Antifungals
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Antifungal agents like polyenes (amphotericin B, nystatin) and azoles (ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole) work by interacting with ergosterol in fungal cell membranes or inhibiting its synthesis. Amphotericin B has a wide spectrum and remains first-line for severe fungal infections but can cause infusion reactions and nephrotoxicity. The azoles are orally active and distributed throughout the body, with fluconazole penetrating the CSF, but they can cause adrenal suppression and drug interactions. Other antifungals include flucytosine which is activated intracellularly and griseofulvin/
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Antifungals - drdhriti
This document discusses antifungal drugs. It begins by introducing antifungals and the types of fungal infections they treat. It then describes the most common fungal pathogens and the targets of antifungal therapy. The remainder of the document focuses on specific antifungal drug classes, including polyenes like amphotericin B, azoles like imidazoles and triazoles, and others. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of several important antifungal medications.
Dapson
Dapsone is a sulfone antibiotic synthesized in 1908 that is used to treat leprosy and other conditions. It works by inhibiting the biosynthesis of folate. Dapsone began being used to treat leprosy in 1945 and is included on the WHO's list of essential medicines. It is commonly used in combination with other drugs in multiple drug therapy (MDT) for leprosy. Dapsone is absorbed and distributed throughout the body, metabolized in the liver, and eliminated through urine and feces. Common side effects include mild anemia, rashes, and nausea. Recent developments include a topical gel formulation for acne.
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are semisynthetic antibiotics derived from cephalosporin-C obtained from a fungus. They are chemically related to penicillins and consist of a β-lactum ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring. Cephalosporins are classified into four generations based on their antibacterial spectrum, with later generations having greater activity against gram-negative bacteria and resistance to β-lactamases. They work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and resistance can develop through alterations in target proteins or β-lactamase production. Common uses include respiratory, urinary, and soft tissue infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
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The document summarizes quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs that prevent bacterial DNA from duplicating. Fluoroquinolones are derived from quinolones and have an even broader spectrum. They are classified into generations based on their spectrum, with later generations having increased gram-positive and atypical coverage. Fluoroquinolones are generally well-absorbed, penetrate tissues deeply, and have few drug interactions or side effects, making them preferred drugs. However, their overuse has led to increasing antimicrobial resistance.
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Quinolones are a class of synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobials. First generation quinolones like norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin are effective against gram-negative bacteria and are used to treat uncomplicated UTIs. Later generations have enhanced activity against pseudomonas and anaerobes. Quinolones work by inhibiting DNA gyrase in bacteria. They are well-absorbed orally, achieve high tissue concentrations, and have a low resistance risk. Common adverse effects include nausea, diarrhea, headache and phototoxicity. Quinolones can prolong the QT interval and interact with divalent cations. They are used to treat respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin and joint infections.
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Dapson
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Cephalosporins
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Superficial mycoses are fungal infections limited to the outer layers of the skin. They include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur, tinea nigra caused by Exophiala werneckii, and white and black piedra. Dermatophytes are the causative agents of ringworm and include the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings and fungal culture.
How to prevent fungal skin infections
Fungal infections are caused by fungi invading the skin or other tissues. They can range from mild skin rashes to more severe infections like fungal pneumonia. Common fungal skin infections include athlete's foot, nail fungus, and ringworm. Symptoms depend on the infected area and may include red, scaly, or itchy rashes. Diagnosis involves examination of the rash and tests of skin samples. Treatment involves antifungal creams, lotions, or tablets. Prevention focuses on thoroughly drying the skin and clothing after moisture to avoid spreading fungi.
Anti Fungal Drugs
This document discusses antifungal drugs. It begins by describing the characteristics of fungi and some common fungal infections caused by yeasts and molds. These include Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis, Stachybotrys, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. Treatment of fungal infections is difficult as fungi grow slowly. Some antifungal drug classes and examples are then outlined, including those that inhibit cell wall synthesis, alter membrane permeability, inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, and disrupt the mitotic spindle. Adverse reactions of antifungal drugs are also briefly mentioned.
fungal diseases in humans and animals
This document summarizes various fungal diseases that affect humans and animals. It describes five main groups of fungal diseases: superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses, and opportunistic mycoses. For each group, it provides examples of pathogenic fungi, the locations they infect, and the resulting diseases. It also discusses the transmission routes and typical symptoms for some of the major fungal diseases like blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis.
