The document discusses the chemistry and biosynthesis of various glycosides. It begins by defining glycosides as molecules composed of a sugar molecule (glycone) linked to a non-sugar molecule (aglycone). It then discusses the chemistry and sources of several classes of glycosides - cardiac glycosides, sennosides, steroidal saponin glycosides like diosgenin, hecogenin and sarsapogenin. The biosynthesis of these glycosides involves the transfer of a sugar molecule from a UDP-sugar to the aglycone, catalyzed by glycosyltransferases. Key cardiac glycosides discussed are digoxin and digitoxin. Sennosides are anthraquinone glycos

1. GLYCOSIDES
T.Y.B.PHARM
2018

6. Introduction, chemistry of Cardiac glycoside
Glycosides- these are organic molecules made from sugar
molecule (glycone) and non sugar molecule(aglycone) witch
are linked by glycosidic bond.
Glycosides named
specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose),
pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc.
Any of a group of organic compounds, occurring abundantly
in plants, that yield a non sugar and one or more sugar
substances on hydrolysis.
cardiac glycoside any of a group of glycosides occurring in c
ertain plants (e.g.,digitalis, Strophanthus, Urginea ),acting o
n the contractile force of cardiac muscle; some are used as
cardiotonics and antiarrhythmics.

7. Cardiotonics increase cardiac output through positive inotropic activity (an
increase in the force of the contraction). They slow the conduction velocity through
the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart and decrease the heart rate through a
negative chronotropic effect.
general structure of a cardiac glycoside consists of a steroidal molecule attached
to a sugar and an R group. The steroid nucleus consists of four fused rings to which
other functional groups such as methyl, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups can be
attached to influence the overall molecule’s biological activity.
different sugar groups attached at the sugar end of the steroid can alter the
molecule’s solubility and kinetics; however, the lactone moiety at the R group end
only serves a structural function.

8. Cardiac glycosides are divded as cardenolides and bufadienolides.
structure of the ring attached at the R end of the molecule allows it
to be classified as either a cardenolide or bufadienolide.
cardenolides differ from bufadinolides due to the presence of an
“enolide,” a five-membered ring with a single double bond, at the
lactone end.
 Bufadienolides, on the other hand, contain a “dienolide,” a six-
membered ring with two double bonds, at the lactone end.
cardenolides are more commonly used medicinally, primarily due
to the widespread availability of the plants from which they are
derived. cardenolides have been primarily derived from the foxglove
plants Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata, while bufadienolides
have been derived from the venom of the cane toad Bufo marinus,
from which they receive the “bufo” portion of their name

9. cane toad Bufo marinus

11. Digitalis Purpurea, Digitalis lanata, Strrophanthius gratus
and Strophanthus kombe are the major source of cardiac
glycosides and digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain (G-
strophanthin) are well known cardiac glycosides.thy
contain Digitoxose sugar

12. Digoxin is clinically used for treatment of congestive
heart failure (CHF), slows the ventricular rate in
Tachycardia, such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,
supraventricular tachycardia.
Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside. It similar in structure and
effects to digoxin (though the effects are longer-lasting).
Unlike digoxin (which is eliminated from the body via the
kidneys), it is eliminated via the liver, so could be used in
patients with poor or erratic kidney function. However, it
is now rarely used in current Western medical practice.
While several controlled trials have shown digoxin to be
effective in a proportion of patients treated for heart
failure, the evidence base for digitoxin is not as strong.

