1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post Translational modification of proteins. Protein targeting.
1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post Translational modification of proteins. Protein targeting.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MECHANISM OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
AMINOACYLATION OF tRNA
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
This presentation is targeted for MBBS, MD and BDS students that describes briefly about aetiopathogenesis, tumour markers, anti cancer agents, apoptosis
Glycine is an aliphatic amino acid which gives rise to many vital derivatives. This is a non-essential amino acid. This presentation is targeted for MBBS, MD, BDS and general Biochemistry students.
it is about how ammonia is detoxified to urea and its biomedical significance. This PPT can be used by students of MBBS, MD, BDS and general Biochemistry students
Overview of amino acid anabolism and catabolism and fate of ammonia in amino acid metabolism. This is targeted for MBBS, MD, BDS and general Biochemistry students
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. GENETIC CODE
Definition: System of nucleotide
sequences of mRNA that designates
particular amino acid sequences in
the process of translation.
Genetic code is the relation between
the sequence bases in DNA and the
sequence of amino acids in protein
Code words for amino acids--Codons
3. Indian-American scientist
He showed the order
of nucleotides in nucleic
acids, which carry
the genetic code of the
cell and control the
cell’s synthesis of
proteins.
Shared NP with Nirenberg
and Holley
6. 2. UNIVERSAL
Few exceptions– AUA codes for
Met in mitochondria
AUA– Ile in cytoplasm
UGA– stop codon in Cytoplasm
UGA– Trp in Mt
Bacteria– GUG,UUG, AUU,CUG
initiating codons
7. 3. Stop codon and Initiating codon
AUG– Start codon
UAA,UGA and UAG– stop/ non-sense
codon
Exception– 21st AA Selenocystine--
UGA
4.Genetic code is degenerate
5. It is unambiguous
8.
9. 6. Code is non-overlapping and
without punctuation
7. Wobbling phenomenon —reduced
stringency between the 3rd base of
codon and complementary base of
anticodon
Mitochondria have different codes
11. Translation (An Overview)
Translation is defined as protein synthesis.
Occurs on ribosomes—mRNA → Potein
mRNA is translated in the 5’ to 3’
direction.
Highly regulated
Very fast– 20AA/sec
Amino acids are brought to the ribosome
bound to a specific tRNA molecule.
The mRNA and tRNA are responsible for
the correct recognition of each amino acid
in the growing polypeptide
12.
13. Requisites
Template - mRNA
tRNAs (transfer RNAs)
Linked to amino acids
Ribosomes
Many accessory proteins
Some energy (GTP hydrolysis)
14. Functions of the Types of RNA
mRNA- serves as a template code
tRNA- serves as an adapter
molecule
rRNA- holds molecules in the correct
position, protein portion also
catalyze reactions
15. Translation Is the Most Complicated
Biological Process Known
In eukaryotes,
>70 ribosomal proteins
20 (more) proteins to activate aa’s
12 (more) auxiliary enzymes
≥100 proteins for processing
≈40 tRNA and rRNAs (minimum)
Other specific proteins
~300 molecules
19. Charging of tRNA
Linking amino acids to correct t-RNAs
Catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aa-
tRNA)
Couples an amino acid to its cognate tRNA
Fidelity of coupling – 20 different synthetases
Two steps
Activation of amino acid
Transfer of amino acid to tRNA
20.
21. Initiation
Attachment of initiator tRNA (Met-tRNA)
to start codon on mRNA and assembly
of ribosomal subunits
i) Dissociation of ribosomes –
80s ribosomes→40s+60s
eIF-3 & eIF-1A →Bind to newly
dissociated 40s unit
↓
Allows other translation factors to bind
Delays reassociation of 40s with 60s
22.
23. ii) Formation of 43s pre-initiation
complex
GTP + eIF-2
↓
Bind to met-t-RNAi (Ternary
complex)
↓
43s pre-initiation complex formed
(40s ribosome+ eIF-2+GTP+eIF-
3+eIF-1A)
24. eIF-2 is a control point
α, β, γ subunits
eIF 2α – phosphorylated by 4 different protein
kinases- HCR, PKR, PERK, and GCN2
Cell under stress (AA/Glucose starvation,
viral infection, mis-folded protein, serum
deprivation, hyperosmolality, heat shock )
↓
Kinase activated
↓
Translation inactivated
25. PKR- activated in viral infection
eIF2α binds tightly to and deactivates GTP-
GDP recycling
26.
27. iii) Activation of mRNA & Formation of 48s
initiation complex
Binding of mRNA to 43s pre-initiation complex
eIF-4F= eIF-4E + eIF-4G—eIF-4A
PAB- Poly A binding protein
4F binds to 5’ cap of mRNA through 4E
↓
4B come and bind (helicase activity)
↓ATP
mRNA binds to 43s PIC
↓
48s initiation complex formed
(40s ribosome+ eIF-3,1A,2+ GTP +mRNA + eIF-4F)
eIF3 is main factor for binding
28.
29. Usually to 5’ most AUG is chosen but it is
decided by Kozak consensus sequences-
surrounding AUG codon
Prokaryotes– Shine-Dalgarno
sequence--a sequence of nucleotide
bases on m-RNA that facilitates m-RNA
binding to the pre-initiation complex
Eukaryotes– Kozak consensus sequence
A purine present at -3 and +4 positions
of the initiating codon
30. Formation of PIC
↓
Melting of secondary str at 5’ end
↓
Complex scans m-RNA for a suitable
initiating codon (5’ most AUG)
PAB1 & Poly A tail initiate translation
and also protect mRNA from
exonucleolytic degradation.
