presentation about Nutraceutical
The term “nutraceutical” combines the word “nutrient” (a nourishing food or food component) with “pharmaceutical”(a medical drug). The word “nutraceutical” has been used to describe a broad list of products sold under the premise of being dietary supplements (i.e. a food), but for the expressed intent of treatment or prevent of disease.
important of nutraceuticals in pharmacy field for beneficial effect, herbal foods, useful effects in human beings, anticancer activity, fertility activity, anti diabetic activity, scope of nutraceutical market in INDIA
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Nutraceuticals is a broad umbrella term that is used to describe any product derived from food sources with extra health benefits in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods.Nutraceutical, a portmanteau of the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”, was coined in 1989 by Stephen L. DeFelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine.[1] The term is applied to products that range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and herbal products, specific diets and processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages.
Phyto pharmaceutical - TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS (Vitamin E )SudhindraKini
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Biochemical functions of vitamin E. applications of vitamin E. symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Global scenario of production and consumption of natural vitamin E and mixed tocopherols
presentation about Nutraceutical
The term “nutraceutical” combines the word “nutrient” (a nourishing food or food component) with “pharmaceutical”(a medical drug). The word “nutraceutical” has been used to describe a broad list of products sold under the premise of being dietary supplements (i.e. a food), but for the expressed intent of treatment or prevent of disease.
important of nutraceuticals in pharmacy field for beneficial effect, herbal foods, useful effects in human beings, anticancer activity, fertility activity, anti diabetic activity, scope of nutraceutical market in INDIA
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Nutraceuticals is a broad umbrella term that is used to describe any product derived from food sources with extra health benefits in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods.Nutraceutical, a portmanteau of the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”, was coined in 1989 by Stephen L. DeFelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine.[1] The term is applied to products that range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and herbal products, specific diets and processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages.
Phyto pharmaceutical - TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS (Vitamin E )SudhindraKini
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Biochemical functions of vitamin E. applications of vitamin E. symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Global scenario of production and consumption of natural vitamin E and mixed tocopherols
NEUTRACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION AND ITS GENERAL ROLE.pptxShohab Ahmed
Nutrition
It is the sum total of the processes involved in the taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished. It involves ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation.
General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health
benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable
bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases.
Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic,
Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina
Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions: General introduction to interaction and
classification. Study of following drugs and their possible side effects and interactions:
Hypercium, kava-kava, Ginkobiloba, Ginseng, Garlic, Pepper & Ephedra.
Food and nutrition are providing energy to our bodies in a way that we get fueled through ingestion. One way of being a responsible human being is knowing more information about them. As a result, this presentation is created to help you achieve that.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. INTRODUCTION
oThe term ‘Nutraceutical’ was coined
from Nutrition pharmaceutical in 1989 by
Stephen Defelice MD, founder and
chairman of the foundation for innovation
in Medicine (FIM).
