Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
Herbal remedies involve treating diseases with medicinal plants and have been used for medical treatments throughout human history. Plants contain active ingredients that can have therapeutic effects. However, herbal remedies can also interact with other herbs, foods, or conventional medications in ways that could increase risks. Strict quality control and monitoring of herbal products is needed to validate their safety and efficacy.
This document provides guidelines for monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. It discusses the importance of including herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems to understand adverse effects from combined herbal and conventional medicine use. Sources of safety reports include healthcare professionals, consumers, hospitals, and manufacturers. National regulatory agencies are responsible for communicating safety information through various channels to facilitate safe and effective herbal medicine use.
Standardization of herbal drugs refers to “confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality, purity and detection of nature of adulterant by various parameters”.
This document discusses guidelines for standardizing herbal drugs and herbal formulations. It provides details on various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological studies. Some key points covered are methods for determining moisture content, extractive values, ash values, volatile oil content, and biological activities like bitterness value, haemolytic activity and tannin content. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control and standardization of herbal drugs and formulations to ensure identity, purity and consistency in their composition.
What is Efficacy
Why Efficacy is required for Herbal products
How Efficacy of Herbal products ensured
What are the various avenues of determining efficacy
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
Effects of herbal drugs on clinical laboratories testing Swati Wadhawan
This document discusses the regulation of herbal medicines. It states that herbal medicines should be regulated to ensure their quality, safety and efficacy through mechanisms like licensing, good manufacturing practices, and pharmacovigilance. Manufacturers must adhere to standards and provide detailed product information for registration. Countries should establish regulatory systems and procedures appropriate to their situations to manage the use of herbal medicines.
Herbal remedies involve treating diseases with medicinal plants and have been used for medical treatments throughout human history. Plants contain active ingredients that can have therapeutic effects. However, herbal remedies can also interact with other herbs, foods, or conventional medications in ways that could increase risks. Strict quality control and monitoring of herbal products is needed to validate their safety and efficacy.
This document provides guidelines for monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. It discusses the importance of including herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems to understand adverse effects from combined herbal and conventional medicine use. Sources of safety reports include healthcare professionals, consumers, hospitals, and manufacturers. National regulatory agencies are responsible for communicating safety information through various channels to facilitate safe and effective herbal medicine use.
Standardization of herbal drugs refers to “confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality, purity and detection of nature of adulterant by various parameters”.
This document discusses guidelines for standardizing herbal drugs and herbal formulations. It provides details on various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological studies. Some key points covered are methods for determining moisture content, extractive values, ash values, volatile oil content, and biological activities like bitterness value, haemolytic activity and tannin content. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control and standardization of herbal drugs and formulations to ensure identity, purity and consistency in their composition.
What is Efficacy
Why Efficacy is required for Herbal products
How Efficacy of Herbal products ensured
What are the various avenues of determining efficacy
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
Effects of herbal drugs on clinical laboratories testing Swati Wadhawan
This document discusses the regulation of herbal medicines. It states that herbal medicines should be regulated to ensure their quality, safety and efficacy through mechanisms like licensing, good manufacturing practices, and pharmacovigilance. Manufacturers must adhere to standards and provide detailed product information for registration. Countries should establish regulatory systems and procedures appropriate to their situations to manage the use of herbal medicines.
Dr.Lavanya.S.A - standardization of herbal drugsDr.Lavanya .S.A
The document discusses the standardization of herbal drugs. It begins by introducing the growth of herbal medicine and the need for standardization. It then defines herbs, herbal drugs, and what standardization of herbal drugs refers to. The document outlines some of the key procedures for standardizing herbal drugs, including authentication, physical and chemical analysis, and microbiological and residue testing. It also discusses identifying crude drugs through systematic study, microscopic identification of features like stomata and veins, and various quantitative studies that can be done on crude drugs. Overall, the document provides an overview of the importance and processes involved in standardizing herbal medicines.
Herbal formulations – current challenges in upgradation and modernization Jasmine Kaur
This document discusses challenges facing the herbal medicine industry in India. It notes that while India has a large number of medicinal plants and a herbal industry worth $10 billion annually, it only has 2% of the global herbal market share due to several key issues. These include a lack of scientific validation and standardization of herbal medicines, limited quality regulation, insufficient evidence-based studies on efficacy and safety, and a lack of pharmacokinetic research on herbal compounds. Addressing these challenges would help India capture a larger share of the global herbal market.
The document discusses adulteration of herbal drugs, including the various methods of adulteration such as substitution with inferior or exhausted drugs, artificially manufactured substances, or harmful adulterants. It also discusses the reasons for adulteration like confusion in names, high prices, or intention to increase profits. Various types of adulteration are described like direct substitution or indirect unintentional adulteration. Methods to measure adulteration are outlined, including organoleptic, microscopic, chemical, physical, biological, and analytical evaluations.
Who guidelines on safety monitoring of natural medicinesPharmacy Slides
This document provides guidelines for monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. It discusses that while some see herbal medicines as inherently safe due to being natural, they can still cause adverse effects. It outlines collecting reports on adverse events from healthcare professionals, consumers, manufacturers, and others. It provides guidance on what herbal products should be monitored and how to report suspected adverse reactions, including requesting information like patient identification and descriptions of the adverse reaction. The goal is to support member states in strengthening pharmacovigilance systems to effectively monitor herbal medicine safety.
Quality assurance (QA) is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering products or services to customers.
