The document discusses atomic structure, ionic and covalent bonding, limestone and its uses in construction, extracting metals, crude oil and its fractional distillation, polymers, emulsions, and saturated and unsaturated fats. It explains that atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons, and how ionic and covalent bonding occurs. It also describes how limestone is used to make cement, mortar and concrete, and the limestone cycle.

1. CHEMISTRY 1
NANCY

2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

3. Atomic Structure
• Every atom contains:
• Electrons =
• +1 Proton
• No charge Neutron
• -1 Electron

4. IONIC BONDING
• METALLIC + NON METALLIC = IONIC
BOND
• Metal atoms lose electrons to make
POSITIVE Ions
• Atoms of Non-metals GAIN electrons to
form NEGATIVE Ions
• OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT

5. COVALENT BONDS
• NON METALLIC + NON METALLIC =
COVALENT BONDING
• BY SHARING ELECTRONS
• Simple molecular compound =OXYGEN
& DIAMOND
• CHLORINE & CO2 = MOLECULE

6. SODIUM CHLORIDE
IONIC BONDS
• Sodium Metal SUPER REACTIVE
• Chloride gas MAKESYOU SICK
• Through IONIC BONDING they
become SODIUM CHLORIDE

7. LIMESTONE

8. LIMESTONE AND
BUILDING MATERIAL
• USED FOR :
• Building STATUES
• Limestone + Clay = CEMENT
• Limestone + Clay +Sand = MORTAR
• Limestone + Clay + Sand + Aggregate
[Small stones] = CONCRETE

9. QUARRYING
• BAD : Noise ; Dust ; Pollution ; Spoilt
landscape
• GOOD : Valuable Material ; Employment

10. LIMESTONE CYCLE
• Calcium Carbonate[CaCo3] THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION
• Calcium Oxide [CaO]---> Solid Calcium
Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] --> Calcium
Hydroxide Solution [Ca(OH)2 (aq)]

12. CARBONATES THAT
THERMALLY DECOMP
• Calcium Carbonate --> CaO+CO2
• Copper Carbonate --> Copper Oxide +
CO2
• Zinc Carbonate --> Zinc Oxide + CO2
• Magnesium Carbonate --> Magnesium
oxide + CO2

13. DECOMPOSING
CARBONATES
• Carbonates at the TOP of GROUP 1 are
DIFFICULT to DECOMPOSE

14. EXTRACTING
METALS

15. HOW TO GET
METALS
• METAL ORE contains A LOT OF
METAL --> Chemically combined with O2
--> have impurities
• 1.CONCENTRATE ORE - remove
impurities
• 2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS - Remove
Oxygen --> METALYAY

16. PRICES OF METAL
AND EXTRACTION
• NOT WORTHWHILE to spend a LOT
of money on a process with a CHEAP
PRODUCT
• Price changes IF:
• CHEAPER extraction method/ extracts
MORE
• Metal INCREASES in VALUE

17. EXTRACTING SOME
OTHER METALS
• Based on REACTIVITY SERIES
• IRON ORE/OXIDE + CARBON -->
IRON + CO2
• Anything BELOW Carbon can be oxidised
with Carbon
• Creates CO2 as well due to oxygen

18. EXTRACTING SOME
OTHER METALS
• ABOVE CARBON --> MELT & Use
ELECTROLYSIS to separate METAL
from OXYGEN
• Process&Metal are EXPENSIVE as a lot
of ENERGY is used

19. EXTRACTING SOME
OTHER METALS
• COPPER OXIDE + CARBON -->
IMPURE COPPER + CO2
• IMPURE COPPER -->
ELECTROLYSIS --> PURE COPPER
• Copper ores RUNNING OUT

20. CRUDE OIL

21. WHERE IT COMES
FROM
• ALWAYS found buried DEEP in ROCK
• e.g. Underwater --> Pipeline carries it
up to OIL RIG and to a TANKER
• CRUDE OIL - MIXTURE of compounds
; EASILY separated

22. HOW TO SEPARATE
CRUDE OIL MIXTURE
• IDEA :
• Boiling tube has 3 LIQUID
COMPOUNDS
• EACH has it’s own BOILING POINT
e.g. 70º 150º and 350º [ Temp liquid>Gas]
• Boil to evaporate liquids until ONE IS
LEFT

