Nervous system
Sedatives and hypnotics
Indications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Moderate tension
Anxiety syndromes (short-term or intermittent use)
Insomnia
Weaning off conventional sedative prescriptions.
- Components of convalescent management, particularly to help with sleep.
Contraindications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Depression
USP 31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than 0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
Ginkgo Biloba is a 50:1 leaf extract standardized to 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
the ratio 50:1, that means 50 grams of ginkgo biloba leaves is equivalent to 1 gram of standardized ginkgo biloba extract.
Digestive system
Herbal medicine is indicated in a wide range of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases and may be the drugs of choice in these indications.
These gastrointestinal diseases include anorexia, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, mouth ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulceration, constipation and inflammatory diseases of the gut such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
These gastrointestinal diseases can be classified as the following
USP 31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than 0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
Ginkgo Biloba is a 50:1 leaf extract standardized to 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
the ratio 50:1, that means 50 grams of ginkgo biloba leaves is equivalent to 1 gram of standardized ginkgo biloba extract.
Digestive system
Herbal medicine is indicated in a wide range of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases and may be the drugs of choice in these indications.
These gastrointestinal diseases include anorexia, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, mouth ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulceration, constipation and inflammatory diseases of the gut such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
These gastrointestinal diseases can be classified as the following
Drugs from Plants : Extraction, Purification & Analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
Phytochemicals: Extraction, Purification & Analysis.
Introduction, Some of the medicinal plants & uses, different processes of extraction & purification. Analysis requirement & Analytical technique.
R1- شرح مفصل عن عشبة الناردين كمستحضرات صيدلية من مدونتي
https://cognosy4all.blogspot.com/2021/06/valerian.html
R1- شرح مفصل عن عشبة الناردين كمستحضرات صيدلية من مدونتي
https://cognosy4all.blogspot.com/2021/06/valerian.html
Drugs from Plants : Extraction, Purification & Analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
Phytochemicals: Extraction, Purification & Analysis.
Introduction, Some of the medicinal plants & uses, different processes of extraction & purification. Analysis requirement & Analytical technique.
R1- شرح مفصل عن عشبة الناردين كمستحضرات صيدلية من مدونتي
https://cognosy4all.blogspot.com/2021/06/valerian.html
R1- شرح مفصل عن عشبة الناردين كمستحضرات صيدلية من مدونتي
https://cognosy4all.blogspot.com/2021/06/valerian.html
The herbal drugs are divided into groups according to their medicinal action: demulcent, expectorant, antitussive, spasmolytic, anticatarrhals and immunostimulant.
Demulcents
- The major respiratory demulcent herbs are Althaea officinalis root or leaves, mallows flowers, Ulmus spp., licorice and comfrey.
- Respiratory demulcents are herbs contain mucilage and have a soothing and antiinflammatory action on the lower respiratory tract. Indications for respiratory demulcents:
Dry, non-productive, irritable cough
Application:
Best taken before meals.
Cannabis in India - HempCann owns the brand VEDI and is Manufacturer and Marketer of an excellent quality array of Ayurvedic, Herbals, Cannabis Medicine & Cannabis Oil and Castile Soap - Once you use a VEDI castile soap, no other soap will do. https://vediherbals.com/
Chapter 4 Pharmacology Diploma in Pharmacy Part -1 .pdfSumit Tiwari
Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose,
indications, and contraindications of
General anaesthetics
Hypnotics and sedatives
Anti-Convulsant drugs
Anti-anxiety drugs
Anti-depressant drugs
Melissa leaf (Balm, lemon-balm, balm mint)
Melissa officinalis
Melissa: girl’s name which means honeybee.
In Greek mythology, Melissa was a nymph who was shown the use of honey by the bees. She was one of the nymph nurses to Zeus when he was born to Rea in a cave that was sacred to bees.
about the drugs acting on central nervous system, also their physiological effect on the brain and how Neurottransmiters in the brain response to these agents
General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
content
Flavonoids (importance, Physiological role and Therapeutic uses).
Flavonoids biosynthesis, General Properties and Tests for identity.
Flavone Glycosides (Diosmin and Apiin)
Flavonol Glycosides (rutin and Quercetrin)
Flavanone Glycosides (Hesperidin)
Silymarin (flavonolignans)
Isoflavonoids (Genistein)
Coumarin Glycosides
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
Definition
Glycosides are non-reducing organic compounds that on hydrolysis with acids or enzymes yield:
1- A sugar part (or glycone, formed of one or more sugar units).
