Infectious Diseases of Public Health Importance and the Benefits of Vaccinati...Stephen Olubulyera
Review of infectious diseases of public health important and the benefits of vaccinating medical & health practitioners and the subordinate staffs against the disease at a hospital setting
Public Health and infectious disease prevention discusses the history and concepts of public health including social medicine, community health, and achievements in public health such as vaccination programs. It also covers challenges like emerging infectious diseases and inequality. Infectious disease prevention strategies are discussed including vaccination, sanitation, and health education. Herd immunity is described as resistance to disease when a large proportion of a group is immune. Major infectious diseases causing death are identified as respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria.
This document provides definitions and discusses key concepts regarding communicable disease epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. Communicable diseases are illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or from the environment. Studying communicable disease epidemiology is important due to changes in disease patterns, discovering new infections, and potential infectious origins of chronic diseases. Terminology discussed includes modes of transmission, hosts, vectors, reservoirs, incidence, prevalence, epidemics, pandemics, and eradication. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza are then summarized as examples of significant communicable diseases.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting an effective global response. It defines communicable diseases and discusses their importance, impact and burden. Key diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and avian influenza. Challenges in controlling these diseases are outlined. Approaches to intervention discussed include personal responsibility, utilitarian approaches, regulations and laws, and partnerships. The role of the World Bank in financing responses is summarized.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting a global response. It defines communicable diseases and their modes of transmission. Key points made include that communicable diseases account for a significant global disease burden, especially in low and middle income countries. Effective response requires approaches like strengthening health systems, partnerships, regulations, and personal responsibility. Selected diseases discussed in more detail include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, avian influenza, and neglected tropical diseases.
This document provides an overview of infectious disease epidemiology. It begins with a brief history of some major infectious disease outbreaks and their impacts. It then discusses concepts and definitions relevant to infectious disease epidemiology, including reservoirs, modes of transmission, epidemiological triad, and terminology. The document outlines the importance of studying infectious disease epidemiology and highlights current challenges like antimicrobial resistance and emerging/re-emerging pathogens. It also summarizes successes in disease eradication/elimination and the ongoing global burden of infectious diseases.
Infectious Diseases of Public Health Importance and the Benefits of Vaccinati...Stephen Olubulyera
Review of infectious diseases of public health important and the benefits of vaccinating medical & health practitioners and the subordinate staffs against the disease at a hospital setting
Public Health and infectious disease prevention discusses the history and concepts of public health including social medicine, community health, and achievements in public health such as vaccination programs. It also covers challenges like emerging infectious diseases and inequality. Infectious disease prevention strategies are discussed including vaccination, sanitation, and health education. Herd immunity is described as resistance to disease when a large proportion of a group is immune. Major infectious diseases causing death are identified as respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria.
This document provides definitions and discusses key concepts regarding communicable disease epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. Communicable diseases are illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or from the environment. Studying communicable disease epidemiology is important due to changes in disease patterns, discovering new infections, and potential infectious origins of chronic diseases. Terminology discussed includes modes of transmission, hosts, vectors, reservoirs, incidence, prevalence, epidemics, pandemics, and eradication. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza are then summarized as examples of significant communicable diseases.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting an effective global response. It defines communicable diseases and discusses their importance, impact and burden. Key diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and avian influenza. Challenges in controlling these diseases are outlined. Approaches to intervention discussed include personal responsibility, utilitarian approaches, regulations and laws, and partnerships. The role of the World Bank in financing responses is summarized.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting a global response. It defines communicable diseases and their modes of transmission. Key points made include that communicable diseases account for a significant global disease burden, especially in low and middle income countries. Effective response requires approaches like strengthening health systems, partnerships, regulations, and personal responsibility. Selected diseases discussed in more detail include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, avian influenza, and neglected tropical diseases.
This document provides an overview of infectious disease epidemiology. It begins with a brief history of some major infectious disease outbreaks and their impacts. It then discusses concepts and definitions relevant to infectious disease epidemiology, including reservoirs, modes of transmission, epidemiological triad, and terminology. The document outlines the importance of studying infectious disease epidemiology and highlights current challenges like antimicrobial resistance and emerging/re-emerging pathogens. It also summarizes successes in disease eradication/elimination and the ongoing global burden of infectious diseases.
This document discusses the prevention of common infectious diseases in elderly patients in nursing homes. It begins by stating that healthcare is shifting its focus from disease treatment to prevention, which reduces costs and improves patient outcomes. It then discusses the role of certified nursing assistants (CNAs) in preventing infection spread given their frequent patient contact. Finally, it outlines several common infections - urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, skin infections, and gastrointestinal infections - and provides prevention strategies for each.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses:
1. Definitions of health, disease, illness, sickness, and public health.
2. The definition of epidemiology as the study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and health conditions in populations and applying this to disease prevention and health promotion.
3. The components of an epidemiological definition including the study of frequency, distribution, determinants, and application to prevention and promotion of health.
This document provides definitions and information about communicable diseases (CD) and their transmission. It begins with learning objectives and then defines key terms related to CD and transmission. It discusses how CD can be classified based on causative organisms, clinical presentation, or body system affected. The document also covers reservoirs of infection, the chain of disease transmission including the six steps, and effects of agents on hosts. It provides examples of reservoirs including humans, animals, and the environment.
This document discusses communicable and non-communicable diseases, modern medical technologies, and herbal medicines. It provides details on various diseases including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. Modern technologies that have helped medicine are described such as X-rays, lasers, and MRI machines. Famous scientists who contributed to medical advances are also listed. The document concludes by identifying common Philippine herbal plants used to treat illnesses and those approved by the Department of Health.