oNutraceutical is any substance that is a
food or apart of food and provides
medical or health benefits
5. 1.NUTRACEUTICALS BASED ON
THEIR SOURCES
SOURCES NUTRACEUTICALS
PLANTS •Tomato (solanum
lycopersicum)
•Garlic (alium sativum)
ANIMALS •Shark liver oil
•Cod liver oil
MINERALS •Calcium
•Magnesium
•phosphorus
MICRO-ORGANISMS •lactobacilli
6. 2.NUTRACEUTICALS USED IN VARIOUS
DISEASE CONDITION
CONDITIONS NUTRACEUTICALS
•Allergy relief •Ginkgo biloba
•Arthritis support •glucosamine
•Cancer prevention •Flex seed green tea
•Cardiac disease •Garlic
•Cholesterol lowering •Garlic
•Digestive support •Digestive enzymes
•Diabetic support
•Immunomodulators
•Garlic
•ginseng
7. 3.NUTRACEUTICALS AS PER THE CHEMICAL
GROUPINGS
CLASS /CHEMICAL GROUPINGS EXAMPLES
•Inorganic mineral
supplements
•Minerals
•Vitamin supplements •Vitamins
•Digestive enzymes •Enzymes
•Probiotics •Helpful bacteria
•Probiotics •Digestive enzyme
•Dietary fibers •Fibers-fruits cereals
8. Nutraceutical is the hybrid of nutrition and
pharmaceutical nutraceuticals
Food or part of food playing a significant role in
modifying and maintaining normal physiological function
that maintains healthy human beings
The food products used as nutraceuticals can be
categorized as dietary fibers,prebiotics,probiotics,and
other yes of herbal/natural foods
9. These nutraceuticals helps in combating some of the
major health problems of the century such as obesity,
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis
etc
In whole nutraceuticals has lead to the new era of
medicine and health in which the food industry has
become a research oriented sector
11. TYPE OF MINERAL FUNCTION
1.CALCIUM •Essential for bones and
teeth
2.IRON •Energy production, oxygen
transport
3.MAGNESIUM •For healthy nerve and
muscle function bone
formation
4.PHOSPHORUS •Energy production
phosphorylation process
5.COPPER •Hb and collagen production
6.IODINE •Proper function of thyroid
13. FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE
VIT- A , acts as
antioxidant, essential
for growth and
development
VIT-C (ASCORBIC ACID),
antioxidant, helps in healing
Wound
VIT- D, essential for
formation of bones and
teeth, helps the body to
absorb and use calcium
VIT-B1 (THIAMINE), helps in
carbohydrate metabolism
VIT-E, antioxidant helps
to form blood cells
VIT-B2 (RIBOFLAVIN),
maintain healthy eye and
nerve function
VIT-K, Essential for
blood clotting
VIT-B6, (PYRIDOXINE)
convert proteins into energy
VIT-B12 (COBALAMINE), help
in producing genetic material,
formation of RBC
SOURCES
VIT A, egg
yolk, milk
VIT D, sunlight
, soybean
VIT E, green
leafy
vegetables
VIT C, all citrus
fruits
VIT B1, yeast,
wheat gram
VIT B2, milk,
cereals
VIT B12, milk,
eggs
14. DIETARY FIBRE
Structural carbohydrate
of plants
Neither digested nor
absorbed
INSOLUBLE FIBRE –
predominant
-speeds up digestion.
-increase stool weight
-Promotes regular
elimination
SOLUBLE FIBRE -
health benefits
-lower serum cholesterol
-regulates body sugar
level
15. ROLE OF DIETARY FIBER
Increased fiber intake may
reduce risk of;
-GIT diseases
-hypertension
-heart disease
-several types of cancer
(colon)
Recommended 20-35 g
daily
Best sources; fruit, whole
grain breads,nuts
16.
17. ANTIOXIDANT SOURCES
VITAMINS citrus fruits
Grains, nuts, oils
CAROTENOIDS All colorful vegetables
LYCOPENES tomato
BETA-CAROTENE Carrots, sweet potato
XANTHOPHYLLES
FLAVANOIDS
RUTIN
KAEMPFEROL
Tobacco, eucalyptus species
Grape fruit , tea
Antioxidants are of 3 categories
-true antioxidants
-reducing agents
-antioxidants synergists
deficiency causes diseases like cancer, arthritis etc.
18.
19. The main aim of regulating these products is to ensure
safety of the consumer’s health. Apart from this the
regulations help in bringing about fair trade,
harmonization, uniformity, price control etc.