23. DISTILLATION
[separating liquids]
• LOW Boiling point :
• HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
• Good for FUEL
• LOW viscosity [ THICKNESS ]

24. DISTILLATION
[separating liquids]
• HIGH Boiling point :
• LOW FLAMMABILITY
• HIGH viscosity [ THICKNESS ]

25. CRUDE OIL
• Each product is a HYDROCARBON
MOLECULE

26. FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION
• Crude Oil comes from LEFT-
• HOTTESTTEMP
• Substances EVAPORATE
• Evaporate at different points
• MOLECULE SIZE LARGEST at
BOTTOM

27. CRACKING
HYDROCARBONS
• SHORT CHAIN HYDROCARBONS
-->TOP of fractional distillation
• HIGH flammability ; LOW viscosity ;
LOW boiling point
• VERY USEFUL

28. CRACKING
HYDROCARBONS
• CUT hydrocarbons into smaller pieces to
make them MORE USEFUL
• THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
HEATPROOF WOOL
soaked in
HYDROCARBON
LIQUID
Pieces of CERAMIC
CATALYST
HEAT
HEATED and
EVAPORATES

29. CRACKING
HYDROCARBONS
• ALKANE becomes [NO double bonds]
• -->
• Shorter Hydrocarbon Chain ; MORE
USEFUL because SHORT CHAIN [Has
ALL good features]

30. POLYMERS

31. POLYMERS
• ETHENE is an ALKENE =
FLAMMABLE
• LONG Chain of Ethene - React it and it
makes a POLYMER [polymerisation]
• Products of Ethene GAS is different to
POLYETHENE [plastic product]
• Molecules called MONOMERS

32. POLYMERISATIO
• ETHENE --> C2H4
• Double bonds are BROKEN and joins the
next ethene molecule
• Substance = Polyethene
• Same process with PROPENE -->
POLYPROPENE

33. BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
• In LANDFILL SITES after a few years,
POLYMERS will not rot --> VERY
UNREACTIVE
• To make them BIODEGRADABLE [Can
be EATEN by BACTERIA] you add
CORNSTARCH.

34. NEW POLYMER USES
• PACKAGING food
• Fabric COATING
• HYDROGELS - Absorb a LOT of water
• BREATHABLE fabric - GORTEX
• SHAPE MEMORY polymers - Glasses ;
Car Bumpers --> Heat for original shape

35. ETHANOL
• Make:
• DRINKS
• DISINFECTANT
• PERFUME
• FUEL

36. FERMENTING
• USE: Sugar ; YEAST ;Water
• Sugar (GLUCOSE) --> ETHANOL +
CO2

37. REACT ETHENE WITH
STEAM
• HYDRATION REACTION
• Ethene +Water [steam] --> ETHANOL

38. COMPARE
• FERMENT?
• YES: Cheap
• LOW Temp
• NO:
• CO2
• uses CROP LAND
• ETHENE & STEAM?

39. EMULSIONS

40. OIL&WATER
• COMBINES water&Oil
• HOW?
• Emulsifiers keep oil as TINY DROPLETS
that spread : NO SEPARATION

41. EMULSIONS ARE...
• ...MOREVISCOUS
• BETTER at COATING [sticky]
• Better TEXTURE
• e.g. Salad DRESSING ; Mayonnaise ; Ice
cream ; Milk ; Paint ; Cosmetics

42. HOW EMULSIFIERS
WORK
• HYDROPHOBIC tail attracts towards
OIL
• HYDROPHILIC head REPELS water
• This keeps the oil droplets as DROPLETS

43. SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED

44. SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED FATS
• SATURATED FATS
• SOLID [High MELTING point]
• Come from ANIMALS [butter]
• LESS healthy [+ BLOOD CHOLESTEROL]
• UNSATURATED FATS [ oil ]
• LIQUID [Low MP]
• PLANTS [Olive Oil]

45. SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED FATS
• SATURATED FATS
• NO DOUBLE BONDS
• UNSATURATED FATS [ oil ]

46. TEST FOR
SATURATED FAT
• React substance with UNSATURATED
FAT bromine water is COLOURLESS
• SATURATED - NO colour change

47. WHICH FORM IS
BETTER?
• PLANT OIL has LONG hydrocarbon
chains - LIQUID
• in SOLID form it’s more useful -
SPREADABLE

48. EARTH AND THE
ATMOSPHERE

49. EARTH STRUCTURE