World health day theme for 2014- vector borne diseasePjs Sudhakar Naik
World Health Day was celebrated on April 7th, 2014 at ESI Hospital in Ramachandra Puram, India. The theme was "Vector Borne Diseases - Small Bite, Big Threat". A CME event was held discussing the prevention of vector borne diseases like malaria and dengue. Vector borne diseases affect over half the world's population and are transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, ticks and other vectors. Common vector borne diseases discussed were malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever. Prevention methods included insecticide treated nets, indoor residual spraying, larviciding, and prompt treatment of cases.
This document discusses various classifications of infectious diseases and drug therapy for treating them. It describes how infectious diseases can be classified based on factors like onset/duration (acute, chronic, etc.), location (local, focal, systemic), items present in the bloodstream (septicaemia, bacteremia, etc.), and epidemiological patterns (endemic, epidemic, pandemic, etc.). It then provides details on different classes of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections, including beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams) and chloramphenicol. It notes challenges like increasing antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses communicable diseases and focuses on tuberculosis (TB). It provides key statistics on the global and national burden of TB, including that 9.2 million new cases occurred worldwide in 2006, with India accounting for 1/5 of the global burden. India has an annual risk of TB infection of 1.5% and once infected, a 10% lifetime risk of developing active TB. The document also outlines epidemiological indices used to measure the TB problem, describes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme which uses DOTS, and mentions drug-resistant TB and the relationship between TB and HIV.
This document provides an overview of health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Ancient beliefs held that health was influenced by four bodily fluids or "humors", but this was later disproven. Modern conceptions recognize the influence of genetics, lifestyle, infections and other factors. Diseases can be congenital or acquired, infectious or non-infectious. The immune system protects against disease through innate and acquired immunity. Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases by stimulating immune memory. Allergies represent inappropriate immune responses.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to epidemiology and communicable diseases. It begins with defining epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. It then discusses the epidemiologic triad of host, agent, and environment. Key concepts covered include the definition of communicable diseases, importance of studying their epidemiology, relevant terminology, and the chain of infection involving the source or reservoir, modes of transmission, and susceptible host. Dynamics of disease transmission and concepts such as virulence, incubation period, and transmission probability ratio are also defined.
This document defines key terms related to infectious disease epidemiology, including infection, contamination, infestation, host, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, zoonoses, opportunistic infection, and iatrogenic disease. It also discusses surveillance and eradication in the context of controlling infectious diseases. Some key examples provided are measles and typhoid fever as obligate human hosts, malaria transmission patterns, and smallpox eradication.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The epidemiological triad consists of an agent, host, and environment. Communicable diseases are transmitted from one host to another through various modes of transmission. Key aspects of epidemiology include reservoirs, portals of exit, modes of transmission, incubation periods, and susceptible hosts. Prevention strategies include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to promote health and prevent disease at different stages.
The document discusses the dynamics of disease transmission. It identifies the key requirements for transmission which include an agent, a source of the agent, a means of exit from the host, a mode of transmission, a means of entry into a new host, and a susceptible host. It also describes various modes of transmission such as direct contact, airborne, vector-borne, indirect transmission through vehicles like water, food, blood, and organs. The document then discusses herd immunity and the conditions required for it to be effective in preventing disease spread in a population. It concludes by outlining various basic and targeted strategies that can be used to control diseases by blocking transmission through various means.
This document discusses communicable diseases. It defines communicable diseases as diseases that can spread from one person to another through various modes of transmission like air, water, food, or contact. Some common communicable diseases mentioned include influenza, polio, typhoid, measles, mumps, chickenpox, tuberculosis, and AIDS. It also discusses immunity and how the body develops immunity to diseases either naturally after suffering from an illness or artificially through vaccination. Preventing the spread of communicable diseases requires measures like maintaining hygiene, immunization, and promptly treating illnesses.
This document discusses biological disasters and biological weapons. It defines biological disasters as scenarios involving disease, disability or death on a large scale caused by live organisms. It notes that biological disasters can be natural epidemics/pandemics or man-made using biological weapons. The document categorizes biological agents into 3 categories based on their potential to cause mass casualties. It discusses the history of biological warfare, trends favoring biological weapons, methods of dissemination, prevention and response measures.
1. There are several theories of disease causation including germ theory, epidemiological triad theory, multifactorial causation theory, and web of causation.
2. The dynamics of disease transmission involve a reservoir, mode of transmission, and susceptible host. Common reservoirs are humans, animals, and the environment. Modes of transmission include direct contact, droplets, vectors, vehicles, and fomites.
3. For successful transmission and infection, pathogens must enter the host, infect tissues, exit the host, and survive in the environment until infecting a new host. Preventing transmission requires interrupting any part of this cycle.
This document discusses various diseases including infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and cancer. It begins with an introduction to diseases and defines different types. It then focuses on infectious diseases, describing causes such as bacteria and viruses. Common infectious diseases and their transmission are listed. Water-borne diseases and their causes from contaminated water are also reviewed. Finally, cancer is discussed, including causes from genetic mutations and carcinogens. Preventative measures are suggested for infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and reducing cancer risk.
17. epidemiology, control and prevention of infectionAhmad Hamadi
This document discusses endemic, emerging, and reemerging infectious diseases. It explains that endemic diseases have a constant presence within a given population or geographic area, while emerging diseases are newly appearing or increasing. Factors like human migration, climate change, and breakdown of public health services can influence whether a disease is restricted to a certain area or population. The document also covers reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, and principles of controlling outbreaks and preventing healthcare-associated infections.
