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igcse ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION.pptx
- 1. a chemistry subdisciplineinvolving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials Organic chemistry
- 3. Organic compounds: anymember of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon (such as CO and CO2), and cyanides are considered inorganic. Hydrocarbon organic compound consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon General formula The molecular formula of a class of compounds in which actual numbers are represented by x, n etc.
- 4. Functional groups arespecific groups (moieties) of atoms or bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
- 5. Homologous series isa series of compounds have same function group, with the same general formula.
- 6. Homologous series shouldhave the same number and type of functional groups
- 9. The structural formulaof a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged.
- 10. Structural formula ❣A fullstructural formula shows every bond and atom. Usually 90°120°and 180°angles are used to show the bonds in a 2D page. ❣A condensed structural formula often omits bonds where they can assumed, and groups atoms together. ❣A stereochemical formula attempts to show the relative positions of atoms and groups around carbon in 3D.
- 12.
- 13. Alkanes（saturated hydrocarbons） The namesof the straight chain saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon chain are shown below.
- 14. Structural isomers aremolecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms. 同分异构体 Structure isomers maybe in the same homologous and maybe not
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- 18. Primary carbon atoms:connect only one carbon atom with C-C bond. Primary molecules: functional group connect with primary carbon atom.
- 19. Secondary carbon atoms:connect two carbon atom with C-C bond. Secondary molecules: functional group connect with secondary carbon atom.
- 20. Tertiary carbon atoms:connect three carbon atom with C-C bond. Tertiary molecules: functional group connect with tertiary carbon atom.
- 21. Quaternary carbon atoms:connect four carbon atom with C-C bond.
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- 23. Arene Arenes are aclass of hydrocarbons that are derived from benzene, C6H6 Aromatics are a class of compounds that are derived from benzene, C6H6 Aliphatics are organic compounds don’t contain phenyl functional group.
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- 25. Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbon Completecombustion Incomplete combustion Produce C or CO
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- 27. Addition reaction An additionreaction, in organic chemistry, is in its simplest terms an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one.
- 28. Addition of hydrogenhalides
- 29. Addition of water:hydration Distinguishing between alkane and alkene Alkene: bromine water- orange to colorless anywhere Alkane: bromine water- no color change in dark H2SO4
- 30. Monomer Polyethene orPolythene
- 31. Other addition polymerizations MonomerPolypropene or Polypropylene
- 34. H+/Cr2O7 2- H+/Cr2O7 2- If MnO4 2-/H+ isused as oxidizing agent, the color changes from purple to colorless (Mn2+) H+/Cr2O7 2- H+/Cr2O7 2-
- 35. Distillation: for synthesizingaldehyde Different boiling point → separate substances
- 36. Reflux: for synthesizingcarboxylic acids
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- 40. Nucleophiles (亲核试剂) areelectron rich or negatively charged species 亲核反应 React with alkali, ammonium and cyanide
- 41.