In this video Data Graphics has been discussed. How the data can be presented with the help of different line graph, poly graph, bar diagram, histogram and Scatter plot and semi logarithmic plot/graph.
Portion completed:
1.DATA GRAPHICS
2. REPRESENTATION OF DATA
3. line graph,
4. poly graph,
5. bar diagram,
6. histogram
7. Pie diagram
8. Wind rose and star diagram
9. Flow Charts
10. Simple Bar Diagram
11. Line and Bar Graph
12. Multiple Bar Diagram
13. Compound Bar Diagram
14. Pie Diagram
15. Scatter plot
16. Semi-log plot
Graphs(Biostatistics and Research Methodology) B.pharmacy(8th sem.)Pranjal Saxena
This slides contains the description about the Graphs(Histograms, Pie-Chart, Cubic Graph, Response surface Plot, Counter surface plot ) mainly Histograms with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Pie-chart with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Cubic Graph with examples, Response surface plot and Counter plot with examples and uses.
Prelude
PART (A) TYPES OF GRAPHS
Line graphs
Pie charts
Bar graph
Scatter plot
Stem and plot
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Cumulative frequency or ogives
PART (B) FLOW CHART
PART (C) LOG AND SEMILOG GRAPH
Graphs(Biostatistics and Research Methodology) B.pharmacy(8th sem.)Pranjal Saxena
This slides contains the description about the Graphs(Histograms, Pie-Chart, Cubic Graph, Response surface Plot, Counter surface plot ) mainly Histograms with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Pie-chart with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Cubic Graph with examples, Response surface plot and Counter plot with examples and uses.
Prelude
PART (A) TYPES OF GRAPHS
Line graphs
Pie charts
Bar graph
Scatter plot
Stem and plot
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Cumulative frequency or ogives
PART (B) FLOW CHART
PART (C) LOG AND SEMILOG GRAPH
This slide contains B.Pharm 8th Sem Biostatistics and research methodology, Unit-3.
Topic covered: Designing the methodology, Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
Frequency distribution, types of frequency distribution.
Ungrouped frequency distribution
Grouped frequency distribution
Cumulative frequency distribution
Relative frequency distribution
Relative cumulative frequency distribution
Graphical representation of frequency distribution
I. Representation of Grouped data
1.Line graphs
2.Bar diagrams
a) Simple bar diagram
b)Multiple/Grouped bar diagram
c)Sub-divided bar diagram.
d) % bar diagram
3. Pie charts
4.Pictogram
II. Graphical representation of ungrouped data
1, Histogram
2.Frequency polygon
3.Cumulative change diagram
4. Proportional change diagram
5. Ratio diagram
Application of Excel and SPSS software for statistical analysis- Biostatistic...Himanshu Sharma
This slide contains B.Pharm Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem. Unit-3 L2 topic- "Statistical Analysis using Software"
It contains topics:
1. MS Excel
2. SPSS
3. MiniTab
#StatisticalAnalysisusingMSExcel
#StatisticalAnalysisusingMiniTab
#StatisticalAnalysisusingSPSS
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Researcher must select/prepare a sample design which should be reliable and appropriate for his research study.
Unit-I Measures of Dispersion- Biostatistics - Ravinandan A P.pdfRavinandan A P
Biostatistics, Unit-I, Measures of Dispersion, Dispersion
Range
variation of mean
standard deviation
Variance
coefficient of variation
standard error of the mean
Critical evaluation of biomedical literature - clinical pharmacyShaistaSumayya
Reviewing the ‘Biomedical Literature’ poses a great challenge to the clinical professionals.
Evaluating a scientific article is a complex task.
Knowledge of the standard anatomy of an article and idiosyncrasy of various types of studies will assist the reader to review the ‘Biomedical Literature’ efficiently
Biomedical Literature includes critical appraisal of the following contents:
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Objective
Materials and Methods
Study Designs
Bias
Statistics
Results and Analysis
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Regression Analysis is simplified in this presentation. Starting with simple linear to multiple regression analysis, it covers all the statistics and interpretation of various diagnostic plots. Besides, how to verify regression assumptions and some advance concepts of choosing best models makes the slides more useful SAS program codes of two examples are also included.