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Ellen Kamhi PhD, RN, AHG, AHN-BC discusses botanical medicine- active constituents found in indigenous healing plants, the doctrine of signatures, specific actives in common botanical medicine used for healthcare, scientific studies, and consideration of adverse effects
This document discusses DNA fingerprinting techniques for identifying herbal drugs, including those of natural origin. It describes several DNA-based marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and ISSR that can generate unique DNA profiles to distinguish between plant species and identify adulteration. The document also provides a case study on using RAPD-PCR and six primer pairs to generate DNA fingerprints to identify the herbal plant Exacum lawii. The results found unique DNA banding profiles that can be used to authenticate Exacum lawii.
Monographs Of Herbal Drugs and Comparative Study In Various Pharmacopoeias.VidyaNani
This document provides a comparison of herbal monographs from three pharmacopoeias: the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (BHP), and American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP). It outlines the typical contents of monographs from each, such as definitions, descriptions, chemical assays, and qualitative standards. The API focuses on ayurvedic herbs, while the BHP and AHP include Western and traditional medicine herbs. The AHP contains the most therapeutic information, while the API and BHP emphasize identification and purity. Harmonizing formats across pharmacopoeias can help ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs. It begins with introductions to herbal medicines and traditional Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. It then discusses the need for standardization of herbal drugs and describes various quality control tests including determination of ash content, extractable matter, moisture content, volatile oils, bitterness value, and residue testing. Macroscopic and microscopic examination as well as thin layer chromatography are also summarized as important quality control methods.
Current Challenges in Upgrading and Modernization of Herbal DrugsParthSharma227
Current challenges in upgrading and modernizing herbal formulations include issues related to quality control and standardization, processing and harvesting techniques, lack of regulations and clinical research, and intellectual property rights. In order to expand India's small share of the global herbal market, the herbal industry must address these challenges by improving agricultural practices, innovating quality control methods, integrating traditional and modern knowledge, and establishing international quality standards for herbal drugs and formulations.
Adulteration is the debasement of Genuine materials3.
It may be deliberated or accidentally done.
In crude drugs, this practice includes the substitution of the original crude drug, fully or partially with sub-stranded substances.
Sub-stranded substances include- Inferiority and spoilage.
Inferiority- Natural sub-stranded condition whose natural constituent is below the minimum standard.
Spoilage- sub-stranded condition produced by microbial or pest infestation.
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN HERBS AND THEIR FORMULATIONSVK VIKRAM VARMA
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
RAW MATERIALS
PACKAGING MATERIALS
LIMITS FOR MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION
LIMITS AS PER WHO
TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
DIRECT CONTAMINATION
CROSS CONTAMINATION
DETERMINATION OF CONTAMINATION
TOTAL VIABLE COUNT
PRETREATMENT OF HERBAL MATERIALS
REFRENCES
The document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It notes that India has a long history of using herbal medicines and is considered the "Medicinal Garden of the World" with over 8,000 medicinal plants. The herbal drug industry in India is large and growing, with a current market size of Rs. 7,000 crore annually. However, India has not capitalized fully on international trade of herbal products. The global herbal market is also growing steadily and is projected to reach $86.74 billion by 2022. For the herbal industry in India to realize its full potential, standardization, quality control, and further research on herbal medicines is needed.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs as outlined by WHO guidelines. It describes tests for powder fineness, foreign matter, macroscopic and microscopic examination, thin layer chromatography, determination of ash, extractable matter, water and volatile matter, volatile oils, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, and tannins. The methods provide quantitative and qualitative analysis of herbal drugs to ensure appropriate quality standards.
Ethnobotany: Definition, Development, Impact on traditional medicines & herba...VarshaSrivastav
Ethnobotany is the study of relationships between people and plants. It examines how human cultures interact with and use indigenous plants. Ethnobotany has impacted traditional medicine by informing the evaluation and discovery of herbal drugs. Proper harvesting, processing, and storage of plants as described by ethnobotanical knowledge helps ensure conservation and safe preparation of medicinal plants. Skills in botany, anthropology, and linguistics are required to understand a culture's plant perceptions and terminology. Examples of important drugs derived from ethnobotanical approaches include artemisinin, codeine, and tetrahydrocannabinol.
The document discusses regulations for herbal drugs and quality standards. It outlines World Health Organization guidelines for authentication, contaminants testing, and other quality control of herbal drugs. It then describes regulations for herbal drugs in India, the United States, Australia, Canada, and the European Union. It also discusses Schedule T of the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act, which lays out good manufacturing practices, and potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drugs.
The document discusses standardization of herbal formulations, which is essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. It outlines various techniques used for standardization, including authentication of raw materials, assessment of identity, purity, and content/assay. Key aspects of standardization addressed are quality control procedures, stability assessment and shelf-life determination, and safety and efficacy evaluation. The World Health Organization provides guidelines for quality control of herbal drugs and standardized herbal formulations.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
Cellulose
■ Cellulose is a linear polymer, made of (1-4) linked D-glucose (-glucan).
■ Cellulose is the chief polysaccharide of plant cell walls.
■ It constitutes 50% in wood, 50% in paper and 90% cotton hairs.
■ Complete acid hydrolysis of cellulose with hydrochloric acid gives -D-glucose
Digestive system
Herbal medicine is indicated in a wide range of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases and may be the drugs of choice in these indications.