Antifungal agents
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIFUNGALS, MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ANTIFUNGALS, TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
Pharmacology - Antifungals
This document discusses antifungals used to treat subcutaneous and systemic mycotic infections. It describes several classes of antifungals including polyenes such as amphotericin B, which forms pores in fungal cell membranes; antimetabolites like flucytosine that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis; and azoles including triazoles like fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis. Each drug is discussed in terms of its mechanism of action, spectrum, resistance issues, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. The increasing incidence of fungal infections is attributed to growing immunosuppression from conditions like
Superficial Fungal Infections
The document discusses superficial fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails. It describes several types of cutaneous mycoses caused by dermatophytes, yeasts such as Candida, and Malassezia. Specifically, it covers pityriasis versicolor, various tinea infections including tinea corporis, tinea capitis, and tinea pedis. It discusses the characteristic lesions, causative fungi, microscopic identification of fungi, treatment with antifungals, and prevention of spread.
dermatophytes infections
This document provides information about diagnosing dermatophyte infections through microscopic examination and fungal culture. It discusses the etiologic agents that cause infections, including genera of dermatophytes that infect keratinized tissues. Clinical manifestations of infections are described, such as tinea pedis, corporis, and unguium. Methods for specimen collection and slide preparation for direct microscopic examination with potassium hydroxide are outlined.
Mycology Update 2017
This document provides an overview of mycology, including descriptions of common fungi and how they are identified. It discusses yeast and molds, specimen collection and transport, culture media, and diagnostic methods like microscopy and staining. Key points include descriptions of dimorphic fungi like Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis, which exist in both mold and yeast forms, and Coccidioides immitis, which does not have a yeast phase. Identification of fungal structures and growth patterns on culture media are important for diagnosis.
Anti fungal drugs
The document discusses various antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses for treating fungal infections. It covers major antifungal classes such as azoles, polyenes, and pyrimidines. Key drugs discussed include amphotericin B, which is broad-spectrum and fungicidal, and flucytosine, which is absorbed well and crosses the blood-brain barrier to treat systemic fungal diseases and cryptococcal meningitis.
Fungal infections part I
INTRODUCTION TO FUNGAL INFECTIONS, Classification of Fungal Infections (mycoses), Pityriasis versicolor, Tinea nigra, Black piedra, White piedra
Final ppt on fungal diseases
This document discusses fungal diseases of medical importance. It begins by describing the morphology and classification of fungi, including molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi. It then covers several types of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans, including oral and esophageal candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, and cutaneous and systemic candidiasis. It also discusses dermatophyte infections like tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, and onychomycosis. The document concludes by covering treatment options for candidiasis and dermatophyte infections like topical and oral antifungals.
Fungal presentation
This document discusses mycology, which is the study of fungi. It describes the key characteristics of fungi and how they differ from bacteria. Some of the major types of fungi are yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi, which can exist in both yeast and mold forms. Fungal diseases are classified as superficial mycoses, mucocutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and deep mycoses. Common fungal infections in humans include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, and various respiratory fungal infections.
MYCOLOGY REVIEW
This document provides an overview of mycology, focusing on yeasts, molds, specimen collection and transport, culture media, and key pathogenic fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum. Yeasts are unicellular and produce budding daughter cells, while molds are filamentous with hyphae that produce spores. A variety of specimens can be used for fungal culture. Important media include Sabouraud's agar and mycosel/mycobiotic agars. Dimorphic fungi like H. capsulatum exist in both mold and yeast forms depending on temperature. H. capsulatum causes histoplasmosis and has a small oval yeast phase. Identification methods for fungi include culture, microscopy
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This document discusses various antifungal drugs, their mechanisms of action, and clinical uses. It describes how caspofungin inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis, while amphotericin B and nystatin bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. Azoles like ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis. 5-flucytosine inhibits fungal nucleic acid synthesis. It also discusses the antifungals' mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical indications, resistance and adverse effects. Superficial and systemic fungal infections are outlined.