This slide contains B.Pharm 8th Sem Biostatistics and research methodology, Unit-3.
Topic covered: Designing the methodology, Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
Frequency distribution, types of frequency distribution.
Ungrouped frequency distribution
Grouped frequency distribution
Cumulative frequency distribution
Relative frequency distribution
Relative cumulative frequency distribution
Graphical representation of frequency distribution
I. Representation of Grouped data
1.Line graphs
2.Bar diagrams
a) Simple bar diagram
b)Multiple/Grouped bar diagram
c)Sub-divided bar diagram.
d) % bar diagram
3. Pie charts
4.Pictogram
II. Graphical representation of ungrouped data
1, Histogram
2.Frequency polygon
3.Cumulative change diagram
4. Proportional change diagram
5. Ratio diagram
Application of Excel and SPSS software for statistical analysis- Biostatistic...Himanshu Sharma
This slide contains B.Pharm Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem. Unit-3 L2 topic- "Statistical Analysis using Software"
It contains topics:
1. MS Excel
2. SPSS
3. MiniTab
#StatisticalAnalysisusingMSExcel
#StatisticalAnalysisusingMiniTab
#StatisticalAnalysisusingSPSS
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Researcher must select/prepare a sample design which should be reliable and appropriate for his research study.
Unit-I Measures of Dispersion- Biostatistics - Ravinandan A P.pdfRavinandan A P
Biostatistics, Unit-I, Measures of Dispersion, Dispersion
Range
variation of mean
standard deviation
Variance
coefficient of variation
standard error of the mean
Critical evaluation of biomedical literature - clinical pharmacyShaistaSumayya
Reviewing the ‘Biomedical Literature’ poses a great challenge to the clinical professionals.
Evaluating a scientific article is a complex task.
Knowledge of the standard anatomy of an article and idiosyncrasy of various types of studies will assist the reader to review the ‘Biomedical Literature’ efficiently
Biomedical Literature includes critical appraisal of the following contents:
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Objective
Materials and Methods
Study Designs
Bias
Statistics
Results and Analysis
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Regression Analysis is simplified in this presentation. Starting with simple linear to multiple regression analysis, it covers all the statistics and interpretation of various diagnostic plots. Besides, how to verify regression assumptions and some advance concepts of choosing best models makes the slides more useful SAS program codes of two examples are also included.
This ppt comprises of the the topics of research which tells you about how the data is presented, what are the types of tables, what is simple table, complex table, frequency distribution table, Rules for construction of frequency table, Charts and diagram, Pie chart
Simple bar diagram
Multiple bar diagram
Component bar diagram or subdivided bar diagram
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Stacked chart
Scatter diagram
Line diagram
Pictogram
Statistical maps
Pure Culture Technique
Culture : Act of cultivating microorganisms or the microorganisms that are cultivated.
Mixed culture : more than one microorganism
Pure culture : containing a single species of organism.
Common isolation techniques:
1. Streak plate method
2. Pour plate method
3. Spread plate method
4. Roll tube method
The design of experiments (DOE, DOX, or experimental design) is the design of any task that aims to describe and explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation.
The term is generally associated with experiments in which the design introduces conditions that directly affect the variation, but may also refer to the design of quasi-experiments, in which natural conditions that influence the variation are selected for observation.
In its simplest form, an experiment aims at predicting the outcome by introducing a change of the preconditions, which is represented by one or more independent variables, also referred to as "input variables" or "predictor variables."
The change in one or more independent variables is generally hypothesized to result in a change in one or more dependent variables, also referred to as "output variables" or "response variables."
Minitab is a statistics package developed at the Pennsylvania State University by researchers Barbara F. Ryan, Thomas A. Ryan, Jr., and Brian L. Joiner in 1972.
It began as a light version of OMNITAB 80, a statistical analysis program by NIST.
Statistical analysis software such as Minitab automates calculations and the creation of graphs, allowing the user to focus more on the analysis of data and the interpretation of results.
