Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that range from unicellular to multicellular, lack chlorophyll, and reproduce via spores. They play important roles in decomposition as saprophytes and have both beneficial and harmful effects. Beneficially, they are used in food production and to produce antibiotics, while some are plant and human pathogens. Fungi exhibit a variety of structures, including hyphae that make up the vegetative mycelium, and reproduce both sexually, forming spores, and asexually through processes like budding or fission.

6. Fungi
Eucaryotic, unicellular to multicellular, microscopic
to macroscopic organisms, spore bearer with
absorptive nutrition and lacking chlorophyll

7. Distribution
• Terrestrial, fresh water and marine
• Also in polar region

8. Importance
Beneficial-
• act as decomposer, degrade complex organic
compound
• Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and others are
recycled
• Making of bread, wine, beer
• Preparation of cheeses, soy sauce and sufu
• Production of organic acids- citric acid, gallic acid
• Drugs- cortisone
• Antibiotics- penicillin,

9. Beneficial
• Immunosuppressive drug- cyclosporin
• Important research tool

10. Harmful effect-
• Pathogenic for plants, animals
• Over 5000 sp attack economically valuable crops,
garden plants and many wild plants
• About 20 new human fungal pathogens are
documented each year

11. Structure
• Single cell ( yeast) to multi-cellular
• Cell wall is having chitin
• Thallus- vegetative structure
• Thallus consists of long, branched, thread like
structure called hyphae
• Collection of hyphae make mycelia
• Collection of mycelia make thallus

13. Mycelium

15. Nutrition and metabolism
• Most fungi are saprophytes
• They grow in dark, moist habitat rich with organic
materials
• Release hydrolytic enzymes to digest substrate
• Chemoorganoheterotroph
• Storage material-glycogen
• Use glucose or maltose and nitrogenous
compounds to synthesize their own amino acids
and proteins
• They are usually aerobic except yeast(facultative
anaerobe)

16. • Obligatory anaerobes are found in rumen

17. Reproduction-asexual
1. Transverse fission-

18. 2. Budding-

20. Reproduction
3.Arthrospore

21. 4.sporangiospore

23. 5.chlamydospore

24. 6. Zoospore

25. 7. conidiospore

26. Sexual reproduction

27. Zygospore

30. Ascospore

32. Ascocarp

33. Basidiospores

34. 1

36. 2

39. 3

41. 4

42. Classification
Sub class- Urediniomycetes
Mycelial or yeast form
5

43. Life cycle of Yeast

44. Ustiloginomycetes 6
• Common corn pathogen, causes tumour in plants
• Have specialized hyphae called appresorria for
penetrating host tissue
• With the help of these tomours are formed and
fungi grow inside to produce spores called
teliospores

48. Glomeramycota 7
• Ecologically important
• Eg. Mycorrhizal fungi- association between fungi
and plants

50. Importance of Mycorrhiza
• Fungus help protect its host from stress
• Delivers nutrients from soil
• Fungus get carbohydrate from the plant

51. Microsporidia 8
• Confusing taxonomy(curious fungi)
• Considered as protist
• Some are pathogens
• Are obligatory parasite, infects insects, fish,
human (AIDS patients are the target)
• Causes diarrhoea, pneumonia, encephalitis,
nephritis
• Morphology of spore- unique

52. polaroplast
exospore
endospore
nucleus
Polar tube
Posterior vacuole