This document provides an overview of land navigation training that includes two parts: map reading skills and compass use. Part one covers important map features like marginal information, symbols, terrain features, and determining elevation from contour lines. It emphasizes the purpose of maps for navigation and importance of checking the map date. Part two introduces navigation techniques like determining grid coordinates using a protractor and understanding military compass features. The training aims to teach service members key map reading and land navigation skills for navigating terrain and completing missions.
Making orienteering maps is a passion of mine. Creating base maps using on-line tools has changed an expensive time consuming jobs in to a 'breeze'. However doing the field work to bring the map to what the orienteer sees on the ground remains a time consuming task. GPS enabled computer tablets work for some. I find a great time and technology saver is the easier to use GPS watch. Here's how.
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Making orienteering maps is a passion of mine. Creating base maps using on-line tools has changed an expensive time consuming jobs in to a 'breeze'. However doing the field work to bring the map to what the orienteer sees on the ground remains a time consuming task. GPS enabled computer tablets work for some. I find a great time and technology saver is the easier to use GPS watch. Here's how.
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Other map symbols on topographic maps Occasionally you will.pdfsyedabdul78662
Other map symbols on topographic maps: Occasionally you will see an elevation listed at a
specific spot on a map that is not located on a contour line, commonly on the top of hills. These
elevations have been surveyed and are referred to as bench marks. Other standardized symbols
and colors used on most government maps include cultural features (made by people) generally
drawn in black; forests or woods shown in green; blue is used for bodies of water; and red is used
for roads and some land subdivision lines. Contour lines are usually shaded brown. When USGS
maps are revised, any new features (e.g. roads, suburbs) are shaded purple. 10. Use the bar
scale at the bottom of the map immediately below and determine the distance between X and Y on
the map. ( X and Y are underlined in red). km Get a topographic map from your instructor and
answer questions 11 through 15. a. What is the name of the topographic map? b. Who published
the map? (hint: look at the bottom of the map)Map scales can be thought of as the distance
between points on a map corresponding to some true distance on the ground. The ratio of map
distance to true distance is scale. There are commonly two types of scales listed on maps: a
graphic scale or bar scale, and a fractional scale. A bar scale is a drawn line or bar of some length
(Figure 10A ). A fractional scale is expressed as a ratio, e.g. 1:24,000 means one inch on the map
equals 24,000 inches on the ground (Figure 9 ). Bar scales can be used to determine straight-line
distances between places fairly easily on maps by using a ruler, or by laying the edge of a piece of
paper between the points on the map you want to know the distance between. Shift the paper
edge to the bar scale and use the scale like a ruler to measure the map distance. Figure 10A. The
left end of the bar is not zero; the arrow points to the location of zero miles on the bar scale. The
total length of this bar is FIVE miles, one mile to the left of the zero plus four miles to the right of
the zero. A common error with bar scales is to treat the left end of the line as zero. Pay attention to
where the zero point on the bar is actually located. Measuring distances along curvilinear features,
e.g. rivers. You canl u cat a series of straight-line segments as shown in figure (b) and (c). North
arrows drawn on a map refer to true geographic north (underlined in red on Figure 9). Compass
Magnetic Declination needles do not point toward the geographic north pole at most places on
earth, but toward the magnetic pole. The angular distance between true north and magnetic north
is called the magnetic declination. A compass must be adjusted for declination at the local area.
The magnetic declination on Figure 9 is listed as 20.5 as measured in 1962.in an.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Training Objectives
• This Power Point Presentation is intended to
give an overview / familiarization of land
navigation.
• Part one will address map reading skills.
• Part two will address compass use and land
navigation
3. Part One – Map Reading
- Where am I?
- How far is it?
- Does this route support my mission?
True land navigation is knowing where you
start your journey, the terrain you will be
passing, and understanding exactly where
your journey will end.
4. Map Reading
(FM 21-26)
Definition
A map is a graphic representation, drawn to
scale, of a portion of the earth’s surface as
seen from above.
Man-made and natural features are
depicted by symbols, lines, colors and
forms.
5. Purpose of a Map
A map provides information on the
existence, location and the distance
between ground features, such as
populated places and routes of travel
and communication. It also indicates
variations in terrain, heights of natural
features, and the extent of vegetation
cover.
7. Marginal Information and Symbols
of a Military Topographic Map
IMPORTANT!!!!!
On the bottom right corner of the map, near
the key, map name, state, and quadrant
location, is the date of the map. It is vital that
you check the date of the map and
determine if any changes have occurred that
may impact your mission.
8. Marginal Information and Symbols
Sheet Name and Number : The sheet name is found in two places:
The center of the upper margin and either the right or left side
of the lower margin. A map is named after the most prominent
cultural or geographic feature. The sheet number is found in
two places: The upper right margin and the lower left margin.
Sheet numbers are based on an arbitrary system that makes
possible the orientation of maps of like scales.