It is compatible with other Minitab, LLC software.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about Graphs. Graph is defined as to create a diagram that shows a relationship between two or more things. A diagram showing the relationship of quantities, especially such a diagram in which lines, bars, or proportional areas represent how one quantity depends on or changes with another. Histogram is one type of graphical presentation of data obtained from any source. This is easy method to represent the data and quick understanding way. Histogram should be designed in various other way to reveal more complicated data in single sheet. These histogram having great importance in industrial and educational point of view. Different statistical software playing major role to show the results & reports in histograms in different organizations
Portion explained:
1. Introduction to Graphs
2. Types of Graphs
3. Histogram
4. Types of Histogram
5. Uniform Histogram
6. Bimodal Histogram
7. Symmetric Histogram
8. Probability Histogram
9. Histogram Example
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about PAPAIN. Papain is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya L., belonging to family Caricaceae. The epicarp adheres to the orange-coloured, fleshy sarcocarp, which surrounds the central cavity. This cavity contains a mass of nearly black seeds. The plant is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Hawai, and Florida. The plant is 5–6 m in height bearing fruits of about 30 cm length and a weight up to 5 kg.
•
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Papain
2. Geographical Source of Papain
3. Preparation of Papain
4. Characteristics of Papain
5. Test of Papain
6. Chemical Constituents of Papain
7. Uses of Papain
Video link :
https://youtu.be/OdS0Yu_uPwE
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the representation of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work. In educational contexts, there are differing definitions of plagiarism depending on the institution. Plagiarism is considered a violation of academic integrity and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion from school or work, substantial fines and even incarceration. Recently, cases of "extreme plagiarism" have been identified in academia.
• .
Portion explained:
1. Plagiarism- A Malpractice
2. Introduction of Plagiarism
3. Etymology of Plagiarism
4. Is Plagiarism Criminal Act ?
5. Plagiarism academia and journalism
6. Definitions of Plagiarism
7. Forms of academic plagiarism
8. Sanctions for student plagiarism
9. Plagiarism education
10. Factors influencing students' decisions to plagiarize
11. Self-plagiarism
12. Factors that justify reuse
13. Organizational publications
Video Link is below :
https://youtu.be/23iaNNKmEeo
Description : In this ppt the viewer will able to know about Sources of Herbs. Herbs are obtained from different plant sources. Various herbs grow in different countries depend on their agro-climatic requirements. The unintentional adulterations may leads to loss of yields in raw plant materials. Proper authentic sources of herbs plays major role in herbal formulations. There are different names and sources of herbs world wide. The biological & Geographical sources of herbs should be clearly indicated in various herbs guide/manual. These herbs are parts of medicines & spices therefore it should be identified properly.
Portion explained:
1. Herbs
2. Herbs vs. Spices
3. Herbal Medicine
4. Herbs & its geographical Sources
5. Popular Herbs & Sources
6. Herbs & Sources
7. Top 10 Herbs
8. Examples of herbs
9. Nature's 9 Most Powerful Medicinal Plants
10. Different Important herbs
11. Flaxseeds
12. Ginkgo biloba
13. Spirulina
14. Ginseng
15. Garlic organosulphur compounds
16. Tea catechins
17. Citrus limonoids
18. Soya products
19. Tomato lycopenes
20. Momordica charantia
21. Turmeric curcuminoids
22. Black cohosh
23. Fenugreek
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about PEPSIN Enzyme. It is the enzyme prepared from the mucous membrane of the stomach of various animals like pig, sheep, or calf. The commonly used species of pig is Sus scrofa Linn, belonging to family Suidae. The stomach consists of an outer muscular layer and an inner mucous layer. The inner surface is covered with a single layer of epithelial cells which also lines the piths present on them. The piths are about 0.2 mm in diameter, and each pith has two to three narrow tubular ducts opening at the base. The epithelial layer is made of either the parietal cell or the central cell. The central cells are mainly covered with almost cubical shape and secrete pepsinogen and rennin zymogen, whereas the parietal cells are round or oval shaped cells, and they secrete the hydrochloric acid to activate the zymogen to produce rennin and pepsin.
