Environmental Biochemistry.pptx
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Heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic are toxic to human health. They are mainly produced by industrial activities and slowly deposit in surrounding environments. Heavy metals are determined using techniques like atomic absorption spectrophotometry and x-ray fluorescence. Mercury and arsenic exposure can cause various health effects ranging from skin irritation to cancer and death. Control methods include periodic vacuuming, replacing appliances, removing old paints, and using absorbents to remove heavy metals from indoor air.
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Carcinogen
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Pollutants
The document defines pollution and discusses its various types. It states that pollution is an undesirable change in the environment that harms living things. The environment consists of air, water and land that support life. Pollution disrupts the balance between organisms and their environment. It classifies pollutants based on their natural presence, form after release, degradability, and source. The two main sources of pollution are natural, like volcanic eruptions, and man-made or anthropogenic sources stemming from activities like industry, automobile use, and agriculture. The different types of environmental pollution include water, air, marine, noise, thermal, and land pollution.
Air pollution
The document discusses various types of air pollution including their sources, effects, and definitions. It defines air pollution as gases, liquids, or particles in the air that negatively impact humans, plants, and animals. Primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide are directly emitted while secondary pollutants like ozone form when primary pollutants interact. Indoor pollutants like radon and outdoor pollutants including sulfur dioxide from burning coal are discussed. The effects of pollution on health, vegetation, and animals are also summarized. The greenhouse effect and gases that cause global warming are explained along with consequences such as rising sea levels and increased extreme weather events.
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Cancer
This document provides an overview of cancer biochemistry. It defines cancer and describes the key properties and characteristics of cancer cells, including diminished growth control, invasion, and metastasis. It discusses the etiology of cancer including radiant energy, chemical carcinogens, and viruses. It also covers oncogenes, the mechanisms by which proto-oncogenes are activated to become oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit cell growth.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is one of the most important elements and is the main building block of organisms. It can be found in many everyday items and is readily available on Earth. Carbon dioxide in the air is used by plants through photosynthesis and enters animals when they eat food, then it is released back into the air through respiration. Fossil fuels are formed from decayed plants and animals over millions of years and release carbon dioxide when burned.
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The document discusses air pollution, defining it as contamination of the air indoors or outside. It can be caused by harmful gases, dust, or smoke entering the atmosphere. Air pollution can harm plants, animals, and humans by making air dirty and difficult to breathe. It is classified into visible and invisible types and can be caused by both natural sources like volcanoes and human activities like burning fossil fuels. Major effects of air pollution include respiratory illnesses and heart disease in humans as well as damage to materials and negative impacts on wildlife habitats and health.
Air pollution
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, classification, and impacts on human health and the environment. It provides the following key points:
- Air pollution kills an estimated 7 million people worldwide each year. Many cities in India, including Delhi, are among the most polluted in the world.
- Both natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes as well as anthropogenic sources like vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning contribute to air pollution.
- Major air pollutants are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. Exposure can cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
- National standards have been established in India to monitor six criteria pollut
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Land pollution
This document discusses land pollution. It defines land pollution as the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground in a way that contaminates soil and groundwater. Some key causes of land pollution mentioned include deforestation, agricultural and mining activities, overflowing landfills, industrial waste, and sewage. The effects of land pollution include soil pollution, environmental impacts, and negative effects on human health and wildlife. The document recommends various prevention methods like reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, and responsible disposal of industrial and household waste to reduce land pollution.
Carcinogenesis
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Chemicals which initiate this process is called chemical carcinogens
Chemicals which increase the effectiveness of carcinogens is called co-carcinogens
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MECHANISM OF ACTION
STAGES OF CARCINOGENESIS
ROLE OF PROTO-ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
ACTIVATION OF PROTO ONCOGENES
INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CARCINOGENESIS
ROS can be produced from both endogenous and exogenous sources
Attack both purine and pyrimidine bases, as well as the deoxyribose backbone
Induces DNA damage which includes single or double-strand breakage, deoxyribose modification, and DNA cross-link
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2. Major sources of air pollution discussed include industries, vehicles, and natural sources. Air pollutants are classified based on their origin, state of matter, and presence in the indoor or outdoor environment.
