The document summarizes key aspects of gingiva (gums). It defines gingiva as the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process and surrounds teeth. The gingiva has three clinical features: marginal gingiva at the gumline, attached gingiva firmly bound to bone, and interdental gingiva between teeth. Microscopically, it has an epithelial layer and connective tissue layer with fibers that unite gingiva to cementum as the dento-gingival unit. Blood supply comes from supraperiosteal, periodontal ligament, and interdental septum arteries.

1. GINGIVA
Presented by
Dr. M. Lohith
MDS Sr. Lecturer

2. IRVING GLICKMAN

3. PERIODONTIUM

4. ORAL MUCOSA consists of 3 zones :
MASTICATORY MUCOSA : Gingiva and Hard palate
SPECIALIZED MUCOSA : Tongue dorsum
ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE lining the oral cavity

5. GINGIVA

6. DEFINITION
The gingiva is the part of oral mucosa that
covers the alveolar process of jaws and
surrounds the necks of the teeth

7. CLINICAL FEATURES
MARGINAL GINGIVA
ATTACHED GINGIVA
INTERDENTAL GINGIVA

8. MARGINAL GINGIVA [UN-ATTACHED GINGIVA]
Marginal gingiva is the terminal edge or the
border of the gingiva surrounding the teeth
in collar-like fashion
It is demarcated from the adjacent attached
gingiva by a shallow linear depression the
free gingival groove – width of 1mm

9. GINGIVAL SULCUS
Gingival sulcus is the shallow crevice or space
around the tooth bounded by surface of the tooth
on one side and the epithelium lining the
free margin of gingiva on the other
Biological depth / histological depth – 1.8mm
Clinical / probing depth – 2-3mm

10. ATTACHED GINGIVA
It is firm , resilient and tightly bound to the
under lining periosteum of the alveolar bone
The facial aspect of the attached gingiva
extends to the relatively loose alveolar mucosa
from which it is demarcated by MGJ

11. The width of attached gingiva is greatest in
the incisor region [ 3.5-4.5mm in the maxilla and
3.3-3.9 in the mandible ]
The least width is at the 1st premolar region
[1.9mm in the maxilla and 1.8mm in the mandible ]

12. INTERDENTAL GINGIVA
Interdental gingiva occupies inter-proximal space
beneath the area of tooth contact
Pyramidal or “col” shape

13. STIPPLING

14. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
PRINCIPAL CELL – keratinocyte
FUNCTIONS -- protect the deep structures
-- selective interchange with the
oral environment
other cells – langerhans cells - antigenic
-- merkel cells – tactile perception
-- melanocytes - pigmentation

15. LAYERS OF GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM

16. MELANOCYTES
MERKEL’S CELLS
LANGERHANS CELLS
INFLAMMATORY CELLS
CELLS OF GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM

17. MELANIN PIGMENTATION

18. PARTS OF GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM
ORAL EPITHELIUM
SULCULAR EPITHELIUM
JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM

19. ORAL OR OUTER EPITHELIUM
It covers the crest and outer surface of
marginal gingiva and the surface of the AG
It consists of keratinized or the parakeratinized
stratified squamous epithelium

20. SULCULAR EPITHELIUM
It is a thin, non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium without retepegs and extends from
the coronal limit of the junctional epithelium
to the gingival margin
Acts as a semipermeable membrane

21. JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Attached to the tooth surface by basal lamina
length ranges from 0.25 – 1.35mm

22. JE : 3 zones
Apical zone -- germination
Middle zone -- adhesiveness
Coronal zone -- permeability

23. DENTO-GINGIVAL UNIT
The attachment of the junctional epithelium to
the surface is reinforced by the gingival fibers
which function as the single unit and so
referred as “Dento-gingival unit”

24. GINGIVAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Known as lamina propria – type I collagen
TWO LAYERS :-- papillary – closer to epithelium
-- reticular layer
CONTENTS -- high content of water
-- proteoglycans
-- hyaluronic acid
-- chondroitin sulfate
-- glycoproteins mainly fibronectin

25. RETEPEGS (microscopic view)
Alternate projections and depressions of papillary layer of
connective tissue into epithelium results in formation of
“rete pegs”

26. EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
( histological section )

27. GINGIVAL FIBRES
Gingivo-dental
Transeptal
Circular fibers

28. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
3 TYPES
collagen
reticular
elastic

29. OTHER FIBERS
RETICULIN OXYTALIN ELASTIC

30. FUNCTIONS : GINGIVAL FIBERS
Brace the marginal gingiva against the tooth
Withstand the forces of mastication
Unite the free marginal gingiva and adjacent
attached gingiva with the cementum

31. CELLULAR ELEMENTS
Predominant – fibroblast -- synthesis of collagen
Other cells -- mast cells – production of matrix
-- macrophages – phagocytic & synthetic
Inflammatory cells -- plasma cells
-- neutrophils
-- lymphocytes

32. FIBROBLAST
MAST CELL MACROPHAGE

33. INFLAMMATORY CELLS
NEUTROPHILS LYMPHOCYTES PLASMA CELLS

34. BLOOD SUPPLY-- 3 SOURCES
1. Supra Periosteal arterioles
2. Vessels of Periodontal ligament
3. Arterioles which emerge from the
crest of the interdental septum

35. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
Lymph of the entire maxilla and mandible drains
into Sub-maxillary group of lymph nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
Derived from nerves of periodontal ligament