•
Portion explained:
Biological Source of Diastase Enzyme
Preparation of Diastase Enzyme
Description of Diastase Enzyme
Uses of Diastase Enzyme
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about DIASTASE Enzyme. It is an amylolytic enzymes present in the saliva (salivary diastase or ptyalin and pancreatic diastase or amylopsin) found in the digestive tract of animals and also in malt extract. Diastase hydrolyses starch, glycogen and dextrin to form in all three instances glucose, maltose, and the limit-dextrin. Salivary amylase is known as ptyalin; although humans have this enzyme in their saliva, some mammals, such as horses, dogs, and cats, do not. Ptyalin begins polysaccharide digestion in the mouth; the process is completed in the small intestine by the pancreatic amylase, sometimes called amylopsin. The amylase of malt digests barley starch to the disaccharides that are attacked by yeast in the fermentation process.
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Diastase Enzyme
2. Description of Diastase Enzyme
3. Uses of Diastase Enzyme
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about Epi Info- An Statistical Software. Epi Info is statistical software for epidemiology developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia (US). Epi Info has been in existence for over 20 years and is currently available for Microsoft Windows, Android and iOS, along with a web and cloud version. The program allows for electronic survey creation, data entry, and analysis. Within the analysis module, analytic routines include t-tests, ANOVA, nonparametric statistics, cross tabulations and stratification with estimates of odds ratios, risk ratios, and risk differences, logistic regression (conditional and unconditional), survival analysis (Kaplan Meier and Cox proportional hazard), and analysis of complex survey data.
Portion explained:
1. Epi Info Software
2. History of Epi Info Software
3. Features of Epi Info Software
4. Release history of Epi Info Software
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about Types of Experimental Design. During the research design what kind of experimental design is applicable? Why experimental design needed in experimental research. Experimental research is research conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables. The first set acts as a constant, which you use to measure the differences of the second set. (Example: Temperature & Time in reactor)
Portion explained:
1. Definition of Experimental research
2. Situations to conduct Experimental Research
3. Types of experimental research design
4. Pre-experimental research design
5. True experimental research design
6. Quasi-experimental research design
7. Advantages of experimental research
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about Herbal Drug Preparation. An herb is a plant or plant part used for its scent, flavor, or therapeutic properties. Herbal medicines are one type of dietary supplement. They are sold as tablets, capsules, powders, teas, extracts, and fresh or dried plants. Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules or plant parts are delivered to sites of action within the body. The routes for which herbal dosage forms may be administered include oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, respiratory, nasal, ophthalmic and otic. Categorization of finished herbal products into dosage forms will help to define specific protocols for quality control and stability testing. Herbal medicinal products may be defined as finished, labelled medicinal products that contain as active ingredients aerial or underground parts of plants, or other plant material, or combinations thereof, whether in the crude state or as plant preparations.
Portion explained:
1. Herbal Drug Preparation
2. Herbal Medicine
3. Dosage forms of Herbal Medicinal Products
4. Decoctions
5. Tinctures
6. Herbal Glycerites
7. Herbal alcoholic beverages (bitters/wines)
8. Oxymels
9. Herbal capsules
10. Herbal tablets
11. Herbal ointments
12. Herbal balms
13. Herbal creams
14. Herbal oils
15. Herbal soaps
16. Herbal pastes
17. Herbal teas
18. Herbal powders
19. Herbal suppositories
20. Herbal liniments
21. Herbal baths
22. Herbal lozenges
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about MALT EXTRACT . Malt extract is the extract obtained from the dried barley grains of one or more varieties of Hordeum vulgare Linne, family Poaceae.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of malt extract
2. Biological Source of malt extract
3. Geographical Sources of of malt extract
4. Cultivation of malt extract
5. Collection of malt extract
6. Preparation of malt extract
7. Chemical constituents of malt extract
8. Uses of malt extract
9. Hordeum vulgare Linne
10. Poaceae
11. Diastase
12. Barley
13. cereals
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about designing of experiments. How experimental design helps to improve the quality & purity of the products. In this example, our experimental design is a planned experiment that is used to determine how reactor temperature and residence time affect purity so we can find the optimum operating conditions. Experimental design is needed to rectify the error in materials, methods & machines.
