can function as both adjectives and pronouns. Demonstartives Adjectives: estelibro (this book)estoslibros (these books)estapluma (this pen)estasplumas (these pens) eselibro (that book)esoslibros (those books)esapluma (that pen)esasplumas (those pens) aquellibro (that book over there)aquelloslibros (those books over there)aquellapluma (that pen over there)aquellasplumas (those pens over there) Demonstrative Pronouns: este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine) ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine) aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)