These gastrointestinal diseases include anorexia, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, mouth ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulceration, constipation and inflammatory diseases of the gut such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
These gastrointestinal diseases can be classified as the following
Dr.Lavanya.S.A - standardization of herbal drugsDr.Lavanya .S.A
The document discusses the standardization of herbal drugs. It begins by introducing the growth of herbal medicine and the need for standardization. It then defines herbs, herbal drugs, and what standardization of herbal drugs refers to. The document outlines some of the key procedures for standardizing herbal drugs, including authentication, physical and chemical analysis, and microbiological and residue testing. It also discusses identifying crude drugs through systematic study, microscopic identification of features like stomata and veins, and various quantitative studies that can be done on crude drugs. Overall, the document provides an overview of the importance and processes involved in standardizing herbal medicines.
Herbal formulations – current challenges in upgradation and modernization Jasmine Kaur
This document discusses challenges facing the herbal medicine industry in India. It notes that while India has a large number of medicinal plants and a herbal industry worth $10 billion annually, it only has 2% of the global herbal market share due to several key issues. These include a lack of scientific validation and standardization of herbal medicines, limited quality regulation, insufficient evidence-based studies on efficacy and safety, and a lack of pharmacokinetic research on herbal compounds. Addressing these challenges would help India capture a larger share of the global herbal market.
The document discusses adulteration of herbal drugs, including the various methods of adulteration such as substitution with inferior or exhausted drugs, artificially manufactured substances, or harmful adulterants. It also discusses the reasons for adulteration like confusion in names, high prices, or intention to increase profits. Various types of adulteration are described like direct substitution or indirect unintentional adulteration. Methods to measure adulteration are outlined, including organoleptic, microscopic, chemical, physical, biological, and analytical evaluations.
Who guidelines on safety monitoring of natural medicinesPharmacy Slides
This document provides guidelines for monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. It discusses that while some see herbal medicines as inherently safe due to being natural, they can still cause adverse effects. It outlines collecting reports on adverse events from healthcare professionals, consumers, manufacturers, and others. It provides guidance on what herbal products should be monitored and how to report suspected adverse reactions, including requesting information like patient identification and descriptions of the adverse reaction. The goal is to support member states in strengthening pharmacovigilance systems to effectively monitor herbal medicine safety.
Quality assurance (QA) is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering products or services to customers.
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Ellen Kamhi PhD, RN, AHG, AHN-BC discusses botanical medicine- active constituents found in indigenous healing plants, the doctrine of signatures, specific actives in common botanical medicine used for healthcare, scientific studies, and consideration of adverse effects
This document discusses DNA fingerprinting techniques for identifying herbal drugs, including those of natural origin. It describes several DNA-based marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and ISSR that can generate unique DNA profiles to distinguish between plant species and identify adulteration. The document also provides a case study on using RAPD-PCR and six primer pairs to generate DNA fingerprints to identify the herbal plant Exacum lawii. The results found unique DNA banding profiles that can be used to authenticate Exacum lawii.
Monographs Of Herbal Drugs and Comparative Study In Various Pharmacopoeias.VidyaNani
This document provides a comparison of herbal monographs from three pharmacopoeias: the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (BHP), and American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP). It outlines the typical contents of monographs from each, such as definitions, descriptions, chemical assays, and qualitative standards. The API focuses on ayurvedic herbs, while the BHP and AHP include Western and traditional medicine herbs. The AHP contains the most therapeutic information, while the API and BHP emphasize identification and purity. Harmonizing formats across pharmacopoeias can help ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs. It begins with introductions to herbal medicines and traditional Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. It then discusses the need for standardization of herbal drugs and describes various quality control tests including determination of ash content, extractable matter, moisture content, volatile oils, bitterness value, and residue testing. Macroscopic and microscopic examination as well as thin layer chromatography are also summarized as important quality control methods.
Current Challenges in Upgrading and Modernization of Herbal DrugsParthSharma227
Current challenges in upgrading and modernizing herbal formulations include issues related to quality control and standardization, processing and harvesting techniques, lack of regulations and clinical research, and intellectual property rights. In order to expand India's small share of the global herbal market, the herbal industry must address these challenges by improving agricultural practices, innovating quality control methods, integrating traditional and modern knowledge, and establishing international quality standards for herbal drugs and formulations.
Adulteration is the debasement of Genuine materials3.
It may be deliberated or accidentally done.
In crude drugs, this practice includes the substitution of the original crude drug, fully or partially with sub-stranded substances.
Sub-stranded substances include- Inferiority and spoilage.
Inferiority- Natural sub-stranded condition whose natural constituent is below the minimum standard.
Spoilage- sub-stranded condition produced by microbial or pest infestation.
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN HERBS AND THEIR FORMULATIONSVK VIKRAM VARMA
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
RAW MATERIALS
PACKAGING MATERIALS
LIMITS FOR MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION
LIMITS AS PER WHO
TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
DIRECT CONTAMINATION
CROSS CONTAMINATION
DETERMINATION OF CONTAMINATION
TOTAL VIABLE COUNT
PRETREATMENT OF HERBAL MATERIALS
REFRENCES
The document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It notes that India has a long history of using herbal medicines and is considered the "Medicinal Garden of the World" with over 8,000 medicinal plants. The herbal drug industry in India is large and growing, with a current market size of Rs. 7,000 crore annually. However, India has not capitalized fully on international trade of herbal products. The global herbal market is also growing steadily and is projected to reach $86.74 billion by 2022. For the herbal industry in India to realize its full potential, standardization, quality control, and further research on herbal medicines is needed.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs as outlined by WHO guidelines. It describes tests for powder fineness, foreign matter, macroscopic and microscopic examination, thin layer chromatography, determination of ash, extractable matter, water and volatile matter, volatile oils, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, and tannins. The methods provide quantitative and qualitative analysis of herbal drugs to ensure appropriate quality standards.
