GCSE Chemistry [C3]

What are atoms like? ,[object Object],Back to Contents

The Structure of the Atom ,[object Object],Na Nucleus Electrons They are very, very tiny so the atom is mainly empty space. Electrons have a negative charge Shells The first shell always contains two electrons when full whereas the other shells have a maximum of eight electrons The nucleus contains protons which have a positive charge. It also contains neutrons which have no charge *Na being sodium with this particular atomic structure. Back to Contents

How atoms combine ,[object Object],Back to Contents

Ionic bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Ionic bonding example ,[object Object],Na Na Cl Cl 1+ 1-

Covalent bonding and the structure of the periodic table ,[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Covalent Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Covalent Bonding Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],1 2 Or for simplicity, use the outer shell Or for simplicity, use the outer shell xx xx x x oo oo o o o x xx xx oo oo o x xx xx xx x x xx xx xx xx x o x o x o oo oo oo oo oo oo o o xx xx xx x o oo oo oo Back to Contents

The Periodic table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Mass and Atomic Numbers ,[object Object],Na Sodium 23 11 Symbol Element name Atomic Number Mass Number The atomic number is the number of protons. It is also equal to the number of electrons (only in an atom) The total number of protons and neutrons Back to Contents Particle Charge Relative mass Protons +1 1 Neutrons 0 1 Electrons -1 0.0005

Group 1 Elements ,[object Object],Back to Contents

Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents Remember that the equation can be substituted with any of the alkali metals

Test for Alkali Metals ,[object Object],Back to Contents *The elements with full names are the ones that are needed Alkali Metal Flame Colour Li (Lithium)* Red Na (Sodium)* Strong persistent orange K (Potassium)* Lilac (pink) Rb (Rubidium)* Red (reddish-violet) Cs (Caesium)* Blue? Violet? (disagreement in books and on the internet) Ca (Francium)* Orange-red Sr Red Ba Pale green Cu Blue-green (often with white flashes) Pb Greyish-white

Group 7 Elements ,[object Object],Back to Contents

Halogens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Displacement Reactions of the Halogens ,[object Object],Key [n] = no reaction [y] = a reaction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],When a halogen is part of a solution with Potassium it can be used to make a displacement reaction where possible. The results are known by the colours that it produces. A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from one of its compounds. Back to Contents KCl KBr KI Cl Yellow/brown [y] Purple [y] Br Orange/brown [n] Purple [y] I Purple [n] Purple [n]

Halogens and Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Electrolysis ,[object Object],Back to Contents

Electrolysis of Sulphuric Acid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Electrolysis of Aluminium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],+ + Carbon Cathode Carbon Anodes + + Aluminium Alumina + Cryolite Aluminium out Steel container Back to Contents Remember that oxidation happens at the anode and reduction happens at the cathode

Flame Test ,[object Object],Back to Contents

How to do a Flame Test ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Transition elements ,[object Object],Back to Contents

Properties and Uses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Metal Compounds ,[object Object],Back to Contents Copper oxide is black in colour ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Transition metal ions Colour of compounds Example Copper (II) Blue Copper (II) sulphate Iron (II) Light green Iron (II) nitrate Iron (III) Orange/brown Iron (III) chloride

Thermal Decomposition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Identifying transition metal ions ,[object Object],Back to Contents Add sodium hydroxide solution to a transition metal compound solution which mixes metal ions and hydroxide ions, thus forming a precipitate of metal hydroxide. Transition metal ion Formula of transition metal ion Colour of metal hydroxide precipitate Copper (II) Cu² ⁺ Blue Iron (II) Fe² ⁺ Grey/green Iron (III) Fe ³⁺ orange Equation: Fe² ⁺ + 2OH ⁻  Fe (OH) ₂

Metal structure and Properties ,[object Object],Back to Contents

Properties of Typical Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

Metallic Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents Metal ion Electron Key + + + + + + + + + +

Superconductors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back to Contents

GCSE Chemistry [C3]

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GCSE Chemistry [C3]