This document discusses different types of diseases including infectious, deficiency, genetic, and physiological diseases. It provides definitions and examples of each category. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists. Deficiency diseases result from a lack of nutrients in the diet. Genetic diseases are passed down from parents to children through genes. Physiological diseases occur when parts of the body malfunction. The document also discusses how diseases can be treated and prevented.
The document discusses communicable diseases, their causes, definitions, outbreaks, transmission, prevention and control. It defines key terms like epidemic, endemic, pandemic, host, carrier, reservoir, vector, immunity and modes of transmission. It outlines steps for managing disease outbreaks including preparation, detection, response and evaluation. It also discusses emerging/reemerging diseases and global disease eradication efforts. Nurses play an important role in communicable disease control through health education, surveillance and working with at-risk communities.
Prevention and control of infectious diseasesJasmine John
This document discusses various methods for controlling infectious diseases, including controlling the disease reservoir, early diagnosis and notification, epidemiological investigations, isolation of infected individuals, treatment of infected individuals, and quarantine of exposed individuals. It provides details on each method, including definitions, objectives, examples of diseases where each method is particularly effective, and limitations.
TETRAD Technologies Group provides solutions for critical event detection and situation awareness. It has three divisions focused on products for emergencies, origins of events, and types of threats. TETRAD develops sensors for chemicals, explosives, and biopathogens. It also offers software, bioprotection products, and consulting services. The company aims to understand complex asymmetric situations and provide fast, adaptive solutions exceeding expectations.
This document discusses the prevention of common infectious diseases in elderly patients in nursing homes. It begins by stating that healthcare is shifting its focus from disease treatment to prevention, which reduces costs and improves patient outcomes. It then discusses the role of certified nursing assistants (CNAs) in preventing infection spread given their frequent patient contact. Finally, it outlines several common infections - urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, skin infections, and gastrointestinal infections - and provides prevention strategies for each.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses:
1. Definitions of health, disease, illness, sickness, and public health.
2. The definition of epidemiology as the study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and health conditions in populations and applying this to disease prevention and health promotion.
3. The components of an epidemiological definition including the study of frequency, distribution, determinants, and application to prevention and promotion of health.
This document provides definitions and information about communicable diseases (CD) and their transmission. It begins with learning objectives and then defines key terms related to CD and transmission. It discusses how CD can be classified based on causative organisms, clinical presentation, or body system affected. The document also covers reservoirs of infection, the chain of disease transmission including the six steps, and effects of agents on hosts. It provides examples of reservoirs including humans, animals, and the environment.
This document discusses communicable and non-communicable diseases, modern medical technologies, and herbal medicines. It provides details on various diseases including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. Modern technologies that have helped medicine are described such as X-rays, lasers, and MRI machines. Famous scientists who contributed to medical advances are also listed. The document concludes by identifying common Philippine herbal plants used to treat illnesses and those approved by the Department of Health.
World health day theme for 2014- vector borne diseasePjs Sudhakar Naik
World Health Day was celebrated on April 7th, 2014 at ESI Hospital in Ramachandra Puram, India. The theme was "Vector Borne Diseases - Small Bite, Big Threat". A CME event was held discussing the prevention of vector borne diseases like malaria and dengue. Vector borne diseases affect over half the world's population and are transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, ticks and other vectors. Common vector borne diseases discussed were malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever. Prevention methods included insecticide treated nets, indoor residual spraying, larviciding, and prompt treatment of cases.
This document discusses various classifications of infectious diseases and drug therapy for treating them. It describes how infectious diseases can be classified based on factors like onset/duration (acute, chronic, etc.), location (local, focal, systemic), items present in the bloodstream (septicaemia, bacteremia, etc.), and epidemiological patterns (endemic, epidemic, pandemic, etc.). It then provides details on different classes of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections, including beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams) and chloramphenicol. It notes challenges like increasing antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses communicable diseases and focuses on tuberculosis (TB). It provides key statistics on the global and national burden of TB, including that 9.2 million new cases occurred worldwide in 2006, with India accounting for 1/5 of the global burden. India has an annual risk of TB infection of 1.5% and once infected, a 10% lifetime risk of developing active TB. The document also outlines epidemiological indices used to measure the TB problem, describes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme which uses DOTS, and mentions drug-resistant TB and the relationship between TB and HIV.
This document provides an overview of health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Ancient beliefs held that health was influenced by four bodily fluids or "humors", but this was later disproven. Modern conceptions recognize the influence of genetics, lifestyle, infections and other factors. Diseases can be congenital or acquired, infectious or non-infectious. The immune system protects against disease through innate and acquired immunity. Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases by stimulating immune memory. Allergies represent inappropriate immune responses.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to epidemiology and communicable diseases. It begins with defining epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. It then discusses the epidemiologic triad of host, agent, and environment. Key concepts covered include the definition of communicable diseases, importance of studying their epidemiology, relevant terminology, and the chain of infection involving the source or reservoir, modes of transmission, and susceptible host. Dynamics of disease transmission and concepts such as virulence, incubation period, and transmission probability ratio are also defined.
This document defines key terms related to infectious disease epidemiology, including infection, contamination, infestation, host, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, zoonoses, opportunistic infection, and iatrogenic disease. It also discusses surveillance and eradication in the context of controlling infectious diseases. Some key examples provided are measles and typhoid fever as obligate human hosts, malaria transmission patterns, and smallpox eradication.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The epidemiological triad consists of an agent, host, and environment. Communicable diseases are transmitted from one host to another through various modes of transmission. Key aspects of epidemiology include reservoirs, portals of exit, modes of transmission, incubation periods, and susceptible hosts. Prevention strategies include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to promote health and prevent disease at different stages.