Ethnobotany: Definition, Development, Impact on traditional medicines & herba...VarshaSrivastav
Ethnobotany is the study of relationships between people and plants. It examines how human cultures interact with and use indigenous plants. Ethnobotany has impacted traditional medicine by informing the evaluation and discovery of herbal drugs. Proper harvesting, processing, and storage of plants as described by ethnobotanical knowledge helps ensure conservation and safe preparation of medicinal plants. Skills in botany, anthropology, and linguistics are required to understand a culture's plant perceptions and terminology. Examples of important drugs derived from ethnobotanical approaches include artemisinin, codeine, and tetrahydrocannabinol.
The document discusses regulations for herbal drugs and quality standards. It outlines World Health Organization guidelines for authentication, contaminants testing, and other quality control of herbal drugs. It then describes regulations for herbal drugs in India, the United States, Australia, Canada, and the European Union. It also discusses Schedule T of the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act, which lays out good manufacturing practices, and potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drugs.
The document discusses standardization of herbal formulations, which is essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. It outlines various techniques used for standardization, including authentication of raw materials, assessment of identity, purity, and content/assay. Key aspects of standardization addressed are quality control procedures, stability assessment and shelf-life determination, and safety and efficacy evaluation. The World Health Organization provides guidelines for quality control of herbal drugs and standardized herbal formulations.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
Cellulose
■ Cellulose is a linear polymer, made of (1-4) linked D-glucose (-glucan).
■ Cellulose is the chief polysaccharide of plant cell walls.
■ It constitutes 50% in wood, 50% in paper and 90% cotton hairs.
■ Complete acid hydrolysis of cellulose with hydrochloric acid gives -D-glucose
Digestive system
Herbal medicine is indicated in a wide range of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases and may be the drugs of choice in these indications.
These gastrointestinal diseases include anorexia, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, mouth ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulceration, constipation and inflammatory diseases of the gut such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
These gastrointestinal diseases can be classified as the following
Subterranean organs characters and function, Subterranean Stem, Rhizome, Types of rhizomes, Histology of Subterranean Stem, The tegumentary tissue, Roots, Types of roots, Histology of dicotyledon Roots, Main differences between roots and subterranean stems, Anomalous structure in subterranean organs, In subterranean stem, Rhubarb, star spots, in Roots, Aconite, stellate form, senega, keel, Jalap, tertiary cambia, Orizaba Jalap, Belladonna and Gentian.
Chronic and acute constipation
The herbal treatment of constipation by :
1- Increase stool bulk
ex. ulmus (slippery elm) and Plantago ovata (ispaghula).
2- Improve gastrointestinal lubrication.
ex. Linseeds are particularly suitable because of their oil and mucilage content
3- Use of Antiabsorptive and hydragogue
ex. rumex, taraxacum, senna and cascara.
4- Improve motor function with gastrointestinal spasmolytics such as matricaria (chamomile) or Viburnum opulus (cramp bark).
5- Improve liver function with choleretic and cholagogue herbs, e.g. taraxacum (dandelion root) and silybum.
USP 31 (Ginkgo). The dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) containing not less than 0.5% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides, with a mean molecular mass of 756.7, and not less than 0.1% of terpene lactones, both on the dried basis. The leaf is khaki green to greenish-brown. Protect from light and moisture.
Ginkgo Biloba is a 50:1 leaf extract standardized to 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
the ratio 50:1, that means 50 grams of ginkgo biloba leaves is equivalent to 1 gram of standardized ginkgo biloba extract.
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
This presentations includes information about definition of pharmacology, history, nature and sources of drugs, different terms used in Pharmacology, Essential Drugs concept, Routes of Drug Administration, and Agonist and Antagonist.
This document discusses the scope and sources of pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of how drugs interact with living organisms, including their uses, effects, and modes of action. It describes the main divisions of pharmacology like clinical pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. The major sources of drugs are then outlined as minerals, animals, plants, synthetic/semi-synthetic compounds, microorganisms, and genetic engineering. Specific examples are provided for different sources like morphine from poppy plants, insulin from animal pancreases, and antibiotics from microbes.
Herbal medicine has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. It involves the use of whole plants or plant extracts rather than isolated compounds. Herbal medicines are classified as complementary and alternative medicine. Key differences between herbal medicines and conventional drugs include safety, cost, active compounds present at lower concentrations with varying compositions, and actions through synergistic effects of multiple compounds. Herbal medicines are also classified based on potency from highly potent requiring specialist use to gentle and mild forms generally safe for self-treatment.
This document discusses herbs and herbal medicines. It covers the history of herbal medicine use dating back thousands of years, outlines quality control standards for herbal medicines, and describes methods used to authenticate herbal raw materials and ensure product quality. Key points include the importance of using standardized herbal extracts and validated production processes, as well as following guidelines from organizations like the WHO, EMEA and pharmacopoeias. Authentication of herbal drugs involves taxonomic, microscopic, physicochemical, spectral and molecular analysis to verify identity.
