The gingiva is the mucosa that covers the alveolar bone and surrounds the necks of teeth. It consists of marginal gingiva, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva. The marginal gingiva forms a collar around each tooth. The attached gingiva is firm and resilient, attaching the gingiva tightly to the underlying bone. The interdental gingiva occupies the spaces between teeth. Microscopically, the gingiva contains keratinized oral epithelium, non-keratinized sulcular epithelium, and junctional epithelium that extends along the tooth surface. It has a dense connective tissue layer supplied by blood vessels and nerves.

1. GINGIVA

2. Part of oral mucosa that covers the alveolar processes of the jaws and surrounds the necks of the teeth.

3. GINGIVA Marginal gingiva Attached Gingiva Gingival Sulcus Interdental Gingiva

6. Marginal Gingiva Terminal edge of the Gingiva surrounding the teeth in collar like fashion. 1.5-2mm wide. Sluice Way.

7. Rounded free gingiva forming a sulcus between tooth and gingiva. Gingival pocket seen while probing.

8. Gingival Sulcus V-Shaped shallow Crevice 1.8mm Presence of crevicular fluid

9. Interdental gingiva Occupy gingival embrasure Site of initial lesion on gingivitis Anterior region-Pyramidal form and flattened over Molar region Scalloped Form Presence of Interdental COL

11. Attached Gingiva Functional Mucosa. Firm,resilient and tightly bound to alveolar Bone. Pale,pink and Stippled appearance Incisal Molars Maxilla 3.5- 4.5mm 1.9mm Mandible 3.3-3.9mm 1.8mm

12. Free gingival groove Muco-gingival junction Attached Gingiva

14. Free gingival Margin

15. Clinical Features Color :-Coral pink Size :-0-2mm for Marginal gingiva 0-9mm for attached gingiva Contour :-Scalloped Shape :-Goverend by contour of proximal tooth surface Consistency :- Firm & resilient Surface Texture :- Stippled(Absent over marginal gingiva)

16. Stippling Appearance

17. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES Gingival epithelium Oral Epithelium Sulcular Epithelium Junctional epithelium

19. Oral Epithelium Keratinized,stratified,sqamous epithelium. Parakeratinized :-75% Orthokeratinized :-15% Non-Keratinized :-10% Cells of epithelium

20. Keratinocytes (90%) Melanocytes Langerhans Cells Merkel Cells Cells Of Epithelium

21. Keratinized Epithelium

22. Layers of Oral Epithelium

23. Presence of KERATOHYALINE granules in S.Granulosum

24. Sulcular Epithelium Thin,nonkeratintzed,stratified Squamous Epithelium Extends From Coronal Limit of J.E to the crest of gingival margin

25. Junctional Epithelium Collar Like band of stratified,Non-keratinized Stratified Sqamous epithelium Extends from base of sulcus to cemento-enamel junctional-a distance of 2mm Derived from reduced Enamel epithelium

27. Gingival Connective Tissue Lamina Propia Dense Collagen network Presence of glycoproteins & proteoglycans Cells :-Fibroblast,cementocytes,macrophages ,mast cells,neutrophils,plasma cells & lymphocytes.

30. Blood Supply Supra-periosteal vessels Vessels from PDL Arterioles from Crest of interdental bone

33. Lymphatic Supply

34. Nerve Supply Mainly by Trigeminal Nerve And its branches

35. Gingival Fibers PRINICIPAL FIBERS SECONDARY GP.FIBERS Dentogingival Alveolar Dentoperiosteal Transseptal Circular Periosteo – gingival Interpappilary Transgingival Intercircular Intergingival Semicircular

36. Nerve Supply Mainly by Trigeminal Nerve And its branches

37. Gingival fibers