The document discusses the dynamics of disease transmission. It identifies the key requirements for transmission which include an agent, a source of the agent, a means of exit from the host, a mode of transmission, a means of entry into a new host, and a susceptible host. It also describes various modes of transmission such as direct contact, airborne, vector-borne, indirect transmission through vehicles like water, food, blood, and organs. The document then discusses herd immunity and the conditions required for it to be effective in preventing disease spread in a population. It concludes by outlining various basic and targeted strategies that can be used to control diseases by blocking transmission through various means.
This document discusses communicable diseases. It defines communicable diseases as diseases that can spread from one person to another through various modes of transmission like air, water, food, or contact. Some common communicable diseases mentioned include influenza, polio, typhoid, measles, mumps, chickenpox, tuberculosis, and AIDS. It also discusses immunity and how the body develops immunity to diseases either naturally after suffering from an illness or artificially through vaccination. Preventing the spread of communicable diseases requires measures like maintaining hygiene, immunization, and promptly treating illnesses.
This document discusses biological disasters and biological weapons. It defines biological disasters as scenarios involving disease, disability or death on a large scale caused by live organisms. It notes that biological disasters can be natural epidemics/pandemics or man-made using biological weapons. The document categorizes biological agents into 3 categories based on their potential to cause mass casualties. It discusses the history of biological warfare, trends favoring biological weapons, methods of dissemination, prevention and response measures.
1. There are several theories of disease causation including germ theory, epidemiological triad theory, multifactorial causation theory, and web of causation.
2. The dynamics of disease transmission involve a reservoir, mode of transmission, and susceptible host. Common reservoirs are humans, animals, and the environment. Modes of transmission include direct contact, droplets, vectors, vehicles, and fomites.
3. For successful transmission and infection, pathogens must enter the host, infect tissues, exit the host, and survive in the environment until infecting a new host. Preventing transmission requires interrupting any part of this cycle.
This document discusses various diseases including infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and cancer. It begins with an introduction to diseases and defines different types. It then focuses on infectious diseases, describing causes such as bacteria and viruses. Common infectious diseases and their transmission are listed. Water-borne diseases and their causes from contaminated water are also reviewed. Finally, cancer is discussed, including causes from genetic mutations and carcinogens. Preventative measures are suggested for infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and reducing cancer risk.
17. epidemiology, control and prevention of infectionAhmad Hamadi
This document discusses endemic, emerging, and reemerging infectious diseases. It explains that endemic diseases have a constant presence within a given population or geographic area, while emerging diseases are newly appearing or increasing. Factors like human migration, climate change, and breakdown of public health services can influence whether a disease is restricted to a certain area or population. The document also covers reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, and principles of controlling outbreaks and preventing healthcare-associated infections.
This document discusses different types of diseases including infectious, deficiency, genetic, and physiological diseases. It provides definitions and examples of each category. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists. Deficiency diseases result from a lack of nutrients in the diet. Genetic diseases are passed down from parents to children through genes. Physiological diseases occur when parts of the body malfunction. The document also discusses how diseases can be treated and prevented.
The document discusses communicable diseases, their causes, definitions, outbreaks, transmission, prevention and control. It defines key terms like epidemic, endemic, pandemic, host, carrier, reservoir, vector, immunity and modes of transmission. It outlines steps for managing disease outbreaks including preparation, detection, response and evaluation. It also discusses emerging/reemerging diseases and global disease eradication efforts. Nurses play an important role in communicable disease control through health education, surveillance and working with at-risk communities.
Prevention and control of infectious diseasesJasmine John
This document discusses various methods for controlling infectious diseases, including controlling the disease reservoir, early diagnosis and notification, epidemiological investigations, isolation of infected individuals, treatment of infected individuals, and quarantine of exposed individuals. It provides details on each method, including definitions, objectives, examples of diseases where each method is particularly effective, and limitations.
TETRAD Technologies Group provides solutions for critical event detection and situation awareness. It has three divisions focused on products for emergencies, origins of events, and types of threats. TETRAD develops sensors for chemicals, explosives, and biopathogens. It also offers software, bioprotection products, and consulting services. The company aims to understand complex asymmetric situations and provide fast, adaptive solutions exceeding expectations.
1. Nomad Eyes was created to develop affordable and accessible sensing technologies for public safety, health and security.
2. It provides free software and sensors that can be used on smartphones and other devices to detect chemicals, explosives, biopathogens and radiation.
3. The sensors and network allow thousands of devices to collectively monitor the environment and share information to help identify threats and keep people informed.
Systems Biology and Genomics of Microbial PathogensRamy K. Aziz
Talk at SCITA-BIOFANS (02 Feb 2016), entitled
"Systems Biology and Genomics of Microbial Pathogens:
From virulence gene discovery to vaccine development and therapeutic intervention"
This document discusses disease prevention and control. It outlines 4 levels of prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It also discusses disease control, which aims to reduce transmission and the effects of disease. Key aspects of disease control include early diagnosis, notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, interrupting transmission through vaccination and other methods, and surveillance. The goal of disease prevention and control methods is to reduce the incidence, duration, and effects of infectious diseases.
This document summarizes various fungal diseases that affect humans and animals. It describes five main groups of fungal diseases: superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses, and opportunistic mycoses. For each group, it provides examples of pathogenic fungi, the locations they infect, and the resulting diseases. It also discusses the transmission routes and typical symptoms for some of the major fungal diseases like blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis.
