Dental caries is caused by bacterial damage to teeth from plaque and acid production when exposed to fermentable carbohydrates like sugar. The major bacteria involved are Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, which adhere to teeth and produce acid from sugars, lowering the pH and demineralizing enamel and dentin. If left untreated, caries can spread to the pulp, causing inflammation and pain. Consequences of untreated dental caries include local infections and possible systemic illnesses.

1. DENTAL CARIES RUBAB HAIDER RABIA IQBAL

2. DENTAL CARIES --Progressive bacterial damage to teeth exposed to saliva. --one of the most major causes of all diseases and major cause of tooth loss. --ultimate effect-to breakdown enamel and dentin and open a path for bacteria to reach pulp. Consequences-inflammation of pulp and periapical tissues.

3. AETIOLOGY Four major factors involved in etiology:- Cariogenic bacteria Bacterial plaque Susceptible tooth surface Fermentable bacterial substrate (sugar)

5. Bacteriology of Dental Caries Major organisms responsible for caries are:- Strep mutans Lactobacilli Other strains of streptocooci

6. Cariogenic prop of strep mutans Produces lactic acid from sucrose Can live at ph as low as 4.2 Forms large amounts of extracellular,sticky,insoluble glucan plaque matrix. Adheres to pellicle and contributes to plaque formation.

7. BACTERIAL PLAQUE Adherent deposit on the teeth. BIOFILM-consists of viscous phase formed from bacteria and extracellular polysaccharide matrices. In stagnation areas,plaque bacteria can form acid from sugars over long periods to attcack tooth surfaces. Production of high acid concentration contributes to low ph.

8. SUCROSE Colonisation by cariogenic bacteria is highly dependant on sucrose content of diet. In absence of sucrose-S mutans cannot be made to colonise the mouth. Severe reduction in dietary sucrose-causes S mutans to decline in number or disappear from the plaque. Frequent feeds of small quantities are more cariogenic.

9. CARIES SPREAD TO ENAMEL Acids formed by bacterial fermentation from dietary sugars leads to a pH fall in the plaque which dissolve tooth enamel, initiating the development of carious lesions. The progression of demineralization in enamel continues to the point where dissolution of hydroxyapatite exeeds remineralization. Bacteria cant invade enamel until demineralization provides them pathways to enter.

10. CARIES SPREAD TO DENTIN Non bacterial pre-cavitation,acid softening of the matrix. Migration of bacteria along the tubules. Distortion of tubules Breakdown of intervening matrix forming liquefaction foci. Progressive disintegration of remaining matrix

11. PULPAL RESPONSE Pulpal tissue subjacent to deep caries lesions often shows the presence of chronic inflammation, including lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. Formation of tertiary dentin is usually visible on the pulpal aspect and the increase in dentin thickness.

13. CLINICAL Symptoms and Signs Caries initially involves only the enamel and produces no symptoms. A cavity that invades the dentin causes pain , first when hot, cold, or sweet foods or beverages contact the involved tooth, and later with chewing or percussion . Pain can be intense and persistent when the pulp is severely involved

14. CLINICAL Direct inspection Sometimes use of x-rays or special testing instruments Routine, frequent (q 6 to 12 mo) clinical evaluation identifies early caries at a time when minimal intervention prevents its progression. A thin probe, sometimes special dyes, and transillumination by fiberoptic lights are used, frequently supplemented by new devices that detect caries by changes in electrical conductivity or laser reflectivity. However, x-rays are still important for detecting caries, determining the depth of involvement, and identifying caries under existing restorations SIGNIFICANSE

15. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Pulp involvement? Reversible or irreversible pulpitis? Spread?

16. Consequences of Dental Caries Possible facial cellulitis requiring hospitalization Impaired language development Reduced self-esteem Possible systemic illness for children with special health care needs

17. Consequences of Dental Caries

18. ORAL HEALTH CONSEQUENCES apical periodontitis, periapical abscess, cellulitis, and osteomyelitis of the jaw

19. Spread from maxillary teeth may cause purulent sinusitis, meningitis, brain abscess, orbital cellulitis, and cavernous sinus thrombosis.

20. Spread from mandibular teeth may cause Spread from mandibular teeth may cause Ludwig's angina, parapharyngeal abscess, mediastinitis, pericarditis, empyema, and jugular thrombophlebitis.