Portion explained:
1. Introduction to the problem
2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DATA
4. EFFECTS AND MAIN EFFECTS
5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FACTORS
6. ARE THE EFFECTS, MAIN EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS SIGNIFICANT?
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about different methods for the protein analysis. Proteins are long chain of amino acids and there are specific test also required depends on the nature and structure of proteins. As the name suggest amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl groups. The R- in the formulas stands for different chemical groups (may be aliphatic, aromatic or heterocycylic) and this determines the characteristics of the amino acids. The colour tests have frequently been used for qualitative detection of amino acids. Not all amino acids contain the same reactive groups. For this reason the various colour tests yield reactions varying in intensity and type of colour according to the nature of groups contained in the particular amino acid under examination.
• Portion explained:
• Detection of Proteins
1. Millon’s reaction
2. Millon-Nasse reaction
3. Xanthoproteic reaction
4. Hopkins-Cole reaction
5. Biuret test
6. Ninhydrin reaction
7. Folin test
8. Sakaguchi test
9. Nitroprusside test
10. Spectrophometric method
In this ppt the viewer will able to understand about SAS software. It is a statistical software suite developed by SAS Institute for data management. SAS was developed at North Carolina State University from 1966 until 1976, when SAS Institute was incorporated. SAS was further developed in the 1980s and 1990s with the addition of new statistical procedures, additional components and the introduction of JMP. A point-and-click interface was added in version 9 in 2004. A social media analytics product was added in 2010.
• Portion explained:
• Components of SAS Software
• Origins of SAS Software
• Development of SAS Software
• Recent History of SAS Software
• Software products of SAS Software
• Adoption of SAS Software
• Application of SAS Software
In this PPT the viewer will able to understand the necessity of research. Why it is required, how it is going to helpful to other scholar, scientist, businessman, film maker, industrialist and public. The main purposes of research are to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study.
Portion explained:
Research Is Necessary and Valuable:
1. It's a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning.
2. It's a means to understand issues and increase public awareness.
3. It helps us succeed in business.
4. It allows us to disprove lies and support truths.
5. It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.
6. It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information.
7. It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind.
Herbs as Plant Materials : In this video the viewers will come to know about herbs as plant materials. Herbs are flowering plants whose stems grow above ground and are not woody. They have weak and soft stems. They are plants which are known for medicinal value, flower scent, etc. Any plant with leaves, seeds, or flowers used for flavouring, food, medicine, or perfume. Any seed-bearing plant that does not have a woody stem and dies down to the ground after flowering.
•
Portion explained:
1. Herbs as Plant Materials
2. Definition of herbs
3. What is herbal medicine?
4. Herbal Medicine
5. History of Herbal Medicine
6. Modern herbal medicine
7. Herbal preparations
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about different mode of classification of proteins. Proteins are classified based on their Solubility and composition, Function, Shape & size.
Portion explained:
Classification based on solubility and composition
Simple proteins
1. Albumins
2. Globulins
3. Prolamins
4. Glutelins
5. Histones
6. Protamines
7. Albuminoids
ii. Conjugated or compound proteins
1. Nucleoproteins
2. Mucoproteins
3. Chromoproteins
4. Lipoproteins
5. Metalloproteins
6. Phosphoproteins
B. Classification of proteins based on function
1. Catalytic proteins – Enzymes
2. Regulatory proteins – Hormones
3. Protective proteins – Antibodies
4. Storage proteins
5. Transport proteins
6. Toxic proteins
7. Structural proteins
8. Contractile proteins
9. Secretary proteins
10. Exotic proteins
C. Classification based on size and shape
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. Introduction
• REPRESENTATION OF DATA
• Besides the tabular form, the data may also be
presented in some graphic or diagrammatic
form.
• “The transformation of data through visual
methods like graphs, diagrams, maps and
charts is called representation of data.”
3. The need of representing data graphically
• Graphics, such as maps, graphs and diagrams, are used to represent
large volume of data. They are necessary:
1. If the information is presented in tabular form or in a descriptive
record, it becomes difficult to draw results.
2. Graphical form makes it possible to easily draw visual impressions
of data.
3. The graphic method of the representation of data enhances our
understanding.
4. It makes the comparisons easy.
5. Besides, such methods create an imprint on mind for a longer
time.