13. Digitoxose sugar

14. Cardiac glycosides exert their main pharmacological actions on the heart
They increase myocardial contractility and output in a hypodynamic heart
They do not cause a proportionate increase in O2 consumption
Source Glycoside
1.Digitalis purpurea –purple
foxglove (leaf)
Digitoxin Gitoxin
2. Digitalis lanata- white
foxglove (leaf)
Digitoxin Digoxin
3. Strophanthus kombe
(seed)
Strophanthin-K
4. Strophanthus gratus
(seed)
Strophanthin-G

15. Chemistry of Cardiac Glycosides
The basic chemical structure of glycosides consists of
three components:-
a) A sugar moiety (e.g. glucose,digitoxose)
b) A steroid
c) A lactone ring (5-member ring)
The sugar moiety consists of unusual 1-4 linked
monosaccharides.
The lactone is essential for activity, the other parts of
the molecule mainly determining potency and
pharmacokinetic properties.
Substituted lactones can retain biological activity even
when the steroid moiety is removed

16. Introduction ,chemistry of sennosides
Senna glycoside, also known as sennoside or senna, is a
medication used to treat constipation
Biological Source-Dried leaflets of Cassia senna (Cassia
acutifolia) also known commercially as Alexandrian senna
or khartoum senna and Cassia angustifolia, which is
commercially known as Tinnevelly senna or Indian senna.
Should not be confused with Cassia which is a common
name for cinnamon.
Family-Leguminosae

17. Sugar is two glucose molecules in all sennosides

18. Sennosides are Anthraquinones glycosides.
Anthraquinones (also known as anthraquinonoids) are a
class of naturally occurring phenolic compounds based on
the 9,10-anthraquinone skeleton. it contains glucose as
sugar part and sennidine A,B,C,D as non sugar part.
9,10-anthraquinone

19. Senna derivatives are a type of stimulant laxative and are of the
anthraquinone type. While its mechanism of action is not entirely
clear, senna is thought to act by increasing fluid secretion within
and contraction of the large intestine.
Administration
It should be taken once daily at bedtime. Oral senna products
typically produce a bowel movement in 6 to 12 hours. Rectal
suppositories act within two hours.
Mechanism of action
The breakdown products of senna act directly as irritants on the
colonic wall to induce fluid secretion and colonic motility.

20. Chemistry
Dianthrone glycosides (1.5% – 3%), Sennosides A and B
(rhein dianthrones containing the aglycon Sennidin A and
Sennidin B respectively), Sennosides C and D (gylcosides
of heterodianthrones rhein and aloe emodin).
Senna also contain Free anthraquinones and several
other glycosides such as palmidin A and aloe-emodin
dianthrone diglycosides are also present.
Senna also contains flavanols such as kaempferol (yellow
color) and isorhamnetin. Traces of chrysophanic acid,
saponin, salicylic acid and volatile oils have also been
found.

22. Structure Dianthrone

23. Steroidal saponin glycosides-
saponin have two types-1) steroidal saponin and 2)pentacyclic
triterpenoid saponin
Steroidal saponin are Diosgenin, Hecogenin, Sarsapogenin. They
are generally used as raw material for synthesis of steroidal
hormones and other steroidal compounds.

24. Introduction , chemistry of Diosgenin
Diosgenin, a steroid sapogenin, is the product of
hydrolysis by acids, strong bases, or enzymes of saponins
(dioscin), extracted from the tubers of Dioscorea wild
yam. The sugar-free, aglycone, Diosgenin is used for the
commercial synthesis of progesterone, cortisone, and
other steroid products like sex hormones, oral
contraceptives. The unmodified steroid has estrogenic
activity and can reduce the level of serum cholesterol.
Can be converted to synthetic pregnenolone and
progesterone.
Sources-It is present in detectable amounts
in extractable amounts many species of dioscorea like
dioscorea deltoidea
family Dioscoreaceae,

27. Diosgenin content of two Indian variety
viz., D. deltoidea and D. prazeri ranges
from 0.32 - 1%. It is is a bioactive
steroidal sapogenin belonging to the
steroidal triterpene group.

29. Introduction, chemistry hecogenin
steroid saponin isolated from Agave
sisalana, family Agavaceae,
Agave is one of the seventy-five varieties of
general Agave family. Agave was introduced to
India around 1830 by Portuguese and was used
hedges along the railway track, paddy and other
fields. sisal leaves are a potential source of
source of hecogenin.
Hecogenin is used as a base chemical in the
manufacture of steroid drugs and hormones.

