Ginkgo biloba is a plant that contains various active ingredients that may provide benefits for brain health. It contains flavonoids, terpenes, and other constituents. Research shows Ginkgo biloba may improve cognitive functions by increasing blood flow to the brain, reducing free radicals, boosting glucose utilization in key brain areas, and modulating neurotransmitter systems. Clinical studies have shown Ginkgo biloba extract may be effective for conditions like Alzheimer's disease when administered in the proper dosage over a sufficient duration. Ginkgo biloba appears to be relatively safe, though some minor side effects like nausea are possible and safety in pregnancy is unclear due to lack of research.

1. Ginkgo biloba
Nutrition for Brain
Suci Handayani
Muhammad Aldila
Satria
Aslinda Arsyad
Astriani
Hana Safira
Ayu Masyita
Indria Serukana
Yunita Boron
Nuur Aanisah
Samuel Evan
Sunarto
Winda S. Pratama
KELOMPOK IV

2. Ginkgo biloba L. belongs to the botanical family of Ginkgoceae. The common
names are Ginkgo, Kew tree, Ginkyo,Yinhsing, (Silver Apricot-Japanese) ,
Maidenhair tree, Fossil Tree, Salisburia Adiantifolia. Today, nearly 500
scientific papers now documenting Ginkgo's effects make it the well-
researched botanical medicine available. The German Commission Es
(equivalent to the US Food and Drug Administration for botanicals) has
Ginkgo biloba

3. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF GINKGO
BILOBA EXTRACT
 Ginkgo biloba, like most plant medicines contains
many active constituents, believed to have synergistic
effects.
 Flavonoids including quercetin, kaempferol, and
isorhamnetins;
 Trilactonic diterpenes: Ginkgolide A,Ginkgolide B,
Ginkgolide C;
 Trilactonic sesquiterpene: bilobalide; and
 Proanthocyanidins and other constituents such as
glucose, rhamnose, hydroxykinurenic,
kynurenic,protocatechic, vanillic, and shikimic acids,
D-glucaric acid,ginkgolic acid, and related alkyphenols

5. Ginkgo’s Effects on the Brain
 Researchers cannot say for certain whether ginkgo
biloba can improve cognitive functions, but they have
found that the extract can affect the brain in several
ways

6. Ginkgo’s Effects on the Brain
 CIRCULATORY
■ Stimulates widening of the blood vessels, which leads to
increased blood flow to the brain and lowered blood
pressure (perhaps reducing the risk of stroke).
■ Reduces cholesterol levels in the blood (excessive
cholesterol is correlated with an increased risk of
Alzheimer’s disease).
■ Inhibits the aggregation of blood platelets and the
formation of clots. This may lower the risk of an occlusive
stroke (caused by a clot blocking a blood vessel in the
brain) but raise the chance of a hemorrhagic stroke
(caused by bleeding in the brain).

7. Ginkgo’s Effects on the Brain
 ANTIOXIDANT
■ Curbs the creation of free radicals, highly reactive oxygen
molecules that may injure neurons and cause age-related
changes in the brain.
■ Alleviates the effects of cerebral ischemia—the loss of
blood flow to the brain—by inhibiting the production of
toxic free radicals after an ischemic episode.
 GLUCOSE UTILIZATION
■ Boosts the absorption of glucose, the body’s primary fuel,
in the frontal and parietal cortex, areas of the brain
important for processing sensory information and for
planning complex actions.
■ Also increases glucose absorption in the nucleus
accumbens and the cerebellum, brain regions involved in

8. Ginkgo’s Effects on the Brain
 NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS
■ Appears to help neurons in the forebrain absorb the
nutrient choline from the blood. Choline is one of the
components of acetylcholine, a brain chemical that
transmits signals between certain neurons.
■ Slows the attrition of neuron receptors that direct the
response to serotonin, a neurotransmitter that reduces
stress and anxiety.
■ Enhances the release of gamma-amino butyric acid
(GABA), another neurotransmitter that can relieve anxiety.
Lowering stress may reduce the level of glucocorticoid
hormones in the blood, which in turn may protect the
hippocampus, a brain structure critical to normal learning.
■ Raises the production of norepinephrine, yet another

9. Table 1. Investigator, Isolated Component, and Activity
Ginkgo’s Effects on the
Brain
Table 2. Dosage and duration classified by Etiology/ Symptom and
Adverse events
A Review on Evidence Based Practice of Ginkgo biloba in Brain
Health,

10. In vivo and in vitro Preclinical
Studies
 Various in vivo and in vitro preclinical
studies support the notion that
standardized Ginkgo biloba extract
(EGB761) may be effective in the treatment
and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease and
other age-related, neurodegenerative
disorders. Anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis,
anti-inflammation, protection against
mitochondrial dysfunction,
amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation, ion
homeostasis, modulation of

11. Overview of Clinical Studies
shows Dosage of Ginkgo extract and duration of administration required by Etiology/
Symptom and Adverse events.

12. Safety Issues
Based on previous studies, it was proved that Ginkgo
Biloba is relatively safe. There have been very few
reported cases of adverse effects, which included
stomach complaints, dyspepsia, and nausea. It is likely
to be unsafe to use gingko intravenously due to severe
adverse effects and has been withdrawn from the
market. Due to inhibiting effects of ginkgo on platelet
activating factors it raises great concerns during
perioperative stage.
Further, safety in pregnancy and lactation is unclear
due to lack of reliable information; thus, it may be
better to avoid using this product completely. The use
of ginkgo is relatively safe however it is not commonly
prescribed by providers due to unregulated sales of

13. Conclusion
 Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is used for effective brain function. Various
research studied were carried out to find its phytomedicines and its
efficacy under many conditions.
 Many research reports regarding the use of GBE in cerebrovascular
insufficiency, memory impairment in the elderly, Alzheimer’s disease,
multi-infarct dementia, resistant depression, peripheral artery
insufficiency, venous insufficiency, and asthma is well supported by
multiple studies. GBE for tinnitus, schizophrenia, psychotic organic brain
syndrome, vertigo of undetermined origin, and PMS, although less
supported, still deserves serious limited or complete lack of efficacy with
conventional treatments for these conditions.

14. REFERENCES:
 Rouse, James. Ginkgo biloba: Mind, Mood, and
Memoryce. Journal Of Applied Nutritional Science.
1998. 6 (7).
 Mullaicharam, AR. A Review on Evidence Based
Practice of Ginkgo biloba in Brain Health. IJCPA. 2013.
1(1) .
 Gold, Paul E., Cahill Larry, and Wenk, Gary L. THE
Lowdown On Ginkgo biloba. Psychological Science in
the Public Interest. May 2002; 3(1) pp. 2–11;. Available at
www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/pspi/3–1.html.
 Shi, Chun., Liu Jun., Wu, Fengming and Yew, David T.
Ginkgo biloba Extract in Alzheimer’s Disease: From
Action Mechanisms to Medical Practice. Int. J. Mol. Sci.
2010; 11. pp. 107-123
 Roy, Heli J., Lundy, Shanna., Eriksen, Chad., and Kalicki,

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