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Cytoplasm ppt (introduction structure & function)
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
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Cytoplasm ppt (introduction structure & function)
- 1. cytoplasm By :- YogeshVishwakarma
- 2. Review on Cytoplasm •It’s a jelly-like fluid that fills a cell. • It is made up of mostly water and salt. • It contains molecules such as enzymes. • It is made of 70% - 90% water and is colorless usually. The inner of the cytoplasm is known as the endoplasm
- 3. What exactly isthe cytoplasm • It is basically everything within the cell excluding the nucleus. • inside cell – nucleus = cytoplasm • The cytoplasm is made up of three components. They are; Membrane enclosed organelle Cytosol Inclusions
- 4. Membrane enclosed organelles •These are distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm. • They are each specialized to perform a different function. • organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.
- 6. Cytosol • This isthe gel-like substance that is enclosed within the cell membrane that is not held by the organelles inside the cell. • it is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules and water. • It is the site of many chemical reactions that are fundamental to the cells existence.
- 7. Cytosol, the complexmixture • Cytoskeleton filament This is what give the cell its shape. It is made up of the protein filament (actin filament) and microtubules. • Water 70% of the Cytosol is made of water.
- 8. Cytosol, the complexmixture • Dissolved molecules This is small and large molecules and dissolved ions. Enzymes, fatty acids, sugars, nucleic acids, & amino acids are used to keep the cell working. Waste products are present until removed.
- 9. Inclusions • These arestored nutrients, crystals, secretary products and pigment granules. • They are the accumulation of material that is not metabolically active. • They are usually present in the Cytosol only temporarily. • They are non-soluble molecules
- 10. Types of inclusions •Secretary inclusion • Nutritive inclusions: Glycogen, lipids. • Pigment granules • Crystalline inclusions
- 11. Function of thecytoplasm • It aids in movement of genetic material and products of cellular respiration within the cell. • It helps to fill out the cell and keep organelles in their place. • It gives the cell its shape. • It aids to dissolve waste products.
- 12. Function of thecytoplasm • It prevents the grouping of organelles in places due to gravity that would prevent their function. • It acts as a buffer and protects the genetics material of the cell from damage caused due to movement and collision with other cells. • It aids in metabolic activity.
- 13. Question time • Whichof the following is a types of inclusion? A. Glycogen inclusions B. Lipids inclusions C. Crystalline inclusions D. Lipofusion inclusions
- 15. Metabolic activity inthe cytoplasm - Glycolysis • This is the 1st stage in cellular respiration which occurs for energy production. • It can occur both during aerobic and anaerobic respiration. • The glycolytic enzymes needed are all found in the Cytosol.
- 17. Glycolysis • Therefore, 2ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H+ and 2 pyruvic acid molecules are formed at the end of this reaction. • Steps 1 and 3 = – 2ATP Steps 7 and 10 = + 4 ATP therefore; • Net visible ATP produced = 2.
- 18. Question time • Inwhat step is enzyme Aldolase used to split fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars, which are isomers of each other? the fourth step.
Editor's Notes
- #7 cytosol is confined by the boundaries of a matrix which fills the part of the cell that does not contain organelles.
- #17 The first step in glycolysis is the changing of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate by adding a phosphate group. The hexokinase enzyme catalyzes this reaction. The second step of the reaction of glycolysis occurs as a rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate by glucose phosphate isomerase (Phosphoglucose Isomerase). In the third step of the reaction, Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. In the fourth step, enzyme Aldolase is used to split fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars, which are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). In the fifth step, GAP is the only molecule that continues in the glycolytic pathway therefore the enzyme triophosphate isomerase, reorganizes the DHAP into GAP so it can continue in glycolysis. In the sixth step, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase dehydrogenates and an inorganic phosphate is added to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The enzyme yields 1,3 bisphoglycerate, NADH, and a hydrogen atom. In the seventh step, the enzyme Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate as magnesium as a cofactor. In the eight step, The enzyme phosphoglycero mutase relocates the Phosphate group from 3- phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate. In the ninth step, The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid . In the tenth step, The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a Phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP. Since there are two molecules of PEP, 2 ATP molecules are actually generated.