Bpharm 2 y_4s_405t_pharmacognosy & phytochemistry-iNop Pirom
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals. Most crude drugs used in medicine are obtained from plants and include parts like leaves, roots, bark, and seeds. Crude drugs may consist of entire plants or animals or their extracts. Organized drugs are direct plant parts containing cellular tissue, while unorganized drugs do not contain tissue and are prepared through processes like drying or extraction. Pharmacognosy studies these natural substances and their chemical constituents for medical uses as well as in cosmetics, textiles, and food industries. The field has broad applications in academia, private industry, and government agencies.
This document discusses herbs and herbal drugs, including:
1) Herbs have been used for medicine since ancient times, and WHO reports 80% of people worldwide use herbal products. Quality control of herbal drugs and raw materials is important.
2) Various organizations have developed monographs and guidelines for evaluating herbal drugs. Producing new herbal remedies is a complex, defined process involving raw materials, formulation, production, quality control, and intellectual property protection.
3) Authentication of herbal drugs can involve taxonomic, macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, chromatographic, and molecular methods to verify identity. Quality of raw materials is crucial for ensuring quality of final herbal products.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacognosy as the study of drugs from natural sources, including their composition, characteristics, and uses. The document outlines the history of pharmacognosy from ancient Greek physicians to modern studies of plant and animal extracts. It also discusses the scope of pharmacognosy, key terms, classification systems for natural drugs, and sources of medicinal compounds.
Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from natural sources. It involves identifying plants and other organisms used for medicines, assessing the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines, and securing supply of natural products. The scope of pharmacognosy has expanded from a focus on medicinal plants to also include microorganisms, marine organisms, and animal products. Proper identification and classification of biological sources is important in pharmacognosy and relies on binominal nomenclature systems developed by Linnaeus.
Sources of Drugs: Drugs are substances that are used or intended to be used in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment or cure of diseases. In early times, these substances were derived from natural sources, of which plants took up the major share. With the introduction of technology, most drugs today are manufactured synthetically in the laboratory. The major sources of drugs can be grouped into the following
This document discusses crude drugs, which are defined as vegetable or animal drugs that have undergone only collection and drying processes. Crude drugs come from plant, animal, marine, and mineral sources and are used as medicines, pharmaceutical aids, in cosmetics, and more. The document covers classification of crude drugs, methods of collection, drying, and storage, evaluation of crude drugs, and the importance of crude drugs and their products.
The document provides an introduction to pharmacology and the history of drugs. It discusses the origins of key terms related to pharmacology and describes three medical uses of drugs. It then summarizes the historical origins and development of drugs from ancient times through the 1800s-early 1900s, including major milestones. The document also discusses issues with mislabeled/dangerous drugs historically and the development of drug laws and regulatory agencies.
Pharmacology is the study of drug action and pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from natural sources. The major divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which studies how drugs affect the body, and pharmacokinetics, which studies how the body affects drugs. Drugs can come from plant, animal, microbial, or synthetic sources. Common routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. The ideal properties of a drug include effectiveness, safety, minimal side effects, and ease of administration.
This document provides an overview of herbal medicine (also known as phytotherapy). It discusses the history and use of herbal medicines, characteristics of herbal drugs, herbal approaches to diseases, and commonly used herbal supplements. The document outlines the objectives of learning about herbal medicine and introduces key concepts such as herbalism, botanical medicine, conventional vs. herbal medicine, and alternative/complementary medicine. Examples of alternative therapies like acupuncture, chiropractic, and cupping are also mentioned.
Pharmacology Unit - 1General Pharmacology.pptxNikita Gupta
This document provides an introduction to the subject of pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapeutics, toxicology, and clinical pharmacology. It discusses the history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern developments. It also covers the scope of pharmacology, nature and sources of drugs, drug classification systems, routes of drug administration, and types of drug receptors like agonists. The document is serving to introduce students to the overall field of pharmacology.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology and discusses the sources of drugs including plants, animals, microbes, marine life, minerals, and synthesis. It also covers pharmacokinetic concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The types of drug actions are examined including therapeutic effects, side effects, adverse reactions, toxicity, and interactions. Classification of drugs and routes of administration are also summarized.
This document discusses toxicology and antidotes for poisoning. It begins by defining toxicology and its branches, including analytical, clinical, forensic, veterinary, and environmental toxicology. It then covers categories and types of poisons, as well as the medicolegal classification of poisons. General principles for treating poisoning are outlined, followed by definitions and examples of antidotes. The mechanisms of various antidotes like activated charcoal, demulsants, and chemical antidotes are explained. Finally, the need for and classification of antidotes into physical, chemical, physiological, and universal categories is described.
Herbal Ingredient in Food Suppliments By Anton.pptRehanAnis1
1. The document discusses establishing clear rules for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal ingredients in food supplements. It proposes a decision tree to differentiate products based on intended use and potential risks.
2. A procedure is outlined for evaluating safety based on the plant, extraction method, exposure, and available data. Dossiers would document quality control. Physiological effects are separated from pathological claims.
3. Indications considered physiological include heart health, capillary fragility, and minor issues. Therapeutic claims are proposed for vein issues, diarrhea, pain, and mild infections. Clear labelling is important to avoid misunderstanding about effectiveness.
This document discusses pharmacovigilance as it relates to herbal medications. It defines pharmacovigilance and outlines its goals of improving patient safety, public health, and risk assessment of medicines. It then discusses specific challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines, including quality control issues due to their complex chemical profiles. Several methods for herbal pharmacovigilance are described, including spontaneous adverse event reporting, prescription event monitoring, and reporting by herbal practitioners. Some herbs with known safety risks are highlighted as examples.