6. It is a time consuming task to draw inferences about whatever is
being presented in non–graphical form.
7. It presents characteristics in a simplified way.
8. These makes it easy to understand the patterns of population
growth, distribution and the density, sex ratio, age–sex
composition, occupational structure, etc.
4. Types of Diagrams
The diagrams and the maps is of following types:
1. One-dimensional diagrams such as line graph, poly
graph, bar diagram, histogram, age, sex, pyramid, etc.;
2. Two-dimensional diagram such as pie diagram and
rectangular diagram;
3. Three-dimensional diagrams such as cube and
spherical diagrams.
The most commonly drawn diagrams and maps are:
1) Line graphs
2) Bar diagrams
3) Pie diagram
4) Wind rose and star diagram
5) Flow Charts
5. 1. Line Graph
• The line graphs are usually drawn to represent the time
series data related to the temperature, rainfall,
population growth, birth rates and the death rates.
• Construction of a Line Graph
1st step: Round the data to be shown up to the 1 digit
of even numbers.
2nd step: Draw X and Y-axis. Mark the time series
variables (years/months) on the X axis and the data
quantity/value to be plotted on Y axis.
3rd step: Choose an appropriate scale to show data
and label it on Y-axis. If the data involves a negative
figure then the selected scale should also show it.
4th step: Plot the data to depict year/month-wise
values according to the selected scale on Y axis, mark
the location of the plotted values by a dot and join
these dots by a free hand drawn line.
6. ☞ Example 1: Construct a line graph to represent the data
7. 2. Polygraph
• Polygraph is a line graph in which two or more than two
variables are shown on a same diagram by different lines. It
helps in comparing the data. Examples which can be shown as
polygraph are:
1. The growth rate of different crops like rice, wheat, pulses in
one diagram.
2. The birth rates, death rates and life expectancy in one
diagram.
3. Sex ratio in different states or countries in one diagram.
Construction of a Polygraph
• All steps of construction of polygraph are similar to that of line
graph. But different lines are drawn to indicate different
variables.
8. ☞ Example 2: Construct a polygraph to compare the variables
9. 3. Bar Diagram
It is also called a columnar diagram. The bar
diagrams are drawn through columns of equal
width. Following rules were observed while
constructing a bar diagram:
a. The width of all the bars or columns is similar.
b. All the bars should are placed on equal
intervals/distance.
c. Bars are shaded with colours or patterns to
make them distinct and attractive.
Three types of bar diagrams are used to
represent different data sets:
1. The simple bar diagram
2. Compound bar diagram
3. Polybar diagram.
10. Simple Bar Diagram
• A simple bar diagram is constructed for an immediate
comparison.
• It is advisable to arrange the given data set in an
ascending or descending order and plot the data
variables accordingly.
• However, time series data are represented according to
the sequencing of the time period.
• Construction Steps:
• Draw X and Y-axes on a graph paper. Take an interval
and mark it on Y-axis to plot data.
• Divide X-axis into equal parts to draw bars. The actual
values will be plotted according to the selected scale.
11.
12. 4. Line and Bar Graph
• The line and bar graphs as drawn separately may also
be combined to depict the data related to some of the
closely associated characteristics such as the climatic
data of mean monthly temperatures and rainfall.
• Construction:
• (a) Draw X and Y-axes of a suitable length and divide X-
axis into parts to show months in a
• year.
• (b) Select a suitable scale with equal intervals on the Y-
axis and label it at its right side.
• (c) Similarly, select a suitable scale with equal intervals
on the Y-axis and label at its left side.
• (d) Plot data using line graph and columnar diagram.
13.
14. 5. Multiple Bar Diagram
• Multiple bar diagrams are constructed to
represent two or more than two variables for the
purpose of comparison.
For example, a multiple bar diagram may be
constructed to show proportion of males and
females in the total, rural and urban population
or the share of canal, tube well and well irrigation
in the total irrigated area in different states.
Construction
• (a) Mark time series data on X-axis and variable
data on Y-axis as per the selected scale.
• (b) Plot the data in closed columns.
15.
16. 6. Compound Bar Diagram
• When different components are grouped in one set of
variable or different variables of one component are
put together, their representation is made by a
compound bar diagram.