1) Tuberculosis is caused by germs that usually infect the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body.
2) TB germs are spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or laughs, but casual contact is not a risk.
3) There is a difference between TB infection, where germs are present but dormant, and TB disease, where germs are actively multiplying - only those with active disease can spread it.
Edexcel IGCSE - Human Biology - Chapter 13 - Microorganisms and DiseasesChandima Walpita Gamage
This document discusses microorganisms and diseases. It begins by defining disease and describing the main causes of diseases, including unhealthy activities, genetics, and microorganisms. It then describes the four main types of microorganisms that can cause disease: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. For each type, it provides details on their structure, function, and examples of diseases they cause. The document also discusses the general causes and transmission of diseases, important infectious diseases, and the body's defense mechanisms against diseases like immunity and vaccination.
This document provides an overview of infection control. It defines the basic principle as reducing and hindering the transfer of microorganisms. Important reasons for infection prevention are that pathogens can cause disease, and those most susceptible include the young, old, and chronically ill. Factors that promote microbial growth are food, moisture, oxygen, temperature, and light. Germs can spread directly via body fluids, indirectly through contaminated surfaces, through the air via coughs/sneezes, through vehicles like food, and from animal/insect bites. The chain of infection involves a pathogen, reservoir, mode of transmission, portal of exit, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Common pathogens are bacteria, viruses, ricketts
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
This document provides an overview of medical entomology. It defines entomology and medical entomology, and discusses the importance of studying arthropods that affect human and animal health. It covers the classification of medically important arthropods like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, mites and sand flies. The document discusses different disease transmission cycles and highlights important vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, kala azar and diseases transmitted by the house fly. It also provides details on the biology, identification and control of major vector species like Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, sand flies and the house fly.
powerpoint for mapeh 8 (health 8) quarter 3.pptxELLAMAYDECENA2
- Pathogens are organisms that cause disease and include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites.
- Bacteria and fungi are important in ecosystems but some species can cause illness in humans. Viruses and parasites rely on living hosts.
- Common diseases result from pathogens like influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, malaria protozoa, and roundworm infections. Those with weak immune systems face higher risks. Prevention focuses on hygiene, sanitation, and treatment of infections.
This document discusses different types of pathogens that can cause disease in animals. It defines pathogens as microbes or agents that cause disease. The main types of pathogens discussed are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and prions. For each type, examples are provided of diseases they cause along with associated symptoms. Common bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal diseases affecting multiple body systems in animals are outlined. The document provides an overview of pathogens and infectious diseases in a veterinary context.
This document summarizes information about emerging foodborne pathogens and the complex modern food system. It discusses factors that allow microbes to adapt and become emerging pathogens, such as genetic mutations, stress responses, and antibiotic resistance. Specific emerging pathogens that pose food safety risks are described in detail, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio species, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella species, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The document contrasts the modern global and industrialized food system with past local systems and reviews foodborne disease surveillance data.
This document discusses pathology, infection, disease, and the normal human microbiota. It defines key terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, and disease. It describes the normal bacteria that colonize different parts of the human body like the skin, nose, mouth, and intestines. The document outlines the relationship between the human microbiota and host, including microbial antagonism, symbiosis, and opportunistic pathogens. It also discusses Koch's postulates and approaches to studying disease epidemiology and transmission patterns.
The document discusses infection control and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It defines infections as diseases caused by pathogens or microorganisms growing in the body. Infections can be generalized, affecting the entire body, or localized to a specific area. The main goals of infection control are to prevent infectious disease transmission by decreasing microbial sources, blocking transmission routes, and strengthening host resistance. Standard precautions like hand hygiene and personal protective equipment are key to breaking the chain of infection.
This document discusses microbial interactions, including both positive and negative interactions. It provides examples of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants, such as lichens and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume roots. Microbial interactions with animals are also discussed, including relationships between rumen microbes and ruminant digestion. The document concludes by examining the interaction between the human microbiome and the host.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 17 Miller LITEStephanie Beck
The document discusses the major categories of hazards to human health and welfare: biological, chemical, physical, cultural, and lifestyle. It provides examples of hazards in each category, such as pathogens that cause disease, toxic chemicals, earthquakes and floods, factors like poverty and crime, and behaviors like smoking. The document emphasizes that risk assessment and management are used to evaluate hazards and determine how to reduce risks to acceptable levels in order to protect human health and the environment.
This document provides information on human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health such as genetics, lifestyle, infections. It classifies diseases as infectious and non-infectious. Common infectious diseases in humans like typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria and their causes, transmission and symptoms are described. The life cycle of the malaria parasite is explained in detail. Other infectious diseases like amoebiasis, ascariasis, filariasis, and ringworm are also outlined. The document then covers immunity, including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the roles of phagocytes, natural killer cells, interferons and inflammatory response in innate immunity. The roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in acquired immunity
This document discusses zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. It provides examples of bacterial, viral, rickettsial, helminthic, and fungal zoonoses. Factors that influence zoonotic transmission include agricultural operations, handling of animal byproducts, increased animal population densities, and changing environmental conditions. Diseases are transmitted through various routes like feces, aerosols, bites, direct contact, insects, and infected objects. Examples of important zoonotic diseases described include rabies, brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, arboviral diseases, toxoplasmosis, anthrax, and tetanus
The elderly patient had diarrhea containing E. coli bacteria. The nurse cleaned the patient and bed without washing hands, transferring the bacteria. The nurse then cared for a second patient with a catheter without washing hands. This allowed the E. coli to enter the second patient's urinary tract via the catheter, putting this susceptible patient at risk of infection. Proper hand hygiene is needed between patients to prevent disease transmission.