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Antifungal drugs work by targeting differences in the cell wall and membrane compositions of fungi compared to human cells. Azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole inhibit fungal ergosterol synthesis while amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in the membrane. Topical antifungals like nystatin and tolnaftate treat superficial infections while systemic drugs like fluconazole and terbinafine treat deep infections. These drugs have various mechanisms of action and are used to treat a wide range of fungal infections based on their spectra, pharmacokinetics and safety profiles.
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This document discusses antifungal drugs used to treat fungal infections. It covers several classes of antifungals including polyenes like amphotericin B and nystatin that damage fungal cell membranes, azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole that inhibit ergosterol synthesis, echinocandins like caspofungin that inhibit cell wall synthesis, and other antifungals such as flucytosine and allylamines. Each drug's mechanism of action, indications, dosage, administration route, efficacy, side effects, and drug interactions are described. The document provides an in-depth overview of antifungal drug properties and use in treating various fungal diseases
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Antiviral agents
Viruses rely on host cell processes for replication, so antiviral agents target specific steps in the viral life cycle. Acyclovir inhibits herpes virus DNA synthesis and is used to treat herpes infections. Antiretrovirals target HIV replication through four classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors. Antifungals include polyenes like amphotericin B, which forms pores in fungal cell membranes, and azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, which inhibit fungal enzyme synthesis. Each drug has characteristic mechanisms, spectrums of activity, and side effect profiles for treating
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Viruses rely on host cell processes for replication, so antiviral agents target specific steps in the viral life cycle. Acyclovir inhibits herpes virus DNA synthesis and is used to treat herpes infections. Antiretrovirals target HIV replication through four classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors. Amphotericin B and azoles such as fluconazole and itraconazole are broad-spectrum antifungals used to treat serious fungal infections. They work by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes or inhibiting fungal enzyme production.
Antiviral agents
Viruses rely on host cell processes for replication, so antiviral agents target specific steps in the viral life cycle. Acyclovir inhibits herpes virus DNA synthesis and is used to treat herpes infections. Antiretrovirals for HIV include nucleoside/nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. Antifungals include polyenes like amphotericin B, which forms pores in fungal membranes, and azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, which inhibit fungal enzyme synthesis. These drugs have different mechanisms and are used to treat various fungal infections.
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Fungal infections can be superficial or systemic. Antifungal drugs include polyenes, azoles, and allylamines which act by disrupting fungal cell membranes or inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, mitosis or DNA synthesis. Amphotericin binds to ergosterol and causes membrane damage. Ketoconazole and fluconazole are oral azoles that inhibit ergosterol synthesis. Systemic antifungals like amphotericin are nephrotoxic while superficial infections are treated with topical azoles and allylamines.
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This document discusses antifungal agents used to treat fungal infections. It defines antifungal agents as drugs that selectively eliminate fungal pathogens with minimal toxicity. It classifies fungal infections and describes various antifungal drug classes including polyenes, azoles, allylamines, echinocandins, and pyrimidines. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, and common adverse effects.
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Fungal infections can be treated with several classes of antifungal drugs that work via different mechanisms. Polyenes like amphotericin B and nystatin disrupt fungal cell membranes. Azoles like ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis. Flucytosine inhibits fungal DNA synthesis. Topical azoles are used for superficial infections while systemic polyenes, azoles and flucytosine treat serious systemic fungal infections. Newer drugs like caspofungin inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis. Choice of antifungal depends on infection type, organism, resistance and safety profile.
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Systemic fungal infections can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients. Anti-fungal drugs target the fungal cell membrane and include polyenes like amphotericin B, azoles, and antimetabolites like flucytosine. Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum of activity but significant toxicity, while azoles like itraconazole are better tolerated and used for both superficial and systemic fungal infections. These drugs differ in their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, spectra of activity, and adverse effect profiles.
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