The document discusses genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms. It begins with an introduction to genetics and inheritance, then defines genetic engineering as manipulating an organism's genetic material to produce new traits. It provides examples of transgenic organisms which have genetic material transferred between species. The document also discusses the importance of genetic engineering in medicine through producing insulin and vaccines, and its role in agriculture by developing resistant and higher yielding crops. It concludes with descriptions of cloning processes.

1. G E N E T I C S A N D
I N H E R I T E N C E :
G E N E T I C
E N G I N E E R I N G
N O M A T H A M S A N Q A M B U M A
2 1 9 0 2 5 5 7 4

2. W H AT W E W I L L B E F O C U S I N G O N :
• Introduction
• Genetic Engineering, what is it?
• Transgenic Organisms.
• Genetically Modified Organisms also known as GMOs.
• Importance of Genetic Engineering and Genetically Modified Organisms.
• In medicine (the production of insulin and vaccines).
• In agriculture.
• Cloning

3. I N T R O D U C T I O N
• The term Genetics refers to the study of heredity
and distinction among living organisms.
• A gene is part of the DNA molecule that controls a
specific hereditary characteristic in living
organisms.
• The hereditary characteristics of an individual are
transferred by gametes. (Sex cells). During the
process of fertilization, the male gamete (sperm)
of the father and the female gamete (ovum) from
the mother fuse to form a zygote. Which develops
into a new organism.
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4. G E N E T I C E N G I N E E R I N G
Image: https://tinyurl.com/4tk3xzsz

5. G E N E T I C E N G I N E E R I N G
• Genetic Engineering can be described as a process whereby a genetic material of a
living organism is changed, to produce new substances or functions. This, however,
usually involves adding, deleting, or manipulating the genetic material in an organism to
produce the desired trait.
• For instance, genetic engineering can be used to replace the damaged or missing gene
that may cause disorders or diseases in living organisms.
• Unlike the traditional cross breeding, where a gene of an organism can only be
exchanged to its closely related organism. In genetic engineering, genes that are from
different species can be placed in one another. This is done to produce the wanted traits.

6. T R A N S G E N I C O R G A N I S M S
• When one wants to achieve the desired characteristics of an organism, the appropriate
gene from a cell in one organism is moved to the cell of another organism. The organism
that receives this gene is then genetically modified and it is known as Transgenic
organism.
• Transgenic can further be described as a process whereby the genetic material of an
organism is transferred to another, this will result with a new organism. The genetic
material, is however, altered in an artificial way rather than the natural breeding.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY

7. T R A N S G E N I C O R G A N I S M S
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

8. G E N E T I C A L LY M O D I F I E D
O R G A N I S M S ( G M O S )
• GMOs are the Genetically Modified Organisms. These are organisms that have a DNA
that has been changed to produce the desired traits. In addition, they consists of a
foreign DNA that have been inserted in their genetic material.
• GMOs are developed in different human activities to improve the quality of life or
productivity. These can be microbes or animals or even plants.
• They are a result of Genetic Engineering.

9. I M P O R TA N C E O F G E N E T I C
E N G I N E E R I N G A N D G M O S
• Genetic Engineering affects an aspect of our lives and our environment. Genetic
engineering and Genetically Modified Organisms play a vital role in the making of
medicinal drugs, cloning, production of new crops, and lastly, stem cell research.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

10. T H E P R O D U C T I O N O F I N S U L I N
A N D VA C C I N E S
• Insulin is produced when:
• The DNA with the gene that codes to produce insulin is removed from a healthy
human pancreatic cells. The enzymes known as Restriction enzymes are then used
to cut the DNA into segments to isolate the specific gene. A bacterium present in the
human intestine known as E.coli is then used to produce insulin. The human insulin
gene will then be placed inside the bacterium E.coli. This bacterium will then accept
the new gene as part of its genetic material, this will enable the bacterium to produce
insulin that will be used to treat diabetes.

11. I N S U L I N P R O D U C T I O N
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12. T H E P R O D U C T I O N O F I N S U L I N
A N D VA C C I N E S C O N T …
• Vaccines are produced when:
• There are some bacteria and plants that can be genetically modified to produce
antigens. These antigens are used in vaccines to trigger an immune response in the
body. Vaccination involves the process of injecting weak, live, killed, or inactive types
of the virus to the person who is being vaccinated.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
NC

13. I N A G R I C U LT U R E
• Most famers make use of artificial selection to control the reproduction of plants and
animals, in a way that the future generation will have the most desirable characteristics of
the parents. The genetically modified plants will:
• Improve the quality of nutrition.
• More food can be produced.
• They will develop resistant plants.
• Have a longer shelf life.
• Survive in unfavorable conditions.

14. G E N E T I C
E N G I N E E R
I N G A N D
G M O S I N
A G R I C U LT
U R E
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

15. C L O N I N G
• The name cloning is used to describe a variety of processes that produces genetically
identical copies of the original species. It can further be defined as a process whereby a
genetically identical replica of the molecule cell or entire organism is formed.
• There are three types of cloning:
• DNA/ Gene cloning: is the transfer of a DNA segment from one organism to a self-
replicating structure, to produce copies of segments or genes of the transferred DNA.
• Therapeutic cloning: this is also known as Embryonic cloning. The human embryo
is produced for research purposes. The research aims to create tissues that will
replace diseased or injured tissues in living organisms.
• Reproductive cloning: this is a technique used to produce an animal with the same
DNA as the other animals.

16. C L O N I N G
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

17. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

18. R E F E R E N C E
• Wadekar, P. (2012) Genetic Engineering. Available from SlideShare at
https://www.slideshare.net/PrachiWadekar/genetic-engineering-project (Accessed: 19 August 2021).
• Palo, J. (2013) Genetic Engineering. Available from SlideShare at
https://www.slideshare.net/JessPalo1/genetic-engineering-24784939 (Accessed: 20 August 2021).
• Nursing, H, N. (2014) Genetic Engineering. Available from SlideShare at
https://www.slideshare.net/ParveenKumarChadha1/genetic-engineering-36579450 (Accessed: 19
August 2021).
• Kamble, P. (2015) Genetic Engineering. Available from SlideShare at
https://www.slideshare.net/pankajkamble32/genetic-engineering-44746783 (Accessed: 19 August 2021).
• Sharma, A. (2017). Genetic-engineering. Available from SlideShare at
https://www.slideshare.net/AkshdeepSharma1/geneticengineering (Accessed: 20 August 2021).
• Hussain, J. (2016). Genetic engineering. Available from SlideShare at
https://www.slideshare.net/JIAHUSSAIN/genetic-engineering-62026702 (Accessed: 19 August 2021).

19. L I N K T O G O O G L E D R I V E
• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1aJehSZTO4K4lBdUIAKVXODtH120lsyTL?usp=sh
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