Bacteria are 500-800nm in size and capable of independent replication. They cause many common infections like pneumonia and meningitis, which are treated with antibiotics. Viruses are the smallest infectious agents at 50-300nm and cannot replicate independently - they must invade host cells to replicate. They cause illnesses like influenza, hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS, which are often difficult to treat. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts and molds and can cause diseases like thrush and invasive aspergillosis. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that cause illnesses such as malaria and amebic dysentery. The human body naturally hosts many types of bacteria, fungi
Let's think about how to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Using antibiotics only when truly needed and always finishing the full prescribed dose can help slow resistance. Promoting hygiene, vaccination and developing new drugs are also important strategies. Overall, a collaborative, multifaceted approach is needed to address this complex public health challenge.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health like genetics, lifestyle, and infectious/non-infectious diseases. It then summarizes several common infectious diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, and their causes, transmission methods, symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses immunity, describing innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers, while acquired immunity involves T cells, B cells, antibodies, and cellular/humoral responses that provide long-term protection against pathogens.
Dairy cattle terminology and industry facts were provided. Key points included definitions of terms like cow, bull, calf and heifer. The average milk production per cow is 18,200 lbs over a 305 day lactation period. Main dairy breeds discussed were Holstein, Jersey, Ayrshire and Guernsey. Body condition scoring was also summarized to monitor cow health and productivity. Several zoonotic diseases transmissible from cattle to humans like anthrax, brucellosis, rabies, ringworm and salmonellosis were outlined.
This document provides information about different types of diseases including infectious and non-infectious diseases. It discusses how diseases spread and are transmitted through various modes such as contaminated food/water, vectors, direct contact, and more. Specific examples of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms like malaria, influenza, rabies, AIDS, cholera, and typhoid are described along with their symptoms, prevention, and treatment methods. The document aims to educate about health, different disease conditions, and the importance of hygiene and sanitation in preventing the spread of illnesses.
Similar to Pogo mine infectious disease prevention (20)
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2. • What Makes Us Sick
– Infectious Agents/ Sign and Symptoms
• How We Get Sick
– Illness and Disease Transmission
• How to Not Get Sick
– Infection Control
• Preventing the Spread
– Illness and Disease Surveillance
• Planning Ahead
– Pogo Mine Pandemic Virus Preparedness
and Response Plan
Topic Overview
3. Infectious Disease
Pathogens (microbes/germs)
Microorganisms that cause disease are
called pathogens and the diseases they cause are
called infectious diseases
– Bacteria – (i.e. salmonella)
– Viruses – (i.e. shingles)
– Fungi - (i.e. athlete’s foot)
– Parasites – (i.e. lice)
4. Bacteria
• Our Predecessors
• Numerous
• Some Good
– Gut Flora
– Sewage Treatment
– Production of Yogurt and Cheese
– Mining recovery processes
• Some Bad
– Some species of bacteria are infectious
(cause disease)
• Common Infectious Bacterial
Pathogens
– Salmonella
– E Coli
– Staph
– Strep
– Gonorrhea/Chlamydia
5. Bacterial Infections
• Signs & Symptoms
– Related to system affected
• Pain (eye, ear, urinary tract)
• Hearing loss - ear
• Shortness of breath (respiratory)
• Fever ( +100.0 F)
• Treatment
– Antibiotics
– Supportive Care
• Prevention
– Proper Personal Hygiene
– Frequent Hand washing
– Maintain optimal heath (hydration, balanced diet, supplements, sleep)
8. Risk of Untreated Infections
Cellulitis Progression to Necrotizing Fasciitis
9. Bacterial Skin Infections
• Signs & Symptoms
– Pain
– Red warm skin
– Inflammation or “tight” skin
• Treatment
– Some will self resolve with proper care
– Oral Antibiotics
• Prevention
– Proper Personal Hygiene
– Regular laundering of clothes and bedding
– Clean all open wounds immediately with warm
water and soap
– Report to MAS for all open wounds
– Maintain optimal heath (hydration, balanced
diet, supplements, sleep)
10. Viruses
• A virus is a very small pathogen
• Use Host for Survival
• Common Viruses
– Influenza/Cold viruses
– Chicken Pox
– Shingles
– Herpes
– HIV Virus
– Hepatitis Virus
– Ebola Virus
• Variable virulence (i.e. flu vs. Ebola)
• Lifelong Vs. Temporary Infection
• Vaccines instead of cures
14. Fungi
• Largest and most versatile microbes
• Found in air, water, on surfaces, in and on our
bodies.
• Feast on host – absorb nutrients
• Some Bad
– Athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, diaper rash, thrush and
vaginal yeast infections are all common caused by fungi.
• Some Good
– In industry, Fungi are used in beer making (yeast) and
pharmaceuticals (antibiotics)
• Common Fungal Infections
– Ringworm
• Athlete’s Foot
• Fungal Nail Infections
• Fungal Scalp Infections
• Jock Itch
– Yeast Infections
• Vaginal yeast
• Thrush (infants)
– Diaper Rash ??
17. Parasites
• Scabies
– Caused by Mites (reservoir)
– Burrows under host’s skin
– Inflammatory response causes symptoms
• Lice
– Small wingless insects about the size of sesame
seeds with six legs equipped with claws to grasp the
hair.
– Louse eggs - called nits - are laid on the human scalp
by live lice.