REGULATORY SCENARIO IN INDIA
In India the regulatory body which legalizes Nutraceutical
products is the food safety and standards authority of India,
commonly referred to as FSSAI which has been created for
laying down science based standards for articles of food and
regulate their manufacture,storage,distribution
The ministry of health $ family welfare govt. of India is
administrative ministry for implementation of FSSAI
21. CHARACTERSTICS OF GOOD/IDEAL
SCENARIO
Developed with all relevant groups in society
Supported by good science
Backed by industry
Promote public health
Stimulate economic growth
22. FSSAI GUIDELINES
(FOOD SAFTEY STANDARDS AUTHORITY OF INDIA)
Food safety regulator FSSAI should at the earliest
lay down rules for giving approval of dietary
supplements and Nutraceutical products
manufactured and marketed in the country
The food authority has notified the food safety and
standards regulations, 2016 in the gazette of India
on 23rd December 2016
23. These regulations cover SEVEN categories of foods,
namely,
1.HEALTH SUPPLIMENT
2FOOD FOR SPECIAL DIETARY USE
3.FOOD FOR SPECIAL MEDICAL PURPOSE
4.FOOD CONTAINING BOTANICAL AND PLANTS
5.FOOD CONTAINIG PROBIOTICS
6.FOOD CONTAINING PREBIOTICS
7.NOVEL DRUGS
Requirement for such food as detailed in these
regulations pertain to essential composition claims
and labeling etc.
The regulations do not allow the use of hormones or
steroids or pschycotropic ingredients in any of the
article of food
24. The regulations include various schedules
detailing provisions relating to vitamins,
minerals, and amino acids
One of the schedule list 40 ingredients of plant
or botanical origin which can be used as
ingredients in the foods covered under these
regulations
The above regulations will come into force on
the date of their publication in the official
gazette. however the obligation of food
business operator to comply with the provision
of the said regulation will be effective from 1st
January, 2018
25. LIST OF INGREDIANTS USED AS NUTRACEUTICALS
COMMON NAME BOTANICAL
NAME/FAMILY
PART USED MEDECINAL USE
1. AMLA
2. ASHWGANDH
A
Embelica
officinalis
euphorbiacae
Wittania
somnifera
leguminosae
Fruit
Root, leafs
Vitamin c, cough
Nervous disorders
3. CHIRATA
4. GUGGUL
Swertia chirata
gentianacae
Commiphora
wightti
burceracae
Whole plant
Gum resin
Skin disease fever
Arthritis, laxative
5 SENNA Casia
angustifolia
liliacae
Dry tubers rheumatism
6. TULSI Oscimum
santum
lamiacae
Leaf, seeds Cough throat pain
9. NEEM Azadiracta indica
miliacae
rhizomes Analgesic,
antimalarial
26.
27. SPIRULINA
SYNONYMS: Blue green algae.
SOURCE OF SPIRULINA: Spirulina
is a spiral-shaped microalgae that
grows naturally in the wild in warm,
fresh water lakes. It is blue green
algae Spirulina platensis or
Spirulina maxima belongs the
family Oscillatoriaceae.
HABITATS: They are found
in freshwater and marine habitats,
mostly in warmer regions; and are
also found in hot springs.
28. MORPHOLOGY
Spirulina is symbiotic,
multicellular and
filamentous blue-green
microalgae with
symbiotic bacteria that
fix nitrogen from air.
Spirulina can be rod- or
disk-shaped.
MICROSCOPY OF SPIRULINA
Spirulina
29. CULTIVATION
Most commercial production
systems are based on shallow
raceways in which spirulina
cultures are mixed by a paddle
wheel.
Spirulina is an economically
important filamentous
cyanobacterium. The annual
production of the algae is about
10,000 tons which makes it the
largest microalgal cultivation
industry in the world
Farming of spirulina
30. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
Spirulina is a protein-rich food
product (approximately 55-70%
dry weight), with a relatively low
carbohydrate content of around
15% dry weight.
It also contains phycocyanin-
containing phycobiliproteins
which are thought to be some of
spirulina's active ingredients.
In addition, spirulina also
contains several trace minerals,
vitamins, and pro- and pseudo-
vitamins
phycocyanin
31. NUTRACEUTICALS VALUES
Phocyanin is the main active compound in spirulina. It
has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties.
It lower triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, and
sometimes may raise HDL (the "good") cholesterol.
Spirulina may have some anti-cancer properties,
especially against a type of precancerous lesion
called OSMF (oral submucous fibrosis).
32. CONTD….
It lower blood pressure levels.
Spirulina supplements have been shown to be very
effective against allergic rhinitis, helping to reduce
various symptoms.