General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
This document discusses several categories of non-heterocyclic alkaloids. It begins by defining non-heterocyclic alkaloids as those containing nitrogen atoms not within heterocyclic rings. Examples discussed include ephedra alkaloids like ephedrine, khat alkaloids such as cathine, the hallucinogen mescaline, and the pungent capsaicin from chili peppers. The document also covers the alkaloid colchicine from autumn crocus, noting its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.
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Flavonoids (importance, Physiological role and Therapeutic uses).
Flavonoids biosynthesis, General Properties and Tests for identity.
Flavone Glycosides (Diosmin and Apiin)
Flavonol Glycosides (rutin and Quercetrin)
Flavanone Glycosides (Hesperidin)
Silymarin (flavonolignans)
Isoflavonoids (Genistein)
Coumarin Glycosides
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Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
Definition
Glycosides are non-reducing organic compounds that on hydrolysis with acids or enzymes yield:
1- A sugar part (or glycone, formed of one or more sugar units).
2- A non-sugar part (or aglycone, also called genin).
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The evaluation of drugs
Evaluation methods of the crude drugs
Chemistry of Crude Drugs
Primary Metabolites (starch, protein and fixed oil)
secondary Metabolites (glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil)
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
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Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
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Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
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Important definitions
Crude drug description
Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
Classification of drugs for study
Definitions “volatile oils”, “Ethereal oils” or Essential oils”
Volatile oils: Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds of varying chemical composition, which easily evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, and which are used for either their specific therapeutic activity or their aroma.
Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality.
بعض العلاقات... مثل القرابة والصداقة...
تشتمل على معاني جميلة... و روابط انسانيه مهمة...
ولكن البعض يتغيرون ... تغيرهم الاحداث ...
فالاحداث هي امتحانات لقوة طرفي اي معادلة تربط اي اثنين...
أستاذ جامعي يقع قتيلا في مؤتمر تقيمه كلية الحقوق... أثناء نقاش مع زميل له ...
على الرغم من ان القتيل كان شخص وفيا ومعطاء لكل المحيطين به...
لكن هذا لم يمنع يد خائنة وخسيسة من ان تقتله...
وتجعل من الخيانة والغدر مقابلا للوفاء... كما كانت من قبل جزاء لسنمار.
عندما يتلوث الدم.... ليس بالجراثيم وانما بآثام القلب وشروره ليضخ دما ملوثا بالحقد والكراهيه لينقله الى اقدام تسوقك الى جريمه والى يدا لتجعل من السلاح الذي تمسكه ادآة سوداء ورسالة من قلب مريض رسالة بالموت
عندما يتحول نجاحك الى مرض وعقده نفسيه كبيره لشخص لا يستطيع ان يلاحقه .....
عندما لا تفلح مؤمرات ذلك الشخص في افشالك.....
عندما يقرر انك من يقف في طريقه وانه يتوجب عليه ازاحتك من طريقه بأي وسيله وان كانت القتل..
عندها فقط بدأت المذبحه...
هاجس جال بخاطر رجل الاعمال الناجح حسن المصري بأن اذى ما سيلحق بابنه الوحيد خالد وان كارثة ما ستحدث لشركته...
وبدون مقدمات تحول الهاجس لسلسله من الجرائم البشعه والغامضه التي راح ضحيتها هو وكل الموجوديين بقصره ...
وفي لحظاته الاخيره ... وبدون ادنى تفكير حاول ان يحمي اغلى الناس في حياته ...ابنه ....من تلك اليد الاثمه...
لتكن تلك المكالمه ذات الكلمات القليله .... يبلغ فيها خالد ابنه برساله...
رساله من قلب محب.... رساله مضمونها
ان الاب هو الملاذ الاخير
حصن يحمي ابنائه الى النهايه
ان الاب هو.....
الطابية الاخيره
Tannins are phenolic compounds found in plants that can precipitate proteins. They are classified as true tannins, pseudotannins, hydrolysable tannins, and condensed tannins. Hydrolysable tannins include gallitannins and ellagitannins that break down into gallic acid or ellagic acid. Condensed tannins are polymeric flavan-3-ols like catechin. Tannins are identified through tests like reaction with iron salts or bromine water. They have industrial uses in tanning leather and making ink, and medicinal uses as astringents and antioxidants in conditions like diarrhea, burns, and inflamed skin. Major commercial sources
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
the ripe capsule can contain up to 0.5% total alkaloids
Opium represents a much concentrated form and up to 25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids).
Structural features of Cinchona alkaloids
1- The basic skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids is Ruban-9-Ol.
2- Ruban nucleus is a combined skeleton formed from a quinoline ring attached to a quinuclidine ring (a bicyclic ring contain N) through methylene group.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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2. What is herbal medicine?
Herbal medicine , phytomedicine or herbalism is a type of
alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) that uses plants
or their crude products for the treatment of diseases. It may
include also animal, fungi or bacteria products (≠ conventional
medicine, which uses pure chemicals regardless of their origin,
natural or synthetic).
Other types of CAM
•Physical therapy •Aromatherapy
• Vacuum cups (cupping) • Acupuncture
Phytopharmacology
A recently established field of drug research, dealing with the
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and
natural drugs.
3. Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for
medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the
normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health
and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones
and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by
living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal
origin without any further processing or modification.
4. Phytopharmacuticals;Is the natural biologically active fraction
or standerdized extracts formulated in certain pharmaceutical
dosage form and legally approved for intended use and user
Phytochemistry The study of chemical constituents in the
plants.
Extracts
Extraction is the obtaining of a mixture of compounds from herbal
materials by using adequate solvents
Standardized extract: this is extract with relatively well-
established chemical, pharmacological and clinical profiles
Non - standardized extract: extract with little information about
quality, chemical composition and efficacy.
5. Differences between Herbal drugs, purified and single
compound medicinal agents (i.e. conventional drugs)
1) They are generally safer with moderate use (active compounds
are present in lower concentrations than in conventional drugs).
2) Many of them are used in the form of extract to concentrate
the active compound(s).
3) They contain a wide variety of different compounds (active and
inactive).
4) The concentration and composition of their active
compounds (mostly secondary metabolites) vary with many
factors (amount of sunlight, rainfall, temperature, soil and season).
5) They contain mixture of components that may have active,
synergistic or antagonistic compounds, which determines their
mode of use.
6) They could treat certain chronic and self-limiting
diseases that could be responsive to self-treatment such as
headache, constipation, diarrhea, cough, skin infections,….
6. 7(Certain herbs are used as remedies and foods at the same
time e.g. garlic, citrus, grapes, green and black tea.
8(They may support the general health and offer prophylaxis
against certain diseases e.g. antioxidants, antihepatotoxics
(protect against cancer and liver diseases), antihyperlipidemics
and antihypercholesterolemics (protect against atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular diseases(.
9(They are generally cheaper than conventional medicines.
10)due to complexity of the mixture of the herbal products it may
be exert multiplicity of mechanisms and fewer side effects.
7. Natural drugs
Gentle Intermediate Powerful
e.g. chamomile,
hawthorn.
Complex of natural
principles
e.g. chamomile extract,
hawthorn extract.
e.g. licorice, e.g. belladonna,
digitalis.
Isolated natural
principles e.g.
atropine,
digitoxin.
9. Major therapeutic categories in which Herbal medicine
were prescribed
Cardiovascular system.
Nervous system.
Digestive system.
Immune system.
Urological system
Respiratory system.
Rheumatic conditions.
Skin diseases.
Wounds, and sprains.
Some metabolic and endocrinal conditions.
Gynecological conditions and diseases of the breast.
Cancer.
10. Examples of Conventional Drugs Derived from Plants
Drug Herb Common Name (Latin Name) Action/Approved Use
Colchicine Autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) Anti-inflammatory
Digoxin/Lanoxin Digitalis/foxglove (Digitalis spp.) Cardiotonic/Pdsitive
inotropic
Tubocurarine Curare (Chondrodendron tomentosum) Neuromuscular blocker
Ephedrine Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) Sympathomimetic
Etoposide Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) Antitumor
Physostigmine Calabar bean (Physostigma
venenosum)
Cholinesterase inhibitor
' (parasympathomimetic)
Reserpine Rauwolfia (Rauvolfia serpentina) Hypotensive
Scopolamine Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)
Duboisia (Duboisia spp.)
Antimuscarinic; antimotion
sickness
Taxol* Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) Antitumor
Vincristine Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus
roseus)
Acute lymphocytic
leukemia; non-Hodgkins
lymphoma, etc.
11. Herbs and Herbal Materials Approved as Over-the-Counter (OTC)
Drug Ingredients by the U.S. FDA*
Herb Common
Name
Latin Name Approved Use
Capsicum fruit
oleoresin
Capsicum spp. Topical analgesic
Ipecac root Cephaelis ipecacuanha Emetic
Psyllium seed husk Plantago spp. Bulk laxative
Senna leaf and fruit Senna alexandrina; Cassia
senna
Stimulant laxative
Slippery elm bark Ulmus rubra Demulcent
Witch hazel bark Hamamelis virginiana Astringent
* Herbs and herb materials refers to whole plants and/or plant parts, or their derived
chemically complex products (e.g., oleoresin capsicum), but not single chemical
entities (e.g., capsaicin, the primary active ingredient in capsicum oleoresin, approved
as both an Rx and OTC drug, but not considered "herbal" although it is plant-derived).
Further, pure compounds from herb-derived oils, although approved for OTC drug use,
are not considered "herbal;" these include eucalyptol from eucalyptus leaf, menthol
from peppermint leaf oil, and thymol from thyme leaf oil.
13. Aspects must be considered in herbal medicine
1- Identity
Macroscopical, microscopical, chemical investigation.
2- Purity
Detection of adulterants and pollutants
3- Efficacy
Cell, tissue and organ cultures, Animal and clinical studies.
4- Safety
14. 1- Identity
Investigation of herbal medicine drugs involves several
points, include the following:
a) Macroscopical examination:
N. B. For pharmaceutical preparations, suitable tests are
done (e.g. for tinctures, extracts: clarity, specific gravity, pH.)
15. b) Microscopical examination:
This is very useful, especially for herbal medicines present in
the powdered forms. Microscopical examinations aims at:
- Identifying, or confirming the identity of herbal ingredients
through presence of their diagnostic elements.
- Confirming purity, through absence of foreign elements
(presence of which indicates adulteration).
- Distinguishing between closely related species usually by
determining certain microscopical numerical values such as
stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein islet number and
veinlet termination number.