10. Marginal Information and Symbols
Series Name and Scale: The series name is found in
the upper left margin. A series usually includes a
group of similar maps at the same scale on the same
sheet lines or format designed to cover a particular
geographic area. The scale is found in both the
upper left margin and the center of the lower margin.
It is a representative fraction that gives a ratio of
corresponding distance on the earth’s surface.
11. Marginal Information and Symbols
The scale is expressed as a ratio, such as 1:50,000,
and shown graphically by the bar scales marked in
feet and miles, or in meters and kilometers.
• Small: Maps with scales of 1:1,000,000 (1 inch = 16
miles) and smaller are used for general planning and
strategic studies. They show very little detail.
• Medium: Larger than 1:1,000,000 but smaller than
1:75,000 are used for operational planning.
• Large: Scales of 1:75,000 and larger are used for
tactical, administrative, and logistical planning.
Show a great amount of terrain detail.
12. Marginal Information and Symbols
Bar Scales: Located in the center of the lower
margin: They are rulers used to convert map
distance to ground distance.
13. Marginal Information and Symbols
CONTOUR INTERVAL;
The represented distance between two contour lines.
14. Marginal Information and Symbols
Legend: Located in the lower left margin. It illustrates
and identifies the topographic symbols used to
depict some of the more prominent features on the
map.
15.
16. Marginal Information and Symbols
The Five Major Colors of a Map
Brown (Contour Lines)
Black (Man Made Features, Roads, Trails)
Blue (Water Features)
Green (Vegetation)
Red (Highway and Land Grids)
The Two Minor Colors of a Map
Pink (Built-Up Areas, Civilization)
Purple (Updated Map Information)
17. Marginal Information and Symbols
Elevation: The vertical distance that a point is above or below mean
sea level.
Index: Starting at mean sea level every fifth contour line is a heavier
line, these are known as index contour lines. They are normally
numbered. This number is the elevation of that line.
Intermediate: Contour lines falling between the index lines are called
intermediate, these lines are thinner and are not numbered.
Supplementary: These contour lines resemble dashes. They show
sudden changes in elevation of a least one-half the contour interval.
Spot: Spot elevations are marked by a “.” and will have the elevation
annotated next to it.
26. Terrain Features
IDENTIFY TERRAIN FEATURES ON A MAP
Terrain Features are identified in the same manner
on all maps.
You must be able to recognize all terrain features to
locate a point on the ground or to navigate from one
point to another.
28. Terrain Features
Hill; A point or small area of high ground. When
you are on a hilltop the ground slopes down in
all directions.
29. Terrain Features
Ridge: A line of high ground with height variations along its
crest: The ridge is not simply a line of hills; all points of the
ridge crest are higher than the ground on both sides of the
ridge.
30. Terrain Features
Valley: Reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher
ground. It may or may not contain a stream. A valley generally has
maneuver room. Contour lines indicating a valley are U shaped and
tend to parallel a stream before crossing it. The course of the contour
lines crossing a stream will generally point upstream.
31. Terrain Features
Saddle: A dip or low point along the crest of a ridge. A saddle is
not necessarily the lower ground between two hilltops; it may
be a break along an otherwise level ridge crest.
33. Minor Terrain Features
Although these features are not as important as
major terrain features; a navigator can plan their
route more successfully if they can identify all
features that could result in potential obstacles.
Minor terrain features are;
Draw
Spur
Cliff
34. Minor Terrain Features
Draw: Similar to a valley except that it is normally a less developed
stream course in which there is generally no level ground and
therefore little or no maneuver room. Contour lines indicating a draw
are V shaped with the point of the V toward the head of the draw (High
Ground).
35. Minor Terrain Features
Spur: A usually short, continuously sloping line of higher
ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge. A spur
can be formed by two parallel streams cutting draws down the
side of a ridge.
36. Minor Terrain Features
Cliff: A vertical or near vertical slope. A cliff may be shown on a
map by contour lines being close together, touching, or by a
ticked “carrying” contour line. The ticks always point towards
lower ground.
38. Part Two - Navigation
Now that we can read the map, we will now use it to find where
we are and navigate to a known point.
39. Determine Grid Coordinates of a Point
on a Military Map
To keep from getting lost, you have to know how to find out
where you are. A military map can help you find your location
accurately. These maps have vertical (top to bottom) and
horizontal lines (left to right).
These lines form small squares which are 1000 meters on each
side called grid squares. The lines that form these grid squares
are numbered along the outside edge of the map picture. No
two grid squares will have the same number.
The precision of a point location is shown by the number of
digits in the coordinates. The more digits - the more precise the
location.
XXXX or XX / XX = 1000 Meter Grid Square.
XXXXXX or XXX / XXX to the nearest 100 meters.
XXXXXXXX or XXXX / XXXX to the nearest 10 meters.
40. Protractor
Is a tool used to plot grid coordinates.
It will provide measuring indicators
for 1-25,000m, 1-50,000m, and 1-
100,000m. The outer scale is
measured in MILS and the inner scale
is measured in degrees. The base line
and index line are used to orient the
protractor to the grid lines on the
map.
