Atomic Structure and the Periodic TablePaul Schumann
Sharon Williams, Water Valley High School
Presented at CAST 2008, ACT2 Strand, 11/6/09
Objectives
Identify important developments in the history of atomic theory.
Summarize Dalton’s atomic theory.
Describe the size of an atom.
Distinguish among protons, electrons, and neutrons in terms of relative mass and change.
Describe the structure of an atom, including the location of the protons, electrons, and neutrons with respect to the nucleus.
Explain how the atomic number identifies an element.
Use the atomic number and mass number of an element to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Explain how isotopes differ and why the atomic masses of elements are not whole numbers.
Calculate the average atomic mass of an element from isotope data.
AS Level Biology - 1) Biological MoleculesArm Punyathorn
To understand Biology, one must first understand the basic chemistry of it - which is relatively simple as opposed to normal chemistry. All you have to know about is Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein and Water.
A level Biology - Cells, Viruses and Reproduction of Living Thingsmrexham
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 2 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
Atomic Structure and the Periodic TablePaul Schumann
Sharon Williams, Water Valley High School
Presented at CAST 2008, ACT2 Strand, 11/6/09
Objectives
Identify important developments in the history of atomic theory.
Summarize Dalton’s atomic theory.
Describe the size of an atom.
Distinguish among protons, electrons, and neutrons in terms of relative mass and change.
Describe the structure of an atom, including the location of the protons, electrons, and neutrons with respect to the nucleus.
Explain how the atomic number identifies an element.
Use the atomic number and mass number of an element to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Explain how isotopes differ and why the atomic masses of elements are not whole numbers.
Calculate the average atomic mass of an element from isotope data.
AS Level Biology - 1) Biological MoleculesArm Punyathorn
To understand Biology, one must first understand the basic chemistry of it - which is relatively simple as opposed to normal chemistry. All you have to know about is Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein and Water.
A level Biology - Cells, Viruses and Reproduction of Living Thingsmrexham
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 2 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about respiration. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
This is the first PowerPoint in the mrexham IGCSE Biology series. It is also available on iBooks.
It covers the Cells section from life processes of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about respiration. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
This is the first PowerPoint in the mrexham IGCSE Biology series. It is also available on iBooks.
It covers the Cells section from life processes of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
This is a detailed presentation on electricity of class ten standard. Students across all boards will be benefitted from it. It is designed in order to understand the topic easily. Information is given in a way so that everyone can understand it. Hope everyone will get help from it.
About the presenter:
Akshay is 13 years old and a member of Mango Astronomy club. He loves physics. He is excited about learning the fundamentals in all areas of science and technology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Digital Artifact 2 - Investigating Pavilion Designs
GCSE AQA PHYSICS UNIT2
1. Velocity & Acceleration Physics Fission and fusion
Forces Radioactive decay
Work and Energy Power in electrical appliances
Momentum Mains Electricity
Static Electricity Circuits
Unit 2
Click on a to jump to that section
2. Home Next
Velocity & Acceleration
Distance-time graphs:
They show the distance
an object,
e.g. a car has moved in a
certain amount of time.
Videos
Acceleration Part 1
Acceleration Part 2
Speed and Velocity
3. Back
Acceleration= change in velocity (m/s) Next
(m/s²)
Home
time taken for change (s)
Velocity-time graphs
• Velocity is speed in a given direction
• Acceleration is change of velocity
per second
A body travelling at a steady speed is
accelerating if its direction is changing.
4. Back Next
Home
Forces
• Force is measured in newton's (N)
• The force of friction always acts in the opposite direction of
the movement.
• Friction occurs when an object moves through air or water,
when solid objects slide (they heat up and wear away).
• Weight= mass x gravitational field strength
(newton, N) (kilogram, kg) (newton/kilogram, N/kg) Usually 10N/Kg,
unless the question
states otherwise.
Stopping Distance
Stopping distance of a car= braking + thinking distance Remember: You cannot
SLOW down time, you
Depends on the weather Depends on the driver’s
can just INCREASE
conditions (wet/icy roads) reaction time: tiredness,
and the vehicle, (worn drugs, alcohol, and the collision time, INCREASE
brakes/tyres). speed. reaction time etc.
5. Back Next
Resultant force= mass x acceleration
Home (newton, N) (kg) (m/s²)
• A stationary object remains still because the resultant force is zero.
This is because both forces acting on it are balanced.
• E.g. a book is sat on in your hand, the weight of the book
is equivalent to the force your hand is exerting to keep it in place.
Terminal velocity= constant speed
When an object falls through a fluid, the faster it
moves, the greater the force of friction.
When a body falls:
1) At the start, it accelerates (due to the force
of gravity-weight),
2) Frictional forces (e.g. air resistance)
increase …until they balance the
gravitational force,
3) Then the resultant force is zero, and the
body falls at its ‘terminal velocity’.
6. Back Next
Home
Work and Energy
• A moving object also has movement energy, also called kinetic energy.
• When a force moves an object, energy is transferred and work is done:
Work done (joules , J) = energy transferred (joules , J)
Work done (J) = force applied (N) x distance moved in the direction of the force (m)
Kinetic energy= ½ x mass x speed²
Kinetic energy can be transformed into other forms of energy as shown in the table:
Example: K.Energy is
transformed into:
A car braking Heat in brakes + An object has more kinetic
tyres energy:
A wind turbine Electricity, heat, -If it has a bigger mass
sound -If it travels at a higher speed
Rollercoaster car, Gravitational
going up a ramp potential energy Video
(g.p.e), heat Potential & Kinetic Energy
7. Back Next
Home
Momentum
• Momentum has both MAGNITUDE and
DIRECTION.