One study shows that spirulina may be effective against
anemia in the elderly. More research is needed. Some
studies have shown that spirulina supplementation can
enhance endurance, and one study shows that it can
increase muscle strength.
33. Marketing product of
spirulina
3. IMC(International marketing)
corporation
Indian company
1. Triquetra health
Organic spirulina
tablet
2. Soft drink of
spirulina support by
Germany
34.
35. INTRODUCTION
SOURCE:
soya bean is derived
from seeds of Glycine
max (L) Merr of family-
Leguminosae. Soya bean
is known as Golden bean
or superlegume of the
twentieth century.
36. CULTIVATION:
Currently grown in various environments
throughout the world.
Extensively cultivated in tropical Brazil; sub
tropical central America and southern USA and
Canada.
Introduction of soybean in most African countries
is very recent.
37. HABITAT:
Soya bean cultivation is
typically successful
climates with hot
summers.
Optimum growing
conditions are mean
temp. of 20º-30ºc .
38. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Together, protein and soybean oil content account for
56% of dry soybeans by weight (36% protein and
20% fat, table).
The remainder consists of 30% carbohydrates, 9% water
and 5% ash (table). Soybeans comprise approximately
8% seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2% hypocotyl
axis or germ.
39. NUTRACEUTICAL
VALUES
It prevents prostate cancer.
It prevents postmenuposal syndrome The phytoestrogen
content in soybeans are effective as an estrogens
replacement. Consume soy regularly to prevent and cure
postmenopausal syndromes.
It also prevent osteoporosis. It also work as an
antioxdant.
It also act as an anti inflammatory.
Reduces high cholesterol level.
It also enhances immune function.
42. GINSENG
Synonyms: Man root.
Biological source: ginseng is the root of plants
in the genus panax as Korean ginseng P.ginseng
,south China ginseng (P. notoginseng), and
American ginseng (P.quinquefolius), typically
characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and
gintonin. It belong to family Araliaceae.
Part use: dried root
43. CONTD…
Habitat: It is a shade-obligate plant and occurs
naturally in forested habitats--particularly those
dominated by broad-leaf deciduous trees.
Cultivation: Ginseng has fairly stringent
environmental requirements. It requires at least 70
percent shade.
44. CONTD….
The soil must have enough base
nutrients (15-20 percent base
saturation) to meet its needs, but
not so much that the soil pH
exceeds 6 (liming is out of the
question unless pH is too low).
The soil must be moist, but well-
drained. To achieve this, the
organic matter content has to be
pretty high. Heavy clays and
very sandy soils are poor for
ginseng. Ginseng does not
compete will with other plants,
so vegetation control is
necessary
Forest cultivation of ginseng
45. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
It mainly contain glycoside
Ginsenosides (major glycosides).
Panaxosides (major glycoside).
Dammarol
Decomposition product of
panaxoside.
a) Oleanolic acid
b) Panaxadipol
c) Panaxatriol.
Chikusetu saponin
Resin, volatil oil
starch
Ginsenosid
e
46. NUTRACEUTICAL VALUE OF
GINSENG
Ginseng may improve symptoms of erectile
dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress in tissues
and enhancing blood flow in penile muscles.
Aid in preventing and managing diabetes.
Helps to improve health of hair and skin.
Aid in preventing colorectal cancer.
Helps in weight loss.
Aids in reducing stress and anxiety.
Reduces cognitive decline and risk of alzheimer’s
disease.
Also has anti inflammatory and anti oxidant
properties.
Increase energy and stamina.
50. INTRODUCTION
SYNONYMS: Allium
SOURCE: It consist of bulb of the
plant Allium Sativum family
Liliaceae
HABITAT: It is culitvated in Central
Asia, Southern Europe, USA and
India .It is found in almost all the
state and cultivated as spice. In its
natural habitat garlic mustard is
eaten by insects and fungi. It can
grow in very shaded areas
51. MACROSCOPIC CHARACTER
Color - Bulbs are white to pink
color
Odor - Characteristic and
aromatic
Taste - Aromatic and pungent
Size – 1.5 to 2.5 cm
Bulb of Garlic
52. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
Garlic contains 0.1-0.36% of a volatile oil. Garlic contains at
least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin, allicin, ajoene,
allylpropl, diallyl, trisulfide, sallylcysteine, vinyldithiines,
Tridisulfide, and others.The sulfur compounds are
responsible both for garlic’s pungent odor and many of it
medicinal effects. The odor is formed by the action of the
enzyme allinase on the sulfur compound alliin.