• In this method, different variables are shown in a single
bar with different rectangles.
• Construction
• (a) Arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
• (b) A single bar will depict the set of variables by
dividing the total length of the bar as per percentage.
• ☞ Example 6: Construct a Compound Bar Diagram.
17.
18. 7. Pie Diagram
• Pie diagram is another graphical method of
the representation of data.
• It is drawn to depict the total value of the
given attribute using a circle.
• Dividing the circle into corresponding degrees
of angle then represent the sub– sets of the
data.
• Hence, it is also called as Divided Circle
Diagram.
• The angle of each variable is calculated using
the following formulae.
19. Calculation of Angles
a) Arrange the data on percentages in an ascending
order.
b) Calculate the degrees of angles for showing the
given values
c) It could be done by multiplying percentage with a
constant of 3.6 as derived by dividing the total
number of degrees in a circle by 100, i. e. 360/100.
d) Plot the data by dividing the circle into the required
number of divisions to show the share different
regions/countries
20. Construction
(a) Select a suitable radius for the circle to
be drawn. A radius of 3, 4 or 5 cm may be
chosen for the given data set.
(b) Draw a line from the centre of the circle to
the arc as a radius.
(c) Measure the angles from the arc of the
circle for each category of vehicles in an
ascending order clock-wise, starting with
smaller angle.
(d) Complete the diagram by adding the title,
sub – title, and the legend. The legend mark
be chosen for each variable/category and
highlighted by distinct shades/colours.
Precautions
(a) The circle should neither be too big to fit in the space nor too small to be illegible.
(b) Starting with bigger angle will lead to accumulation of error leading to the plot of
the smaller angle difficult.
21. Scatter plot
• A scatter plot (also called a scatterplot, scatter
graph, scatter chart, scattergram, or scatter
diagram) is a type of plot or mathematical
diagram using cartesian coordinates to display
values for typically two variables for a set of data.
• If the points are coded (color/shape/size), one
additional variable can be displayed.
• The data are displayed as a collection of points,
each having the value of one variable
determining the position on the horizontal axis
and the value of the other variable determining
the position on the vertical axis.
22. • A scatter plot can be used either when
one continuous variable that is under
the control of the experimenter and
the other depends on it or when both
continuous variables are independent.
• If a parameter exists that is
systematically incremented and/or
decremented by the other, it is called
the control parameter or independent
variable and is customarily plotted
along the horizontal axis.
• The measured or dependent variable
is customarily plotted along the
vertical axis.
• If no dependent variable exists, either
type of variable can be plotted on
either axis and a scatter plot will
illustrate only the degree of
correlation (not causation) between
two variables.
23. • A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations between
variables with a certain confidence interval.
• For example, weight and height, weight would be on y axis and
height would be on the x axis. Correlations may be positive (rising),
negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated).
• If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right, it
indicates a positive correlation between the variables being studied.
•
• If the pattern of dots slopes from upper left to lower right, it
indicates a negative correlation. A line of best fit (alternatively
called 'trendline') can be drawn in order to study the relationship
between the variables.
• An equation for the correlation between the variables can be
determined by established best-fit procedures. For a linear
correlation, the best-fit procedure is known as linear regression and
is guaranteed to generate a correct solution in a finite time.
• No universal best-fit procedure is guaranteed to generate a correct
solution for arbitrary relationships.
24.
25. Semi-log plot
• In science and engineering, a semi-log plot,
or semi-log graph (or semi
logarithmic plot/graph), has one axis on a
logarithmic scale, the other on a linear scale.
• It is useful for data with exponential
relationships, where one variable covers a large
range of values, or to zoom in and visualize that -
what seems to be a straight line in the beginning -
is in fact the slow start of a logarithmic curve that
is about to spike and changes are much bigger
than thought initially.
26. • On a semi-log plot the spacing of the scale on
the y-axis (or x-axis) is proportional to the
logarithm of the number, not the number
itself.
• It is equivalent to converting the y values
(or x values) to their log, and plotting the data
on linear scales.
• A log-log plot uses the logarithmic scale for
both axes, and hence is not a semi-log plot.