Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities for an extended period of time. MDD affects approximately 3% of the global population. Symptoms include low mood, lack of pleasure, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death. MDD has several subtypes and is caused by biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.

1. Major Depressive
Disorder
CHANDANI KUMARI
JAY PATEL
YOGESH VISHWAKARMA
NAVNEET SHUKLA

3.  Introduction
 Major depressive disorder (MDD) related to the sadness which is a natural part
of the human experience.
 Humans may feel sad or depressed when a loved one passes away or when
they’re going through a life challenge.
 This feeling may be short-lived but when someone experiences continuous
and intense feelings of sadness for long period of time, then they may have
MDD.
 MDD, also referred to as clinical depression.

4.  Classification
 Seasonal affective disorder or SAD: It occurs mostly in the winter months
when sunlight is not properly available.
 Psychotic depression: Develops if person have been hallucinating or if
person have already had a form of depression in the past.
 Postpartum depression: It occurs between new mothers experiencing
hormonal changes during childbirth.
 Melancholic depression: Depression, including weight loss and decreased
interest in activities they once loved.
 Catatonic depression: Person are most likely experiencing motor
problems and behavioral issues.

5.  Statistics
 3% of global population approximately 216 million people had major
depressive disorder.
 In the Caribbean, 12.9% people had at least one form of MDD.
 In African Americans 10.4% people had MDD.
 US people among 17.9% people had at least one form of MDD

6. SYMPTOMS OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

7.  The Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) symptoms are the
following:
 Low mood
 Anhedonia
 Gaining or losing weight
 Sleep disturbance
 Psychomotor agitation or retardation
 Loss of energy or fatigue

8. Symptoms Cont’d
 Feelings of low worth
 Decreased ability to think,
concentration and make decisions
 Repeated thoughts of death, dying or
suicide

9. • the symptoms of either low mood or lack of pleasure must be present in it , and also the mood must not
be attributable to other factors.
• No instances of manic or hypomanic moods present in MDD because it can be present as that indicates
bipolar disorder.

10. PHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION
• Depression causes feelings of sadness or a loss of interest in activities
once enjoyed.
• Depression is a symptom and not disease.
• Major depressive disorder is also called as chemical imbalance there are
some factors that causes depression.

11. 1. CHANGE IN NEUROCHEMICAL
• Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine naturally present in brain and
assist communication between nerves cells.
• Low level of Serotonin can cause Depression.
• Serotonin plays an important role in maintain the mood balance.
• Low level of norepinephrine can cause depression.

12. • Low level of norepinephrine is linked with ADHD
• ADHD has mainly 3 types
• Low level of dopamine also causes depression and stress.

13. 2. Hormonal Change
• Change in body balance of hormones can cause depression
3. Biological Differences
• People with depression have physical change in brain
• Overthinking can lead to depression

14. 4. Inherited Trait
• Depression is most common in people who has biological relative
suffering from depression.
5. Life Evets
• Depression is also causes because of Divorce, Financial Problem, Death
in family, Stress etc.

15.  Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply having too
much or too little of certain brain chemicals.
 Rather, there are many possible causes of depression, including faulty
mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, stressful life events,
medications, and medical problems.

16.  Treatment
 Medications and psychotherapy are effective for most people with
depression.
 The primary care for MDD done by a doctor or psychiatrist.
 If depression is severe, then a person may need to hospitalized, or may
need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until their
symptoms improve.

17.  Psychotherapy for MDD
 Psychotherapy or "talk therapy" -- is an effective treatment for MDD
 There are different type of MDD Psychotherapy:
 Cognitive behavioral therapy: Focus on how our own thoughts and behaviors
contribute to depression. The therapist will help us learn ways to react to
things and challenge our preconceptions.
 Interpersonal therapy: Mainly Focuses on how our relationships with others
and also focus on practical issues. We have to learn how to spot unhealthy
behaviors and change them.

18.  Psychodynamic therapy: It is traditional. The therapist explores behavior
patterns and motivations that we may not be aware of which could
contribute to depression.
 Individual counseling: One-on-one session with MD (psychiatrist/doctor),
PhD (psychologist) or with experience in treating depression and
other mood disorders. The therapist can teach more about depression
can discuss new strategies to manage stress.
 Family counseling: In this type the entire family is treated. If someone is
depressed, the entire family feels it, too. Several studies have shown that
family sessions might really help with treatment, too, improving lifestyle,
compliance with medication, and sleep habits.

19.  Medications
 The treatment for major depressive disorder is a combination of antidepressant
medication such as:
 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Examples: Sertraline, Citalopram.
 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
Examples: Duloxetine, Venlafaxine.
 Tricyclic antidepressants.
Examples: Doxepin, Desipramine.

20. Conclusion
 Depression is a mental disorder which causes mood swings,
anxiety, and constant feeling of sadness.
 Depression does not occur from a single event but results from a
mixture of events or factors.
 3% of global population had major depressive disorder.
 Symptoms are:Low mood, Anhedonia, losing weight, Sleep
disturbance.
 Medications and psychotherapy (talk therapy) are effective for
most people with depression.
 For the treatment for major depressive disorder antidepressant
medications are used.

21. References
 Williams, D. R., González, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J. M.,
Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007, March). Prevalence and distribution of
major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and
non-Hispanic whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339519
 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5). (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
 Depression. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml
 PsycNET. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/67/7/524/