• Bed Bugs
– Commonly found in communal sleeping environments
(hotels and dorms)
– Infest mattresses and bedding
– Generally active at night, biting individual while they
sleep
24. Hand Washing
• Before Eating
• After Bathroom
• After Coughing or
Sneezing
• At Least 30 Seconds
• Very Warm Water
• Soap
• Lather
25. Preventing the Spread
• Illness Surveillance and Response
– WHO - International
– CDC - National
– News Reports – Regional and Local
– Sick in Quarter Trends
• “Illness Early Alerts” Notifications
• Focus cleaning and disinfection of key communal;
surfaces
26. Planning and Preparedness
• The Planning, Preparation, and
Response to a potential pandemic event
fall within three (3) distinct phases:
– Level 1: Monitoring and Assessment
– Level 2: Escalation and Triggering
Events
– Level 3: Crisis Management Team
Activation and Implementation.
28. Bacteria
• Our Predecessors
– Among the first life forms to appear on earth
– Present in soil, fresh water, ocean, animals
and humans
• Numerous
– Typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram
of soil
• Most Good
– Gut flora/Probiotics
– Sewage treatment,
– The breakdown of oil spills,
– The production of cheese and yogurt
– Recovery of gold, copper and other metals
in the mining sector
• Some Bad
– Some species of bacteria are infectious
(cause disease)
29. Viruses
• Living Organisms
• Host Cell
• Sequence of Illness
– Moving in
• Variable virulence
• Duration of Illness
– Acute
– Chronic
– Latent
• Prevention
30. Fungi
• Largest and most versatile microbes
• Found in air, water, on surfaces, in and on our
bodies.
• Feast on host – absorb nutrients
• Some Bad
• Some Good
• Common Fungal Infections
– Ringworm
• Athlete’s Foot
• Fungal Nail Infections
• Fungal Scalp Infections
• Jock Itch
– Yeast Infections
• Vaginal yeast
• Thrush (infants)
– Diaper Rash
Editor's Notes
Salmonnella
Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on earth, and are present in soil, fresh water, ocean, animals and humans.
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the body as there are human cells in the body
Most of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the immune system, and some are beneficial.
bacteria are important in sewage treatment, the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt, and the recovery of gold, copper and other metals in the mining sector
Most viruses are too small to be seen by the human eye or an optical microscope with the average virus about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium.
A virus is a very small pathogen that only replicates inside a living cell of other organisms
Viruses use their host organism for survival
Virulence
Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections, where the viruses continue to replicate in the body
Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines
Other viruses are fought off by our bodies immune system
Viruses cannot be “cured” although there are vaccinations for some.
Viruses spread in many ways;
Coughing and sneezing
Fecal/oral route
Person to person by contact
Entering the body in food or water.
Sexual contact
Exposure to infected blood.
Prevention and treatment
Because viruses use vital metabolic pathways within host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that cause toxic effects to host cells in general. The most effective medical approaches to viral diseases are vaccinations to provide immunity to infection, and antiviral drugs that selectively interfere with viral replication.
Herpes I – Mouth and Face Sores
Herpes II – Genital Sores
Shingles – Body
Athlete's foot fungus - most commonly caused by the fungi Trichophyton rubrum or T. mentagrophytes,
Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with tinea and pyoderma.[4] As of 2010 it affects approximately 100 million people (1.5% of the population) and is equally common in both genders.[5] The mites are distributed around the world and equally infect all ages, races, and socioeconomic classes in different climates.[11] Scabies is more often seen in crowded areas with unhygienic living conditions.[33] Globally as of 2009, an estimated 300 million cases of scabies occur each year, although various parties claim the figure is either over- or underestimated.[9][34] About 1–10% of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies, but in certain populations, the infection rate may be as high as 50–80%.[4]
Lice Once laid, it takes 7-10 days for a nit to hatch. With another 7-10 days the female matures and begins laying her own eggs.
Head lice live for approximately 30 days on a host and a female louse may lay up to 100 nits.
Transmitted through a chain (six links)
Pathogen - disease causing microorganism
Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal or environmental component
Portal of Exit
Means of transmission
Direct transmission
Indirect transmission
Portal of entry
Penetration of the skin
Inhalation
Ingestion
The most important lessons in life were taught in kindergarten
Level 1: Monitoring and Assessment-
During the “normal course of business,” Pogo Mine operations shall always be operating under a minimum “Level-1” model, in which on-site Health, Safety, and Risk Managers are responsible for monitoring both internal and external conditions that could potentially lead to a pandemic workforce disruption. Internal factors refer to those conditions and circumstances that would tend to initiate or propagate the spread of an illness from within the confines of the Pogo Mine Camp. Examples of internal efforts would focus primarily upon:
Monitoring the health of on-site employees; with medical staff remaining watchful for indications of the introduction and/or spread of a potentially harmful virus;
Monitoring the cleanliness and housekeeping of camp facilities, particularly among food-service and common-use areas, where viruses can most easily spread.
Level 2: Escalation and Triggering Events-
During the course of monitoring and assessing the internal and external information as described in Level 1, the Pogo Mine Health and Safety Department may elect to implement heightened prevention, mitigation, and/or containment strategies based upon the presentation of certain pre-identified “triggering events.” Such triggers could likely include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following observed conditions:
Outbreak of an apparent food-borne or other contagious virus at the Pogo Mine Camp;
Reports of significant illness in regions where Pogo Mine employees are scheduled to be traveling to or from;
Observations of multiple employees developing symptoms of a suspected imported virus while in camp;
Notification from off-site employees regarding their development of viral symptoms;
Notification from suppliers/contractors advising of potential disruption in their own operations due to significant employee absenteeism as a result of a localized virus;
Issuance of travel-restrictions or other cautionary advisements by the Alaska DHSS Division of Public Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control, and/or World Health Organization.