3. The effects of several common air pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and hydrocarbons are outlined for humans, plants, and materials. Particulate matter can cause lung damage in humans while sulfur and nitrogen oxides negatively impact vegetation growth.
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Oxidative stress
The document discusses oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It defines ROS and lists some examples like superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. It describes how ROS are produced endogenously through processes like mitochondrial electron transport, and exogenously through factors like pollution, radiation, and xenobiotics. The effects of ROS include DNA damage and modulation of signal transduction pathways. It also discusses antioxidants, dividing them into antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, chain breaking antioxidants like vitamins C and E, and transition metal binding proteins.
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Carbon is one of the most important elements and is the main building block of organisms. It can be found in many everyday items and is readily available on Earth. Carbon dioxide in the air is used by plants through photosynthesis and enters animals when they eat food, then it is released back into the air through respiration. Fossil fuels are formed from decayed plants and animals over millions of years and release carbon dioxide when burned.
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The document discusses air pollution, defining it as contamination of the air indoors or outside. It can be caused by harmful gases, dust, or smoke entering the atmosphere. Air pollution can harm plants, animals, and humans by making air dirty and difficult to breathe. It is classified into visible and invisible types and can be caused by both natural sources like volcanoes and human activities like burning fossil fuels. Major effects of air pollution include respiratory illnesses and heart disease in humans as well as damage to materials and negative impacts on wildlife habitats and health.
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This document discusses air pollution, its sources, classification, and impacts on human health and the environment. It provides the following key points:
- Air pollution kills an estimated 7 million people worldwide each year. Many cities in India, including Delhi, are among the most polluted in the world.
- Both natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes as well as anthropogenic sources like vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning contribute to air pollution.
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Land pollution
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Carcinogenesis
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ROS can be produced from both endogenous and exogenous sources
Attack both purine and pyrimidine bases, as well as the deoxyribose backbone
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Air pollution harms human health, plants, animals, and ecosystems. Some pollutants fall to Earth as acid rain, damaging crops, forests, and aquatic environments. Most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, releasing compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Incompletely burned fuels also release volatile organic chemicals while decomposing garbage emits methane. Air pollution can travel long distances and harm distant environments. It causes breathing issues and cancer in humans as well as global warming effects.
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This document summarizes different types of air pollutants including criteria pollutants and non-criteria pollutants. It describes the six main criteria pollutants which are regulated by the EPA: particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, and ground-level ozone. It also discusses various non-criteria pollutants such as volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and greenhouse gases, providing details on their sources and health effects. The document provides an overview of major air pollutants and their characteristics.
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1. The document discusses air pollution and provides information on its sources, classification, and effects. It defines air pollution and pollutants and describes the composition and structure of the atmosphere.
2. Major sources of air pollution discussed include industries, vehicles, and natural sources. Air pollutants are classified based on their origin, state of matter, and presence in the indoor or outdoor environment.
3. The effects of several common air pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and hydrocarbons are outlined for humans, plants, and materials. Particulate matter can cause lung damage in humans while sulfur and nitrogen oxides negatively impact vegetation growth.
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This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
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The document discusses oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It defines ROS and lists some examples like superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. It describes how ROS are produced endogenously through processes like mitochondrial electron transport, and exogenously through factors like pollution, radiation, and xenobiotics. The effects of ROS include DNA damage and modulation of signal transduction pathways. It also discusses antioxidants, dividing them into antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, chain breaking antioxidants like vitamins C and E, and transition metal binding proteins.
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Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, loss of breath, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources.
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carcinogens and carcinogenesis
This document discusses carcinogens and carcinogenesis. It defines carcinogenesis as the mechanism of inducing tumors, and carcinogens as agents that can induce tumors. Carcinogenesis is discussed under chemical, physical, and biological carcinogens. Chemical carcinogens are divided into direct-acting and indirect-acting carcinogens. The stages of chemical carcinogenesis are initiation, promotion, and progression. Physical carcinogens include radiation like ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation, as well as non-radiation agents. Biological carcinogens discussed are viruses, which can induce cancer through integrating into the host cell DNA or by retroviruses inserting their genome.