30. Agave sisalana

31. Hecogenin, a steroidal sapogenin is present in the leaves
of many Agave plants along with tigogenin. The ratio of
hecogenin to tigogenin varies considerably with the
season and the age of the plant. In bulbils and young
leaves of young plants, tigogenin is the predominant
sapogenin, while in leaves of mature plants, hecogenin is
predominant. The tigogenin yield from mature leaves is
always low, regardless of origin, and is usually 0.1% of the
dry weight. Hecogenin is usually high in plants of Africa
and generally low in plants of other places.
hecogenin was extracted from the cake obtained from
the hydrolysis of sisal juice of Agave. Various organic
solvents like hexane, acetone and toluene were used for
extracting hecogenin.

32. hecogenin

33. steroidal hormone like cortisone can be
prepared from hecogenin .
The genus Agave presents sapogenin steroid-
producing species, mainly hecogenin, that are
important raw materials for the synthesis of
steroidal drugs. Sapogenins are the aglycone
(nonsugar) portions of the saponin molecule
used for the semisynthesis of medicinal
steroids, as corticosteroids, sexual hormones
and steroid diuretics

34. Introduction , chemistry of Sarsasapogenin
Sarsasapogenin is a steroidal sapogenin, that is the aglycon portion
of a plant saponin glycosides. It is named after sarsaparilla
(smilax sp.), a family of climbing plants found in subtropical regions.
It was one of the first sapogenins to be identified. Sarsasapogenin is
unusual in that it has a cis -linkage between rings A and B of the
steroid nucleus, as opposed to the more usual trans-linkage found
in other saturated steroids. Sarsasapogenin has been used as a
starting material for the synthesis of other steroids.
Source of sarsapogenin -
Smilax ornata is a perennial, trailing vine with prickly stems. family
Smilacaceae,

35. Smilax ornata

36. Sarsasapogenin is found as aglycone – in the roots of
many species of monocotyledonous plant, in particular in
smilax sp.
sarsasapogenin saponin can be extracted from the dried
powdered root with 95% ethanol. After removal of the fat
from the resulting gum, the glycosidic linkage
is hydrolyzed with HCL (approx. 2 M) and the resulting
crude steroid is recrystallized from anhydrous acetone.
The yield of pure sarsasapogenin 1.8%from Smilax root.
Sarsaponin (Parillin)-(glycoside)
3 glucose, 1 rhamnose (sugar part)
Sarsasapogenin (aglycon part or non sugar part)

37. Sarsasapogenin ( aglycone)

38. BIOSYNTHESIS( biogenesis or anabolism)
Biosynthesis is multistep enzymes catalyzed
reaction in witch two or more smaller or simpler
molecule join together to form larger or complex
molecules in living organisms.
 this process consist of various metabolic
pathways.
Metabolic pathway completed in presence of
enzymes

39. Living plants are biosynthetic laboratories for synthesis of
primary and secondary metabolites.
Photosynthesis reaction involve use of carbon dioxide , water and
light to form glucose molecule.

42. Biosynthesis of glycosides
It involves following two steps
1) transfer of uridylyl group from uridyl triphodphate (UTP) to
sugar-1-phosphate forming UDP-sugar and inorganic
pyrophosphate. enzyme uridylyl transferase catalyse this step.
UTP+sugar-1-phosphate= UDP-sugar + pyrophosphate
2) transfer of sugar from UDP to suitable acceptor (aglycon),
mediated by enzyme glycosyl transferase, thus forming glycoside
UDP-sugar +acceptor(aglycon)= aglycon-sugar(glycoside)+ UDP

43. Biosynthesise of digoxin & digitoxin

44. Biosynthesis of sennosides
anthraqunone aglycone are biosynthesised from
acetate mevalonate pathway via polyketide
formation. about eight acetate units combine to
form polyketide

46. sennosides

47. Hecogenin, sarsapogenin
Biosynthesise
Diosgenin,
hecogenin
sarsapogenin

48. Beta sitosterol