31. iv) Formation of 80s initiation complex—
48s IC combines with 60s ribosome
↓
Hydrolysis of GTP bound to eIF-2 by eIF-
5
↓
Release of initiation factors and recycled
↓
Rapid reassociation of 40s and 60s to
form 80s ribosome
At this stage Met-tRNAi
met on the P site
32. Regulation of initiation
eIF-4F– rate of translation
4E– recognises the cap of mRNA
4G– Scaffolding protein
-- binds to helicase complex that
helps in unwinding the RNA
eIF-2– one of the key regulators
PAB regulates the initiation of
translation
33. Phosphorylated 4E binds more avidly to
mRNA cap structure
1. Phosphorylation of 4E (Ser
209 or Thr 210)is controlled by
insulin and mitogenic factors
Components of MAP kinase,
mTOR, PI3K, RAS, s6 kinase
pathways- involved in
regulation
2nd path of regulation- Binding
of binding proteins keep 4E
inactivated
Insulin & GF- cause
phosphorylation of BP and its
release from 4E
Insulin and GF enhance
post-transcriptional protein
synthesis in liver, muscle
and adipose tissues
34. Elongation
One AA added at a time
C
U A
Met
mRNA
5’ 3’
C C U
Gly
U U U C
G G G G G
G
A A A A A
P
35.
36. i) Binding of aminoacyl t-RNA to the A-
site
A site empty
Binding of proper AA-t-RNA requires
codon recognition
EF-1A (Elongation factor)+ GTP+
Aminoacyl t-RNA
↓
Ternary complex
↓
Enters A site
↓ EF-1A,GDP+Pi
Aminoacyl-tRNA
37.
38. ii) Peptide bond formation
Peptidyl transferase– catalyses
peptide bond formation
Found on 28s rRNA
Ribozyme
No energy required
39. iii) Translocation
Growing peptide
chain moves from
A site to P site
Deacylated tRNA
moves out from P
site to E site
(Exit)
40. EF-2 factor binds
↓
Displaces peptidyl tRNA from A site to
P site
↓
Energy from GTP; mRNA moves by
one codon
Process of peptide synthesis occurs
until a termination codon is reached
43. Stop codon appears on A site
No tRNA available
Releasing factor (RF-1) recognises its
presence in A site
RF-1+RF-3+GTP→ Hydrolysis of bond
between peptide and tRNA occupying
P site (a water molecule is added)
↓
Protein, tRNA, 60s & 40s
ribosomes, GDP released
44. Activation of AA- 2 high energy bonds
Entry of aminoacyl t-RNA to A site- 1
GTP
Translocation of peptidyl t-RNA from A
site to P site
Release- 1 GTP
5 High energy bonds
Bioenergetics
Speed
Prokaryotes- 18/sec
Eukaryotes- 6/sec
45. Polysomes
In eukaryotes the same molecule of mRNA can
be simultaneously translated several times
Each emerging peptide is synthesized on a
separate ribosome
Many ribosomes on the same “string” of mRNA
are called polysomes
46. P bodies
Non-translating mRNAs can
form Ribonucleoprotein
particles (mRNPs)-
accumulate in Cytoplasmic
organelles as P bodies
P bodies- sites for
translation repression and
mRNA decay
35 distinct proteins are found
in P bodies like mRNA
decapping enzyem, RNA
helicases, exonucleases etc
Few mRNAs are retrieved at
the time of need
47. Environmental factors regulate translation
Iron excess- stimulates ferritin
synthesis
Viruses also utilise host cell
translation machinery for their
growth- encephalomyocarditis virus
Certain viruses inhibit host cell
machinery by binding to 40s
ribosome- polioviruses and
picornaviruses
49. Chaperones and protein folding
Heat shock proteins
Hsp70
Chaperonin (Hsp60)
Prevent aggregation
Put all the hydrophobic ends inside
Misfolding causes diseases e.g.
Cystic fibrosis, Prion diseases
50. Misfolding of protein impairs function
Misfolded prion protein disrupts functions of
other normally folded prion proteins.
Aberrant conformation can propagate like
an “infectious” agent
52. Post-translational modification of Polypeptide
Protein folding
Proteolytic cleavage Intein splicing
Covalent modification
Different structures
Insulin, Zymogens
Inteins removed & Exteins spliced
a. Phosphorylation
b. Hydroxylation
c. Glycosylation
d. Carboxylation
e. Ubiquitylation
53. Inhibitors of Translation
A. Reversible inhibitor
a.Tetracyclin– Binds to 30s ribosome
↓
Inhibit attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to the
A site
b. Chloramphenicol– Inhibits peptidyl
transferase
c. Erythromycin & Clindamycin– Prevent
translocation
54. B. Irreversible inhibitor
Streptomycin and
Aminoglycosides—Bind to 30s
ribosomal sub-unit
Low conc.- Misreading of protein
↓
Useless bacterial proteins
Pharma. Conc.- Inhibit IC synthesis
↓
Protein synthesis inhibited
55. C. Inhibitors in mammals
1. Puromycin– Structural analogue of
tyrosinyl t-RNA
2. Cycloheximide– Inhibits peptidyl
transferase
3. Diphtheria toxin—Inactivation of
EF-2 by attachment of ADP to EF-2
4. Ricin– Inactivates 28s rRNA