This document provides an overview of cloning, including its history, classifications, procedures, applications, and ethical concerns. It begins with definitions of cloning and its relationship to biotechnology. It then discusses major milestones in cloning research from the 1950s to present day. It classifies cloning into natural, molecular, cell, and organism cloning. It describes procedures like therapeutic, reproductive, and replacement cloning. It outlines applications for genetically modified organisms, transgenic animals and plants, infertility treatment, organ transplants, and health improvements. Finally, it discusses scientific concerns like high failure rates and potential health issues, as well as ethical aspects.

1. CLONING
‘Impact of Biotechnology’
Presented By: AHMAD BUKHARI
MS Bio-Sciences
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), IIUI Pakistan.

2. CONTENT OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 CLASSIFICATION OF CLONING
 PROCEDURES
 APPLICATIONS
 SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS INVOLVED IN CLONING
 ETHICALASPECTS
 VIDEO ANIMATION

3. Cloning
• The process of producing similar
populations of genetically identical
individuals

4. Cloning & Biotechnology
• Processes used to create copies
of DNA fragments, cells,
or organisms.

5. History
• 1952: Scientists cloned frogs from blastula cells, but fail to produce tadpoles from
differentiated cells.
• 1962: John Gurdon claimed to clone frogs using the nucleus of an adult intestinal cell.
Others were unable to reproduce his results, his findings were called into question.
• 1966: Discovery of which codons specify the amino acids.
• 1973: E. coli turned into first recombinant DNA organism.
• 1977-1979: Illmensee claims to have cloned mice. Others fail to clone mammals, deem his
work “scientifically worthless.”
• 1983-1986: Various mammals are successfully cloned from embryonic cells.
• 1990: Human Genome Project begins.
• 1996: Dolly is born.
• 2004: Dr. Hwang Woo Suk claimed to have cloned human embryos. His work is not able
to be replicated.
• 2006: Dr. Hwang fired from Seoul University as evidence arises he faked some of his
work on stem cells

6. Classes of Cloning
• Natural Cloning
• Molecular Cloning
• Cell Cloning
• Organism Cloning

7. Natural Cloning

8. Molecular Cloning

9. Cell Cloning
o Unicellular/Multicellular cloning
o Embryonic Stem Cells cloning

10. Organism Cloning
Ex: Dolly Sheep

11. Procedures
 Therapeutic cloning
 Reproductive cloning
 Replacement cloning

12. Therapeutic Cloning

13. Reproductive Cloning

14. Replacement Cloning

16. APPLICATIONS OF CLONING
 Genetically-Modified
Organisms
 Transgenic Animals & Plants
 Infertility Patients
 Cosmetic Surgery
 Organ Transplants
 Rejuvenation
 Health Improvement

17. Genetically Modified Organisms
 The possibility of xenotransplantation
 Disease-resistant Farm Animals
 Herbicide resistant crops
 Drought resistant crops

18. Transgenic Animals
 Animal modeling
 Research & treatments
 Gene knock-in/knock-out
 Gene Expressions

19. Infertility Patients
 Will allow infertility patients to have their own
biological child (current infertility treatments are
only about 10% effective and very costly)
 Will allow parents to have offspring that are free
of genetic disease (cystic fibrosis, Sickle-cell
etc…)

20. Cosmetic Surgery
 Doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat,
connective tissue, or cartilage that matches the
patients tissues exactly
 This would prevent problems with silicone leaking
or immune disease associated with plastic surgery
 Plastic surgeries, breast augmentations,
reconstructive surgeries would be much safer

21. New Possibilities for Organ Transplants
 Organs, such as livers and kidneys,
could be cloned
 These clones would be more
successful than current transplants
because they are created from the
patient’s body and would be free of
immune disease reactions

22. Rejuvenation
 Some researchers believe that
some of the effects of aging could
be reversed in the future with the
use of cloning

23. Health Improvement Opportunities
 Heart Disease
 Defective Genes
 Spinal Cord Injury Victims
 Genetic Testing

24. Extremely High Failure Rate
Problems During Later Development
Health Concerns
SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS/RISKS
INVOLVED IN CLONING

25. ASPECTS OF ETHICS
• Decline in genetic diversity.
• Taking nature into our own hands.
• Religious and moral reasons.
• Physical problems, such as birth defects.
• Possibility of mental and emotional problems of
the clone.

26. Thank you!