Level 3: Crisis Management Team Activation and Implementation-
When it appears that the number of employees becoming sick at Pogo Mine has the potential to cause a significant disruption to production and/or critical support-services (i.e. Finance, I.T., etc.), the General Manager may choose to activate the Crisis Management Team (CMT) to assist with management for the duration of the event. Similarly, if events in other regions are projected to pose serious challenges to employee’s movement to and from site, and/or disrupt key components of Pogo Mine’s supply-chain, the General Manager may choose to activate the CMT.
Photo- Strep
Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on earth, and are present in soil, fresh water, ocean, animals and humans.
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the body as there are human cells in the body
Most of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the immune system, and some are beneficial.
bacteria are important in sewage treatment, the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt, and the recovery of gold, copper and other metals in the mining sector
Although bacteria and viruses are both too small to be seen without a microscope, they're as different as giraffes and goldfish.
Bacteria are relatively complex, single-celled creatures with a rigid wall and a thin, rubbery membrane surrounding the fluid inside the cell. They can reproduce on their own. Fossilized records show that bacteria have existed for about 3.5 billion years, and bacteria can survive in different environments, including extreme heat and cold, radioactive waste, and the human body.
Most bacteria are harmless, and some actually help by digesting food, destroying disease-causing microbes, fighting cancer cells, and providing essential nutrients. Fewer than 1% of bacteria cause diseases in people.
Viruses depend on the host cells that they infect to reproduce. When found outside of host cells, viruses exist as a protein coat or capsid, sometimes enclosed within a membrane. The capsid encloses either DNA or RNA which codes for the virus elements. While in this form outside the cell, the virus is metabollically inert; examples of such forms are pictured below.
When it comes into contact with a host cell, a virus can insert its genetic material into its host, literally taking over the host's functions. An infected cell produces more viral protein and genetic material instead of its usual products. Some viruses may remain dormant inside host cells for long periods, causing no obvious change in their host cells (a stage known as the lysogenic phase). But when a dormant virus is stimulated, it enters the lytic phase: new viruses are formed, self-assemble, and burst out of the host cell, killing the cell and going on to infect other cells. The diagram below at right shows a virus that attacks bacteria, known as the lambda bacteriophage, which measures roughly 200 nanometers.
Viruses are about a thousand times smaller than bacteria, and bacteria are much smaller than most human cells. Viruses are so small that most cannot be seen with a light microscope, but must be observed with an electron microscope.
The sequence of events that occurs when you come down with the flu or a cold is a good demonstration of how a virus works:
An infected person sneezes near you.
You inhale the virus particle, and it attaches to cells lining the sinuses in your nose.
The virus attacks the cells lining the sinuses and rapidly reproduces new viruses.
The host cells break, and new viruses spread into your bloodstream and also into your lungs. Because you have lost cells lining your sinuses, fluid can flow into your nasal passages and give you a runny nose.
Viruses in the fluid that drips down your throat attack the cells lining your throat and give you a sore throat.
Viruses in your bloodstream can attack muscle cells and cause you to have muscle aches.
Your immune system responds to the infection, and in the process of fighting, it produces chemicals called pyrogens that cause your body temperature to increase. This fever actually helps you to fight the infection by slowing down the rate of viral reproduction, because most of your body's chemical reactions have an optimal temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). If your temperature rises slightly above this, the reactions slow down. This immune response continues until the viruses are eliminated from your body. However, if you sneeze, you can spread thousands of new viruses into the environment to await another host.
Most viruses are too small to be seen by the human eye or an optical microscope with the average virus about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium.
A virus is a very small pathogen that only replicates inside a living cell of other organisms
Viruses use their host organism for survival
Viruses are tinier: the largest of them are smaller than the smallest bacteria. All they have is a protein coat and a core of genetic material, either RNA or DNA. Unlike bacteria, viruses can't survive without a host. They can only reproduce by attaching themselves to cells. In most cases, they reprogram the cells to make new viruses until the cells burst and die. In other cases, they turn normal cells into malignant or cancerous cells.
Also unlike bacteria, most viruses do cause disease, and they're quite specific about the cells they attack. For example, certain viruses attacks cells in the liver, respiratory system, or blood. In some cases, viruses target bacteria.
Virulence
Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections, where the viruses continue to replicate in the body. Other viruses are fought off by our bodies immune system
Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines
Viruses cannot be “cured” although there are vaccinations for some.
Viruses spread in many ways;
Coughing and sneezing
Fecal/oral route
Person to person by contact
Entering the body in food or water.
Sexual contact
Exposure to infected blood.
Prevention and treatment
Because viruses use vital metabolic pathways within host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that cause toxic effects to host cells in general. The most effective medical approaches to viral diseases are vaccinations to provide immunity to infection, and antiviral drugs that selectively interfere with viral replication.
Because a virus is merely a set of genetic instructions surrounded by a protein coat, and because it does not carry out any biochemical reactions of its own, viruses can live for years or longer outside a host cell. Some viruses can "sleep" inside the genetic instructions of the host cells for years before reproducing. For example, a person infected with HIV can live without showing symptoms of AIDS for years, but he or she can still spread the virus to others.
Athlete's foot fungus - most commonly caused by the fungi Trichophyton rubrum or T. mentagrophytes,
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, diaper rash, thrush and vaginal yeast infections are all common caused by fungi.
In industry, Fungi are used in beer making (yeast) and pharmaceuticals (antibiotics)