Alliin Allicin
56. INTRODUCTION
Broccoli is an green plant in the cabbag
family whose large flowering head is eaten
as a vegetable.
The word broccoli comes from the Italian
plural of broccolo, which means "the
flowering crest of a cabbage", or
‘sprout’ Broccoli is boiled or steamed but may
be eaten raw
Broccoli species is Brassica oleracea
57. HABITAT
Broccoli can germinate in soil
with temperatures as low as
40ºF.
Broccoli requires full sun and
moist, fertile soil that's slightly
acidic.
For spring plantings, seed or set
transplants 2 to 3 weeks before
last spring frost date.
Plant seeds ½ inch deep, or set
transplants slightly deeper than
they were grown originally.
For fall plantings, seed 85 to 100
days before your average first fall
frost.
58. NUTRITIONAL VALUE PER 100 G (3.5 OZ)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 141 kJ (34 kcal)
Carbohydrates 6.64 g
Sugars 1.7 g
Dietary fiber 2.6 g
Fat 0.37 g
Protein 2.82 g
65. HERBAL TEA
Herbal tea are beverages made from
the infusion or decoction of herbs, spices, or
other plant material in hot water. They do not
usually contain caffeine .There are following
type tea:
Green Tea
Black Tea
Oolong Tea
White Tea
66. GREEN TEA
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE : Camellia
sinensis is a species of evergreen shrub or
small tree leaves and leaf buds Family
Theaceae
CULTIVATION: Camellia sinensis is
mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical
climates, in areas of rainfall a year. Tea
plants prefer a rich and moist growing
location in full to part sun, and can be
grown in hardiness zones.
67. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
Green tea is unfermented or non oxidised
tea, produced by drying and steaming of the
fresh tea leaves.
It has a very complex composition with a
maximum of protein content followed by
soluble carbohydrates, minerals and trace
elements (5% dry weight) and amino acids
such as 5-N-ethylglutamine, glutamic acid,
tryptophan, glycine, serine.
69. BLACK TEA
Black tea is oxidized or fully
fermented form of tea.
It is manufactured as a fermented tea
product following withering of the tea
leaves.
Quality of black tea is a complex
phenomenon and depends on
chemical composition of green leaf
and chemical components produced
during processing.
70. CONTD…
The quality of black tea mainly depends on
flavanol composition present in green leaf,
oxidised during processing leading to the
formation of black tea pigments, theaflavins
(golden yellow) and thearubigins (orange
brown).
The typical composition of black tea beverage
contains 8% catechins, 10% flavonol
glycosides, 12% theaflavins, and 70%
thearubigins.
71. OOLONG TEA
Oolong Tea is a partially fermented
tea and lies between unfermented
green tea and fermented black tea.
It is produced through a unique
process, including withering under the
strong sun and oxidation before curling
and twisting.
This process is called as semi
fermentation and results in partial
oxidation.
Oolong Tea shows anti-obesity effects
and has a role in prevention of
72. WHITE TEA
White tea is another
common variety of tea
derived from the buds of
C.sinensis, which are
subjected to withering
followed by drying.
Prevent oxidation and to
leave delicate white leaf
air intact, which makes
this tea “White”
73. NUTRACEUTICAL VALUES
Tea contains antioxidants.
tea has less caffeine than coffee.
Tea may reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke.
Tea may help with weight loss.
Tea may help protect your bones.
Tea may help battle cancer.
Herbal tea may soothe the digestive system
75. INTRODUCTION
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- flax seed is obtained from dried
seed of Linum usitatissimum belonging to the family
Linaceae.