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This document discusses air pollution, its sources, effects, and methods for prevention and control. It notes that air pollution is a constant problem worldwide that threatens human existence and requires sustained national and international attention. Major sources of air pollution include industrial activities, automobiles, domestic fuel burning, agriculture, and natural phenomena. Air pollution has both individual health effects like respiratory illnesses and global environmental impacts such as ozone depletion, global warming, and acid rain. Prevention strategies include proper industrial siting, emissions containment, technology replacements, green belts, legislation, and international cooperation.
Lecture_6_Environmental-Pollution.ppt
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A poison is any substance that causes harm if it gets into the body in large enough doses. The amount of a substance that enters the body is called the dose. Poisons can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or injection. Common poisons include drugs, household chemicals, pesticides, carbon monoxide, and snake venom. Symptoms and treatment depend on the specific poison, but often involve supporting vital functions and detoxification through methods like activated charcoal or dialysis.
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MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Olfactory Genes:
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400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
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Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
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Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
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Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- 1. Prof (Dr) Viyatprajna Acharya, MD, PhD www.drvpacharya.com
- 2. Substance that increases in quantity due to human activity and adversely affects the environment e.g. CO2, SO2 ,Pb etc
- 3. A substance which is not present in nature but released during human activity e.g. DDT, Malathion
- 5. Pollutant/ Contaminant Source Mech. Of action Adverse effects Sulfur dioxide Combustion of coal & oil SO2 & SO3 in presence of water vapor form sulphurous & sulphuric acid •DPL affected •↑ airway resistance •Bronchitis •Lung CA •Acid rain Carbon monoxide Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, aircrafts, automobiles Carboxy Hb ↓ supply of O2 to tissues Normal: 0.16% carboxyHb C/F appears > 20% Death > 60% Irritability, dizziness, numbness, headache, nausea etc
- 6. Carbon dioxide Deforestation, burning of coal, oil Traps radiation, ↑earth temp Green house effect Body adapts to minor alteration Altered electrolyte balance Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Combustion of fossil fuels Combines with Hb More harmful than CO •Irritation of eyes & nose •↓pulmonary function •Acid rain Particulates Grinding , spraying, smoking •Pulmonary irritant •Carry microbes
- 8. Passive cigarette smoking- 3 times more dangerous Formaldehyde Radon gas CFC Benzene Mercury
- 9. CORROSIVES
- 10. Strong acids- Circulatory collapse, spasm of glottis Strong alkalies- dehydrate & coagulate proteins Salts- ZnCl2, KCN, Chromate
- 11. Causes tissue anoxia by chelating ferric ions of Cytochrome oxidase (IV) Suicide,Terrorists, factories dealing with Prussic acid or KCN, ingestion of Amygdalin Antidote- Dicobalt edatate (Kelocyanor), Sodium nitrite, Sod. thiosulfate
- 12. Chemical irritants- P, Cl, Br, I Metallic irritants-As, Sb, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag Organic irritants- Castor, calotropis, croton
- 13. Pb Hg Al As Cd
- 14. Source: Paint Exhaust of automobiles (TEL) Lead pipes Newspaper, xerox, printing Batteries, soldering radiator
- 15. Cumulative poison o 90%- bones o 9%- blood o 1%- brain > 10 mg/dl in children & > 25 mg/dl in adults – Poisoning Crosses placenta Secreted in milk > 70 mg/dl- acute toxicity
- 16. Pregnancy: Miscarriage, still birth, premature birth Children: MR, learning disabilities, behavioural problems, hyper excitability, seizures Anemia, abdominal colic, loss of appetite Adult: neurologic damage, encephalopathy, mania etc Anemia, abdominal colic, Nephropathy Blue line in gums Basophilic stippling of RBCs (agglutination of ribosomes) Globin synthesis affected Pb inhibits ALA synthase & dehydratase
- 17. Lead level in blood Measurement of ALA in urine or serum Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
- 18. Calcium dodecyl edatate Penicillamine BAL Dimercaptosuccinic acid
- 19. Elemental Inorganic Organic
- 20. Elemental: Pulmonary edema, encephalopathy Chronic– Erethism- oral lesions, tremors, hatter’s shake, Mercuriolentis, psycho. Changes Inorganic: Gingivitis, gastritis, vomiting, pulm edema Chronic– Erethism, CRF (Alice inWonderland)
- 21. Organic source: Minamata disease Triad : Dysarthria, ataxia, visual field constriction