- Determination of percentage of some adulterants that contain
certain characteristic elements by the lycopodium method.
17. d) Qualitative chemical tests
According to the type of active coustitents present, general
tests should carried out:
18. e) Quantitative chemical analysis
This is carried out depending on the type of active
constituents present.
The amount of active constituents should be within the
official or required limits.
f) Chromatographic detection of active constituents in
different extracts.
19. 2- Purity
Detection of adulterants and pollutants
The following types of potential contaminants will be
considered:
A- Toxic botanicals
B- Micro-organisms and microbial toxins
C- Pesticides and fumigation agents
D- Radioactivity
E-Toxic metals
F- Synthetic and animal drug substances
21. Micro-organisms and microbial toxins
-Infection by pathogenic micro-organisms, such as salmonella
-Microbial transformation of botanical constituents into more toxic compounds
-Production of microbial toxins, such as bacterial endotoxins and mycotoxins
3- Efficacy
a) Cell, tissue and organ cultures
-It is modern alternative to animal experimentation.
-It is used for in vitro preliminary screening in drug discovery programs.
-Its advantages are direct observation of the action of agent on target cells and with
reduced ethical difficulties.
-Its disadvantage, it is impossible to predict the balance of plant constituents that will
actually reach internal tissue (after digestion, absorption, and first pass hepatic effect.
b) Animal experiments
c) Clinical trials
22. 4- Safety
a) Investigation of acute and chronic toxicity.
b) Determination of the duration of administration.
c) Identification of therapeutic and toxic doses.
d) Studying the effects during lactation and pregnancy.
e) Postmarketing surveillance.
- adverse reaction reports.
- drug interaction reports.
- phototoxicity reports.
- hypersensitivity reports.
23. I- Liquids II- SolidII- Solid
Oral
Infusions and decoctions
Tincture
Syrup
Tablets
Capsules
Powder
TopicalTopical
Liniments
Lotions
Eardrops
Eyebaths
Gargles
Inhalants (or vapours)
Baths
CreamCream
OintmentOintment
Jellies (or gels)Jellies (or gels)
PlastersPlasters
PoulticesPoultices
Suppositories and pessariesSuppositories and pessaries
Dosage forms in herbal medicine
24. Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of
Cardiovascular Disease
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
HYPERTENSION
ANGINA PECTORIS
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CEREBRAL AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
ARRHYTHMIA
25. number of herbs contain potent cardioactive glycosides, which have
positive inotropic with negative chronotropic actions on the heart.
The drugs digitoxin, derived from either D purpurea (foxglove), and
digoxin, derived from D lanata , have been used in the treatment of
congestive heart failure for many decades.
Cardiac glycosides have a low therapeutic index, and the dose must be
adjusted to the needs of each patient.
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
26. HYPERTENSION
Rauwolfia serpentina root: the natural source of the alkaloid reserpine,
Reserpine was one of the first drugs used on a large scale to treat systemic
hypertension.
It acts by irreversibly blocking the uptake of catecholamines
(norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) in the storage vesicles of
central and peripheral adrenergic neurons, thus leaving the
catecholamines to be destroyed by the monoamine oxidase.
The depletion of catecholamines accounts for reserpine's sympatholytic
and antihypertensive actions.
27. ANGINA PECTORIS
Crataegus hawthorn ,
a name for many Crataegus species which have acquired the
reputation in modern herbal literature as an important tonic for the
cardiovascular system that is particularly useful for angina.
• flowers, and fruits contain a number of biologically active substances, such as
procyanins, flavonoids, and catechins.
• Crataegus extract antagonizes the increases in cholesterol, triglyceride, and
phospholipid levels in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density
lipoprotein , thus it may inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis
28.
29. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), Panax notoginseng has
acquired the common name of pseudoginseng, especially since it
is often an adulterant of P ginseng preparations.
It is often used in the treatment of patients with angina and
coronary artery disease
30. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Garlic, has demonstrated multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects. A number of
studies have demonstrated these effects that include lowering blood pressure, inhibiting
platelet aggregation, enhancing fibrinolytic activity, reducing serum cholesterol and
triglyceride levels, and protecting the elastic properties of the aorta.
garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the herbal medicines that has been examined more
closely by the scientific community. In recent decades, research has focused on garlic's
use in preventing atherosclerosis.
side effects from a garlic odor on the breath and body, moderate garlic consumption
causes few adverse effects. However, consumption in excess of 5 cloves daily may
result in heartburn, flatulence, and other gastrointestinal disturbances.
31. CEREBRAL AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
Ginkgo biloba
At least 2 groups of substances within G biloba extract
(GBE) demonstrate beneficial pharmacological actions.
1- The flavonoids reduce capillary permeability as well as
fragility and serve as free radical scavengers.
2- The terpenes (ie, ginkgolides) inhibit platelet-activating
factor, decrease vascular resistance, and improve
circulatory flow without affecting blood pressure
Continuing research appears to support the primary use of GBE for treating
cerebral insufficiency and its secondary effects on vertigo, memory, and mood;
also, GBE appears to be useful for treating peripheral vascular disease,
including diabetic retinopathy.
32. VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
Aesculus hippocastanum,
have long been used in Europe to treat venous disorders such as varicose veins. The
saponin glycoside aescin from horse chestnut extract (HCE) inhibits the activity of
lysosomal enzymes thought to contribute to varicose veins by weakening vessel walls
and increasing permeability, which result in dilated veins and edema