2- A non-sugar part (or aglycone, also called genin).
content
The evaluation of drugs
Evaluation methods of the crude drugs
Chemistry of Crude Drugs
Primary Metabolites (starch, protein and fixed oil)
secondary Metabolites (glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil)
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
content
Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
content
Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
content
Important definitions
Crude drug description
Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
Classification of drugs for study
Definitions “volatile oils”, “Ethereal oils” or Essential oils”
Volatile oils: Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds of varying chemical composition, which easily evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, and which are used for either their specific therapeutic activity or their aroma.
Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality.
بعض العلاقات... مثل القرابة والصداقة...
تشتمل على معاني جميلة... و روابط انسانيه مهمة...
ولكن البعض يتغيرون ... تغيرهم الاحداث ...
فالاحداث هي امتحانات لقوة طرفي اي معادلة تربط اي اثنين...
أستاذ جامعي يقع قتيلا في مؤتمر تقيمه كلية الحقوق... أثناء نقاش مع زميل له ...
على الرغم من ان القتيل كان شخص وفيا ومعطاء لكل المحيطين به...
لكن هذا لم يمنع يد خائنة وخسيسة من ان تقتله...
وتجعل من الخيانة والغدر مقابلا للوفاء... كما كانت من قبل جزاء لسنمار.
عندما يتلوث الدم.... ليس بالجراثيم وانما بآثام القلب وشروره ليضخ دما ملوثا بالحقد والكراهيه لينقله الى اقدام تسوقك الى جريمه والى يدا لتجعل من السلاح الذي تمسكه ادآة سوداء ورسالة من قلب مريض رسالة بالموت
عندما يتحول نجاحك الى مرض وعقده نفسيه كبيره لشخص لا يستطيع ان يلاحقه .....
عندما لا تفلح مؤمرات ذلك الشخص في افشالك.....
عندما يقرر انك من يقف في طريقه وانه يتوجب عليه ازاحتك من طريقه بأي وسيله وان كانت القتل..
عندها فقط بدأت المذبحه...
هاجس جال بخاطر رجل الاعمال الناجح حسن المصري بأن اذى ما سيلحق بابنه الوحيد خالد وان كارثة ما ستحدث لشركته...
وبدون مقدمات تحول الهاجس لسلسله من الجرائم البشعه والغامضه التي راح ضحيتها هو وكل الموجوديين بقصره ...
وفي لحظاته الاخيره ... وبدون ادنى تفكير حاول ان يحمي اغلى الناس في حياته ...ابنه ....من تلك اليد الاثمه...
لتكن تلك المكالمه ذات الكلمات القليله .... يبلغ فيها خالد ابنه برساله...
رساله من قلب محب.... رساله مضمونها
ان الاب هو الملاذ الاخير
حصن يحمي ابنائه الى النهايه
ان الاب هو.....
الطابية الاخيره
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
the ripe capsule can contain up to 0.5% total alkaloids
Opium represents a much concentrated form and up to 25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids).
Structural features of Cinchona alkaloids
1- The basic skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids is Ruban-9-Ol.
2- Ruban nucleus is a combined skeleton formed from a quinoline ring attached to a quinuclidine ring (a bicyclic ring contain N) through methylene group.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. Nervous system
Sedatives and hypnotics
Indications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
- Moderate tension
- Anxiety syndromes (short-term or intermittent use)
- Insomnia
- Weaning off conventional sedative prescriptions.
- Components of convalescent management, particularly to help with sleep.
Contraindications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Depression
3. Valerian
Valeriana officinalis
الفاليريانا جذور
Constituents:
Iridoids (valepotriates): Valtrates and isovaltrates; volatile oils
Action and uses:
-Sedative
-Mild hypnotic
The primary indications for valerian root and preparations derived from it as follows:
1.Nervous agitation
2.Nervous sleep disorders
3.Nervous heart complaints
4.Functional stomach disorders
5.Irritable bowel syndrome
The effects of valerian can be enhanced by combining it with other medicinal plants such as
Balm (Melissa officinalis) for nervous agitation,
Hop (Humulus lupulus) for nervous sleep disorders,
Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) for nervous heart complaints.
4. Hops
Humulus lupulus
حشيشةالدينار
constituents:
- Resinous bitter principle, Humulones and Lupulones.
- Volatile oil 0.35-1 %, the mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes
(-cayophellene, humulene, farnesene, -myrecene)
-Flavonoid : rutin, kaempferol, quercetin.
Action and uses:
- Sedative
- Hypnotic
- Topical bactericide.
The primary indications
-Restlessness - Anxiety - Sleep disturbances
Hops are used in combination with valerian root for nervous sleeping
' disorders and conditions of unrest.
5. Passionflower, Passiflora,
Passiflora incarnata
األالم زهرة او االشجان عشب
Constituents:
Alkaloids (Indole-type): Harman (major), harmaline,
harmalol, harmine and harmol.