HABITAT- Flax has been transplanted from its native
locales in Eurasia to all temperate zones of the world that
provide a suitable habitat (a cool, damp climate) for its
cultivation as a fiber plant; it is also grown in many
tropical countries for its oil-bearing seeds.
Flaxseeds occur in two basic varieties/colours: brown and
yellow (golden linseeds).
Flaxseeds produce a vegetable oil known as flaxseed oil
or linseed oil, which is one of the oldest commercial oils.
76. CONTD…
Flaxseeds occur in two basic varieties/colours:
brown and yellow (golden linseeds).
Flaxseeds produce a vegetable oil known as
flaxseed oil or linseed oil, which is one of the
oldest commercial oils.
77. CULTIVATION
Flax seed is a cool weather/winter crop.
Land Preparation by ploughing.
Soil should be weed free.
Propagation in Flax Seed Cultivation- It is mainly done by
seeds.
This seed crop thrives well in both alluvial soil of north and
south peninsular region.
This crop requires relative humidity of 50-60% along with
7inches of rain for higher quality yield.
IRRIGATION- Crop requires irrigation after sowing the seeds,
to maintain moisture
until germination phase
78. C..
7inches of rain for higher quality yield.
IRRIGATION- Crop requires irrigation after
sowing the seeds, to maintain moisture
until germination
79. CONTD..
Frequent weed control by applying re-emergent
and post emergent herbicide.
PEST AND DISEASES- Rust, fusarium wilt, seedling blight
and root rots, Pasmo, Aster yellows and Powdery mildew are
main trouble makers in flax seed cultivation.
SHARVESTING OF FLAX SEED CROP- Crop will be
ready when 75% of balls have turned brown. Crop is
sensitive to frost, do not delay the harvesting. Cut the flax
seed crop and stack them for drying(2-3 days).
80.
81. Content of compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty
acids, essential amino acids, vitamin E, lignans and
dietary fibers makes flaxseed a source to satisfy basic
needs in the human diet and health maintenance.
It is constituted by few levels of adverse health
compounds such as Cadmium, protease inhibitors and
cyanogenic compounds
Flax seed rich in omega 3-fatty acid –They are key
force against inflammation in our bodies.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
82. STRUCTURE OF FLAX SEED-
Essential fatty acids:-
Principals to copherols in flax seed:-
CONTD..
89. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is obtained from roots and rhizomes
of Actaea racemosa earlier Cimicifuga racemose belonging to the
family Ranunculaceae.
HABITAT-It is native to eastern North America from the extreme
south of Ontario to central Georgia, and west to Missouri and
Arkansas.
In 1844 A. racemosa gained popularity when John King,
an eclectic physician, used it to treat rheumatism and nervous
disorders. Other eclectic physicians of the mid-nineteenth century
used black cohosh for a variety of maladies, including
endometritis, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, severe
after-birth pains, and for increased breast milk production.
BLACK COHOSH
90. The most recent sales figures place black
cohosh as seventh best-selling herb with
annual sales of approximately $17 million
91. Extract of the rhizomes are known to contain
cycloartane triterpene glycosides, phenolics and
flavonoids.
The major phenolic constituents of black cohosh are
the hydroxycinnamic acids, caffeic acid, ferulic acid,
and isoferulic acid, as well as their condensation
products with glycoloyl phenylpropanoids, commonly
known as cimicifugic acids (e.g., fukinolic acid)
A third group of phytoconstituents that has received
far less attention consists of the alkaloids and related
compounds that contain nitrogen.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
93. Black cohosh has commonly been used to
treat symptoms of menopause
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Painful menstruation
Acne
Weakened bones (osteoporosis)
For starting labour in pregnant women.
Used for anxiety, rheumatism, fever, sore throat,
and cough.
PHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
96. INTRODUCTION
Biological source- It is obtained from dried roots and
rhizomes of Curcuma longa belonging to the family of
Zingiberaceae.
It is also known as “Indian saffron”.
Used as an important condiment and as a dye with
applications in drug and cosmetic industries.
HABITAT-The origin of Curcuma longa is Southern Asia,
most probably from India.