44. Determine Grid Coordinates of a Point
on a Military Map
Grid Coordinate 18T WK 38641/31932 breakdown
WK is a designator for a 100,000 Meter Square Identifier located in
Grid Zone Designation 18T.
18T is a quadrangle 6 degrees wide by 8 degrees high.
These grid zone identifiers further divide the globe into sections
located between 80’ South Latitude and 84’ North Latitude.
45. Determine Grid Coordinates of a Point
on a Military Map
Find Grid Coordinate 18T WK 38641/31932
First move from left to right and find vertical line 38
46. Determine Grid Coordinates of a Point
on a Military Map
Find Grid Coordinate 18T WK 38641/31932
Then read up to 31. “In the door, up the stairs”.
47. Determine Grid Coordinates of a Point
on a Military Map
Find Grid Coordinate 18T WK 38641/31932
This puts your location somewhere in grid square 3831.
48. Determine Grid Coordinates of a Point
on a Military Map
Find Grid Coordinate 18T WK 38641/31932
Add another number to each side of your coordinate to make 6
digits you now have 386 / 319. Go left to right 6 then up 9.
6
9
49. Determine Grid Coordinates of a Point
on a Military Map
Find Grid Coordinate 18T WK 38641/31932
This makes your position accurate within 100 meters. By
adding two more digits you can increase your accuracy to 10
meters. You can also determine your position by terrain
features such as the road intersection.
386/319
51. Military Lensatic Compass
- Shock/Water Proof
- Functional from – 50 F to + 150 F
- Luminous features for low light operations.
- Copper induction dampening system slows
the rotation of the magnet without the use of
liquids and the retractable lens locks the dial
jewel in place to prevent wear and tear.
53. COMPASS USE
The floating dial is used to determine the direction in which you are
pointing your compass. The outer black ring is used to find direction
in Mils (6400’). The inner red ring is used to find direction in degrees
(360’). Mills used for direct fire (artillery/tank) or very accurate
navigation. 8.89 Mils = ½ Degree & 17.78 Mils = 1 Degree.
Mils
Degrees
54. COMPASS USE
There are 360 degrees in a circle. These are marked with a tick
mark every 5 degrees. Not every tick mark is numbered. These
are determined by using the numbers that are shown.
55. COMPASS USE
To read the compass, point it in the direction that
you want to go or determine and read the
number under the index line.
Index Line
310 degrees Magnetic
56. Compass to Cheek Method
Used exclusively for sighting and is the most efficient method for
taking an accurate azimuth bearing. Be careful to hold your compass
still so that the dial remains stationary while you are reading the scale.
59. Center-Hold Method
• Hold the compass to your body.
• Turn your body until desired azimuth is
aligned with the black index line.
• Without turning compass, rotate the
bezel ring until the luminous bezel line
is aligned with the north arrow.
• Keep north aligned with the bezel line
and walk.
60. The Three Norths
True North: A line from any point on the earths surface to the
north pole. Symbolized by a star on the map.
“MN” (Magnetic North): The direction to the north magnetic
pole, as indicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic
compass. The magnetic north is usually symbolized by a line
ending with half of an arrowhead.
“GN” (Grid North): The north that is established by using the
vertical grid lines on the map. Symbolized by the letters GN.
Used for UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) grid by military
and rescue teams for its accuracy and simplicity.
62. AZIMUTH CONVERSION
Your compass reads degrees in magnetic azimuths because
the needle seeks out magnetic north. And your map is oriented
to grid north. The difference between the two is the magnetic
variation or “G-M” Angle. You can not follow a GN on your
compass and you cant plot MN with a protractor.
To convert from Grid to Mag - add the G-M angle.
To convert from Mag to Grid - Subtract the G-M angle.
63. AZIMUTH CONVERSION
To assist you in making the with the conversion from MN to GN
and from GN to MN, a declination diagram is placed on the
margin of the map.
64. AZIMUTH CONVERSION
Example (Ground to Map): You measure the bearing of a
landmark on the ground with a compass. It is 49° MN. The G-M
ANGLE on the Map is 24°. So MN to GN, subtract 49°- 24° = 25°
GN (Draw this on your map).
Example (Map to Ground): You measure the bearing of a point
on the map with a protractor (next slides). It is 25° GN. The G-M
ANGLE on the Map is 24°. So GN to MN ADD 25°+ 24° = 49° MN
(Put this on your compass)
**If you have MN lines drawn on your map, align the protractor
to a MN line, get the MN azimuth, and you don’t have to do a
MN conversion.**
65. DISTANCE
The graduated edge of the compass is used take distance
measurements on the map in conjunction with the bar scales
on the map. Approximately 1 inch for every 13 ticks and exactly
1 cm every 5 ticks.
**When used on a 1:50,000 scale map, each tick mark on the
edge represents 100 meters of ground distance.**
