This document discusses stomatitis, an inflammation of the mouth lining. It defines stomatitis and lists its common causes such as infections, medications, nutritional deficiencies, and radiation/chemotherapy. The main signs and symptoms include pain, ulcers, and bleeding in the mouth. It describes different types of stomatitis like aphthous, angular, and denture-related stomatitis. The management involves coating agents, mouthwashes, analgesics, and topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and pain.
Gingivitis is a form of gum disease characterised by reversible gingival inflammation without destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, periodontal ligament or bone
Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer. Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body's ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.
In some cases, the passage of time .Hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes
Itchy skin, Lump, or mass that can be felt beneath the skin, Rash
Redness, warmth or selling immune system disorders
Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)
Cancers
Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
Leukemia — cancer of your body's blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes
Gingivitis is a form of gum disease characterised by reversible gingival inflammation without destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, periodontal ligament or bone
Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer. Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body's ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.
In some cases, the passage of time .Hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes
Itchy skin, Lump, or mass that can be felt beneath the skin, Rash
Redness, warmth or selling immune system disorders
Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)
Cancers
Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
Leukemia — cancer of your body's blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes
Definition
Type of Hernia
risk factor
pathophysiology
diagnostic procedure
physical assessment
management for hernia
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Катаральный Гингивит – это воспаление десны, обусловленное неблагоприятным воздействием местных и общих факторов, протекающее без нарушения целостности зубодесневого прикрепления.
Definition
Type of Hernia
risk factor
pathophysiology
diagnostic procedure
physical assessment
management for hernia
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Катаральный Гингивит – это воспаление десны, обусловленное неблагоприятным воздействием местных и общих факторов, протекающее без нарушения целостности зубодесневого прикрепления.
Children have oral mucosal conditions and other head and neck medical problems which have both similarities and differences to those found in adults .
A wide variety of oral lesions and soft tissue anomalies are detected in children, but the low frequency at which many of these entities occur makes them challenging to clinically diagnose.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Learning objectives
• At the end the learners will be able to;
• Define stomatitis.
• Describe causes of stomatitis.
• Enlist signs and symptoms of stomatitis.
• Discuss types of stomatitis.
• Discuss management of stomatitis.
3. Stomatitis
Definition : Stomatitis is an inflammation of the
mucous lining of the mouth , which may
involve the cheeks, gums ,tongue ,lips , and
roof or floor of the mouth. The word“
stomatitis “ literally means inflammation of
the mouth.
4. Description
Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of
the soft-tissue structures of the mouth.
It is usually a painful condition ,associated with
redness, swelling ,and occasional bleeding from
the affected area.
The inflammation may be caused by conditions in
the mouth itself , such as poor hygiene , from
burns from hot food or drinks,
or by conditions that affect the entire body , such
as medications , allergic reactions , or infections.
6. Causes of stomatitis
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Loose-fitting dental prosthetics
• Trauma
• Poor dental hygiene
• Smoking
• Hematologic malignancies (stomatitis develops at 2to
3 times the rate of solid tumor)
• Infection (viral , fungal ,and bacterial)
• Dehydration
• Medications
7. Medications associated with
stomatitis
• Chemotherapy.
• Antihypertensive.
• Opioids .
• Antibiotics (indirect)
•Diuretics (increase risk of dehydration in
compromised state)
• Anticholinergic .
• Antihistamines and decongestants.
• Steroids.
• Antidepressants.
8. Signs and symptoms
• Pain or discomfort in the mouth.
• The presence of open sores or ulcers in the mouth.
• Fever ,sometimes as high as 101– 104°F .
• Irritability and restlessness .
• Blisters in the mouth .
• Swollen gums , which may be irritated and bleed.
• Drooling.
• Dysphagia.
• Foul-smelling breath.
10. Nutritional deficiency
• Malnutrition (improper dietary intake) or
malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients
into the body) can lead to nutritional
deficiency states, several of which can lead to
stomatitis. For example, deficiencies of iron,
vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin),
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid)
or vitamin B12 (cobalamine) may all manifest
as stomatitis.
11. Aphthous stomatitis
• Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) is the
recurrent appearance of mouth ulcers in
otherwise healthy individuals. The cause is not
completely understood, but it is thought that the
condition represents a T cell mediated immune
response which is triggered by a variety of
factors. The individual ulcers (aphthae) recur
periodically and heal completely, although in the
more severe forms new ulcers may appear in
other parts of the mouth before the old ones
have finished healing.
12.
13. Angular stomatitis
• Inflammation of the corners (angles) of the
lips is termed angular stomatitis or angular
cheilitis. In children a frequent cause is
repeated lip-licking, and in adults it may be a
sign of underlying iron deficiency anemia, or
vitamin B deficiencies (e.g., B2-riboflavin, B9-
folate, or B12-cobalamin, which in turn may be
evidence of poor diets or malnutrition such as
celiac disease).
14. Denture-related stomatitis
• this is a common condition present in denture
wearers. It appears as reddened but painless
mucosa beneath the denture. 90% of cases
are associated with Candida species, and it is
the most common form of oral candidiasis.
Treatment is by antifungal medication and
improved dental hygiene, such as not wearing
the denture during sleep.
15. Allergic contact stomatitis
• Allergic contact stomatitis (also termed
"allergic gingivostomatitis" or "allergic contact
gingivostomatitis") is a type IV (delayed)
hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in
susceptible atopic individuals when allergens
penetrate the skin or mucosa.
16. Migratory stomatitis
• Migratory stomatitis (or geographic stomatitis)
is an atypical presentation of a condition
which normally presents on the tongue,
termed geographic tongue. Geographic
tongue is so named because there are
atrophic, erythematous areas of depapillation
that migrate over time, giving a map-like
appearance.
18. Management
• Coating agents such as bismuth salicylate ,
sucralfate , or other antacids
• Water-soluble lubricants for mouth and lips
• Topical analgesics , such as benzamine
hydrochloride
• Topical anesthetics ,such as lidocaine viscous
(might impair gag reflex for a short period)
• Oral or parenteral analgesics, including opioids if
needed , for pain not controlled with above.