The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.

1. cytoplasm
By :- Yogesh Vishwakarma

2. Review on Cytoplasm
• It’s a jelly-like fluid that fills a cell.
• It is made up of mostly water and salt.
• It contains molecules such as enzymes.
• It is made of 70% - 90% water and is
colorless usually.
The inner of the
cytoplasm is known as
the endoplasm

3. What exactly is the cytoplasm
• It is basically everything within the cell excluding
the nucleus.
• inside cell – nucleus = cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm is made up of three components.
They are;
Membrane enclosed organelle
Cytosol
Inclusions

4. Membrane enclosed organelles
• These are distributed throughout the cell
cytoplasm.
• They are each specialized to perform a different
function.
• organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.

6. Cytosol
• This is the gel-like substance that is enclosed
within the cell membrane that is not held by the
organelles inside the cell.
• it is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments,
dissolved molecules and water.
• It is the site of many chemical reactions that are
fundamental to the cells existence.

7. Cytosol, the complex mixture
• Cytoskeleton filament
This is what give the cell its shape.
It is made up of the protein filament (actin
filament) and microtubules.
• Water
70% of the Cytosol is made of water.

8. Cytosol, the complex mixture
• Dissolved molecules
This is small and large molecules and dissolved
ions.
Enzymes, fatty acids, sugars, nucleic acids, &
amino acids are used to keep the cell working.
Waste products are present until removed.

9. Inclusions
• These are stored nutrients, crystals, secretary
products and pigment granules.
• They are the accumulation of material that is not
metabolically active.
• They are usually present in the Cytosol only
temporarily.
• They are non-soluble molecules

10. Types of inclusions
• Secretary inclusion
• Nutritive inclusions: Glycogen, lipids.
• Pigment granules
• Crystalline inclusions

11. Function of the cytoplasm
• It aids in movement of genetic material and
products of cellular respiration within the cell.
• It helps to fill out the cell and keep organelles in
their place.
• It gives the cell its shape.
• It aids to dissolve waste products.

12. Function of the cytoplasm
• It prevents the grouping of organelles in places
due to gravity that would prevent their function.
• It acts as a buffer and protects the genetics
material of the cell from damage caused due to
movement and collision with other cells.
• It aids in metabolic activity.

13. Question time
• Which of the following is a types of inclusion?
A. Glycogen inclusions
B. Lipids inclusions
C. Crystalline inclusions
D. Lipofusion inclusions

15. Metabolic activity in the cytoplasm -
Glycolysis
• This is the 1st stage in cellular respiration
which occurs for energy production.
• It can occur both during aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
• The glycolytic enzymes needed are all found
in the Cytosol.

17. Glycolysis
• Therefore, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H+ and 2 pyruvic
acid molecules are formed at the end of
this reaction.
• Steps 1 and 3 = – 2ATP
Steps 7 and 10 = + 4 ATP
therefore;
• Net visible ATP produced = 2.

18. Question time
• In what step is enzyme Aldolase used to split
fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars,
which are isomers of each other?
 the fourth step.