Flavonoids (not less than 1.5%): Vitexin, isovitexin and their
C-glycosides, apigenin, luteolin glycosides, kaempferol,
quercetin and rutin.
Action and uses:
-Sedative - Hypnotic -antispasmodic –analgesic
Passionflower is used in combination with valerian root and
lemon balm
Contraindication:
Pregnancy (stimulate uterine contraction)
6. Melissa leaf (Balm, lemon-balm) (Melissa officinalis)
الليمون ريحان ـ النحل حشيشة–الترنجان
مليسةمخزنية
Constituents:
1- Volatile oil (Citral, Citronellal, geraniol, nerol and linalool).
2- Phenolic acids: Rosmarinic and caffeic
3- Acidic triterpenes: Ursolic and oleanolic acids
Action and uses:
- Relieves flatulence and spasm - Gentle sedative
- Gentle tranquillizer helping sleep - Headaches & migraine
- Nervous stomach disorders
- Functional heart conditions
- Antiviral (externally for symptomatic treatment of herpes labialis)
-Neuralgia as spirits externally
Combination preparations of extracts of lemon balm, valerian and hops is more effective as
sedative. Cream containing 1% of a lyophilised aqueous extract applied on the affected area two
to four times daily in Herpes libialis.
7. Depression
The basic treatment strategy consists of prescribing antidepressants in combination with
psychotherapy or sociotherapy.
Hypericum, St John's wort
(Hypericum perforatum)
جونز سانت نبتة أو المثقوب العرنيحيى سيدي نبتة أو
Constituents:
Naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin); flavonoids, v. oil.
Action and uses:-
- Antiviral (cold sores, herpes genitalis, chicken pox, CMV and viral hepatitis)
- Antidepressant (mild antidepressant activity);
- Anti anxiety
- Sleep disorders
- Psychological symptoms of menopause.
- Vulnerary, antiseptic wound healing.
- Oil of hypericum
Internally (dyspepsia)
Externally (wounds, bruises, myalgia , burns)..
8. Mechanism of action
Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Interactions:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI and MAO inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin
availability in the CNS.
9. Kava, Kava-Kava
(Piper methysticum)
الكافا جذوركافا
Constituents:
- lactones known as kava pyrones (kawain, dihydrokawain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, and
yangonin).
Action and uses:
-Antidepressant
- Antianxiety and hypnotic
- Anticonvulsant
- Local anesthetic
- Antiarrhythmic
- Myorelaxant
- spasmolytic
As the dose increases, they exert increasing CNS depression and relaxation of the skeletal
muscles. Full consciousness is retained, even at lethal doses.
10. Mechanism of action:
- Kava lactones are responsible for its activities
Interactions:
Interactions with centrally active substances such as barbiturates, and
other psychotropic agents must also be taken into account.
Contraindication:
Kava is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation and in suicidal
patients with endogenous depression.
Dosage: 600 mg kava extract.
11. Psychophysical exhaustion (Nervous exhaustion)
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Constituents:
Saponins (Ginsenosides), Flavonoids
volatile oil, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides.
Action and uses:
- General tonic (Adaptogenic) (increases performance and improves general health, used as a
tonic for treatment of exhaustion, overexertion, neurasthenia, hypotension, general and nervous
debility, especially in old age, and mild depression)
- CNS stimulant (improves age-related depression and lack of concentration)
- Enhances memory
- Protects neurons against ischemic damage
- Antineoplastic actions
- Immunomodulator
- Antioxidant activity.
- Improves carbohydrate tolerance in diabetics
- Hepatoprotective
- Aphrodisiac actions. Dosage: 1-9 g.
12. Mate, Paraguay tea, Jesuit's Brazil tea
(Ilex paraguariensis)
بهشيةبراغوانية
Constituents:
- Xanthine alkaloids: Caffeine, theoine, theophylline.
- Flavonoids : kaempferol, quercetin, and their glycosides
- Tannins: 4-16% - Terpenoids - Vitamins.
Action and uses:
- CNS-stimulant (psychogenic headache and fatigue, nervous depression)
- Diuretic
- Antirheumatic
- Mild analgesic properties.
Warnings:
Restricted intake by hypertension or a cardiac disorder patients
13. Cola, Cola seed, Guru nut,
Kola nut (Cola spp.)
Constituents:
Xanthine alkaloids: Caffeine, theobromine; Tannins (catechins)
Betaine, fats, protein, red pigment and sugars.
Action and uses:
- CNS stimulant (migraine, atony, exhaustion) - Antidepressant
- Diuretic - Antidiarrheal properties.
- Cardioactive and coronary dilatator - Smooth muscle relaxant
Warnings:
Restricted intake by hypertension or a cardiac disorder patients.