The document discusses genetic engineering, defining it as the modification of genetic information in organisms to achieve desired traits. It covers the history, techniques, prospects, and dangers associated with genetic engineering, including transgenic plants and animals, and cloning. The document concludes by noting both the advantages and ethical considerations of genetic interventions.

1. www.oeclib.in
Submitted By:
Odisha Electronics Control Library
Seminar
On
Genetic Engineering

2. Contents
 Introduction
 What is Genetic Engineering
 History
 Techniques of Genetic Engineering
 Prospects for Genetic Engineering
Transgenic plants and animals
Cloning
 Dangers of Genetic Engineering
 Advantages
 Conclusion
 References
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3. What is Genetic
Engineering?
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“Genetic engineering is the
technology for modifying the genetic
information in a plant, animal or
human in order to produce some
desired trait or characteristic”

4. A Brief History of
Genetic Engineering
 The name is new, the practice is not.
 Plants and animals have been bred for
thousands of years.
 Human breeding has also been done
now and then.
 All of this has worked by trying to
enhance desired characteristics, without
knowing how they are transmitted.
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5. Techniques of Gen. Engg.
 Old Technique
 New Technique
Recombinant DNA
Transformation
Transduction
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6. Prospects for
Genetic Engineering
 Transgenic Engineering
– Putting genetic information from one
type of plant or animal into another
 Cloning
– Making genetic copies of an existing
plant or animal
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7. Transgenic Organisms
 An organism is called “transgenic” if it
has genetic information added to it
from a different type of organism.
 Humans have begun to do this with
plants and animals.
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8. Transgenic Plants
 This is the work that
is furthest along:
– Corn
– Soybeans & cotton
– Papayas
 Transgenic crops are
being grown in the
Americas, South
Africa, Europe,
Australia and China
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9. Transgenic Animals
Human genes have
been inserted
into:
– Bacteria
– Mice
 To produce
various human
proteins for
treating diseases.
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10. Cloning
 A “clone” is a copy of something.
 In genetics, a clone is a genetic copy
of another organism.
 Clones occur naturally:
– Asexual breeding in plants & lower
animals
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11. Dolly - 1996
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12. Cloning Dolly
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13. Cloning since Dolly
 Cloning of this sort has now been done
on cattle, pigs and mice also.
 The success rate has improved
considerably.
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14. Concerns re/ Cloning
 The success rate from adult animal cells is
still rather low.
 This would be unacceptable for cloning
humans in most societies.
 The evidence suggests that the clones
which survive are still not right.
 The genetic program has probably not been
completely reset.
 We still don’t understand what we are doing
in cloning from adult cells.
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15. Dangers
 Imprecise Technology
 Side Effects
 Widespread Crop Failure
 Threatens Our Entire Food Supply
 No Long-Term Safety Testing
 Allergic Reactions
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16. Advantages
 Creating new types of human beings
with advantageous traits.
 GM animals can generate
pharmaceutical proteins.
 Quicker, more predictable way to
generate new cultivars.
 Sustainable agriculture
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17. Conclusion
 The idea of transplant organs is a
really good idea but it also affects the
pig species and it decreases its
numbers in population
 The act of medical professionals or
scientists who attempt genetic
experiments can never be portrayed
as ‘playing God.’.
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18. References
www.ieeeexplore.ieee.org
www.geneticengineering.org
www.wikipedia.com/geneticen
gineering
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