Curcuma longa is a tropical plant, and it grows in a humid
warm weather with a lot of rainfall.
In addition to its use as a spice and pigment, turmeric has
been used in India for medicinal purposes for centuries.
TURMERIC
97. The areas where the rainfall is sufficiently early, crop can be
planted during April-May. It thrives best in sandy or clayey
loam rich in humus content.
Turmeric is a shade loving plant, castor or Sesbania
grandiflora may be raised along the border lines in the field.
Healthy and disease free whole or split mother rhizomes
weighing 35-44g are used for planting. Rhizomes are treated
with 0.3% Dithane and 0.5% Malathion for 30 minutes
before storing.
The optimum spacing in furrows and ridges is about 45-60
cm between the rows and 25 cm between the plants.
A seed rate of 2500kg of rhizomes are required for one
hectare.
CULTIVATION
98. IRRIGATION- Depending on the soil types, irrigated crops
require 15-20 irrigations in heavy soils and 35-40 in light soils.
Moisture stress affects the growth and development of the plant
especially during the rhizome bulking stage.
HARVESTING- Crop becomes ready for harvest in seven to nine
months. The land is ploughed and the rhizomes are gathered by
hand picking or the clumps are carefully lifted with a spade.
Harvested rhizomes are cleaned of mud and other extraneous
matter adhering to them. The average yield per hectare is 20-25
tonnes of green turmeric.
The fresh turmeric is cured before marketing. Curing involves
boiling of fresh rhizomes in water and drying in the sun.
CONTD…
99. Polishing-The appearance is improved by smoothening
and polishing outer surface by manual or mechanical
rubbing.
The yield of polished turmeric from the raw materials
varies from 15-25%.
Colouring-
In order to impart attractive yellow colour, turmeric
suspension in water is added to the polishing drum in the
last 10 minutes.
Color coating composition for 100kg of boiled turmeric
is Alum 0.04kg, turmeric powder 2kg, castor seed oil
0.14kg, sodium bisulphate 30g, concentrated hydrochloric
acid 30ml.
When the rhizomes are uniformly coated with
suspension, they may be dried in the sun.
CONTD..
100. CONTD..
Colouring-
In order to impart attractive yellow colour, turmeric
suspension in water is added to the polishing drum in
the last 10 minutes.
Color coating composition for 100kg of boiled
turmeric is Alum 0.04kg, turmeric powder 2kg,
castor seed oil 0.14kg, sodium bisulphate 30g,
concentrated hydrochloric acid 30ml.
When the rhizomes are uniformly coated with
suspension, they may be dried in the sun.
101.
102. The bright yellow color of turmeric comes mainly
from fat-soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as
curcuminoids. Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid
found in turmeric, is generally considered its most
active constituent.
Other curcuminoids found in turmeric include
demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin.
It contains cymene, tumeron, diaryl heptanoids.
Insoluble in water and ether.
Soluble in ethanol, diethylsulfoxide and acetone.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
104. Antioxidant effect
Hepatoprotective effects
Anti-inflammatory effects- by inhibition of a number
of different molecules that play an important role in
inflammation.
Anticarcinogenic effects
Curcumin enhances immunity
Arthritis- As it turmeric has anti-inflammatory and
analgesic effect.
Turmeric helps to prevent atherosclerosis by reducing
the formation of blood clumps.
NUTRACEUTICAL VALUE
106. REFRENCES
1. [page neededNutraceuticals/Functional Foods and Health
Claims on FoodsGlossary
2. Nutraceuticals / Functional Foods and Health Claims on
Foods: Policy Paper". Health Canada. June 24, 2013.
Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
books
1. Pathak, Y.V. (editor, 2010). Handbook of Nutraceuticals(vol. 1): Ingredients,
Formulations, and Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-8221-0
2. Shahidi, F. / Naczk, M. (eds. 2003). Phenolics in Food and Nutraceuticals (2nd
edition). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-58716-138-4
3. Shahidi, F. / Weerasinghe, D.K. (eds. 2004). Nutraceutical Beverages: . Chemistry,
Nutrition, and Health Effects. American Chemical Society.