• ‘Momentum is conserved’ means that the
momentum before=momentum after. i.e. the
total momentum remains the same.
• In a collision, momentum isn’t always
conserved because there are external forces
acting on the colliding objects.
Newtons kgm/s seconds
8. Back In a car crash… Next
• Crumple zones are created to increase collision time,
therefore decreasing the force.
• Seatbelts stretch slightly, increases the time,
decreasing the force acting on the driver.
• Airbags also slow you down more gradually.
Remember always refer to,
‘force= change in momentum ÷ time taken for change’.
Home
9. Back Next
Home
Static Electricity
• Electrostatic precipitators and photocopiers
make use of electrostatic charges.
• When certain materials rub against each other
they become charged.
• The material that gains electrons becomes
negatively charged.
• The material that loses electrons becomes
positively charged.
10. Back Next
Home
Electrostatic Precipitators
Dangers
The more charge put on an object, the higher the
voltage (p.d) between the object and earth. If the
p.d is very high, then a spark can jump between the
object and any earthed conductor.
• Smoke particles pick up a
negative charge.
• Smoke particles are attracted to
the collecting plates.
• Collecting plates are knocked to
remove the smoke particles.
11. Back Next
Preventing fires and explosions
• A liquid flowing through a pipe can become
charged by rubbing. This can be dangerous
because it could cause a spark if the substance is
inflammable.
• Whenever an aeroplane is being refuelled by a
tanker, they are always connected by a copper
wire.
• Friction between the fuel and pipe gains
electrons, charging the fuel and pipe, earthing
the object prevents a spark and explosion.
Home
12. Back Circuits Next
Home
amps
Resistors in series Resistors in parallel
Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR)
Thermistor
The same current goes through The current is shared
all the components The p.d is equal for both
The p.d across the cell is shared
Resistance= R1 + R2
Voltmeters are
placed parallel
Ammeters are placed
in series
13. Back Next
Home
Mains Electricity
• Frequency of mains supply in UK = 50 Hertz
Alternating Current (a.c) Direct current (d.c)
-Is constantly - Flows in only one direction
changing direction
-As the frequency is 50Hz,
each cycle lasts for 1/50th second
The mains supply in the UK is 230V
The live terminal alternates between a positive and negative voltage with respect to the
neutral terminal.
The neutral terminal stays at a voltage close to 0 with respect to earth.
14. Back Next
The 3 pin plug
Home
The cable has a plastic cover because plastic is a good
insulator.
Copper wires inside the cable are good conductors.
The Earth Wire- for safety
Appliances with metal cases need to be earthed.
The case is connected to the earth pin (by the green/yellow wire).
If a fault connects the case to the live wire, then a large current
flows to earth and melts the fuse.
The fuse:
Must be in the live wire so the appliance becomes disconnected,
Should have a value (rating) higher than (but as close as possible to) the
normal working current,
Can be replaced by a circuit breaker.
15. Back Next
Home
Power in electrical appliances
• Electrical appliances are used to transform electrical
energy to some other useful form of energy.
• This may be light, sound, heat, kinetic energy and many
more.
Power(W)= energy transformed(J) ÷ time taken(s)
Power(W)= current (A) x p.d (V)
Energy Transferred(J)= p.d (V) x charge (Coulomb)
Charge(C)= Current(A) x Time (S)
16. Back Next
Home
Radioactive decay
• Atomic Structure
At one time, scientists believed in a ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom.
They believed that the negative electrons were stuck in a blob of
matter.
Then Rutherford and Marsden fired alpha particles at gold foil (gold
leaf) which scattered them, as shown:
Rutherford had shown that
the atom had a tiny, heavy,
positively charged nucleus.
Science Daily
17. Back Protons +Neutrons = Mass Number Next
Protons = Atomic number
Home Number of Electrons =
Number of Protons
The nucleus is made up of protons AND neutrons, with electrons orbiting.
In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
Atoms can gain or lose electrons to become charged particles called ions.
Different elements have a different number of protons (atomic number).
Atoms of the same element can have different number of neutrons but to remain
the same element they have to have the same number of protons.
These are called isotopes.
Lithium can have several numbers of neutrons for
one isotope and less/more in another.
Background radiation
This comes from natural and artificial
sources
18. Back Next
Home
Radioactive decay…
• Radioactivity occurs as a result of changes in the nuclei of atoms.
• A radioactive isotope is an atom with an unstable nucleus.
• When it splits up (decays):
• It emits alpha, beta or gamma radiation,
• A different atom is formed, with a different number of protons.
In Beta you lose 0 in the mass
and gain 1 proton. So 6
protons turns to 7 protons, 8
neutrons goes to 7 neutrons.
This is why the mass remains
the same number. The proton
has gained one, neutron lost
one.
The new atom has 2 protons (and
neutrons) less than the original
atom= different element.
19. Back Next
Home Fission and Fusion
• In a nuclear power station energy is released
from the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process
called, ‘nuclear fission’. This energy is
transformed into electrical energy.
• When an atom is bombarded with a neutron:
the nucleus may split, ‘fission’ into two
smaller nuclei.
• This can lead to a chain reaction.
Uranium 235 and Plutonium 239 are used in nuclear fission.
20. Back
Fission and Fusion
• Nuclear fusion is the joining of two nuclei, forming a
larger one, e.g. hydrogen -> helium
• The sun is an example of nuclear fusion.
• Nuclear fusion reactors are not used to produce energy
in a nuclear power station because the reaction does
not last long enough and they use more energy than
they produce.
• However, scientists continue to try and develop a
practical fusion reactor because it will give another
source of energy, would not produce any radioactive
waste and want to show that it can be done.
Home