Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and virusesNOOR ARSHIA
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and viruses includes gene expression mechanism of prokaryotes such as lac operon ,trp operon, feedback inhibition, types of temporal response, positive and negative gene regulation. It also includes mechanisms such as reverse transcriptase in viruses.
Gene regulation, History and Evolution , Traditional Methods:
Northern blot
quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRTPCR)
serial analysis of gene expression(SAGE) and
DNA microarrays.
DNA Chip
This PowerPoint is applicable for the medical, paramedical, and all the life science students who read the mechanism of gene expression. This is equally useful for teachers as well. This is the comprehensive coverage on the aforementioned topic.
Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and virusesNOOR ARSHIA
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and viruses includes gene expression mechanism of prokaryotes such as lac operon ,trp operon, feedback inhibition, types of temporal response, positive and negative gene regulation. It also includes mechanisms such as reverse transcriptase in viruses.
Gene regulation, History and Evolution , Traditional Methods:
Northern blot
quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRTPCR)
serial analysis of gene expression(SAGE) and
DNA microarrays.
DNA Chip
This PowerPoint is applicable for the medical, paramedical, and all the life science students who read the mechanism of gene expression. This is equally useful for teachers as well. This is the comprehensive coverage on the aforementioned topic.
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
Transcription in eukariotes by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNAPs
MACHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
-ELONGATION
-TERMINATION
RNA SPLISING
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This Powerpoint consists of RNA synthesis (transcription) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This also explains about the post-transcriptional modifications in the mRNA. How the post transcriptionla modifications help in the gene expression.
The following topics are discussed
. Prokaryotic gene expression and regulation
Prokaryotic “gene structure”
The basic structure of Operon
Lactose Operon” regulation
Tryptophan Operon” regulation
2. Eukaryotic gene expression and regulation
Eukaryotic gene structure
Regulons
The important points of Molecular Biology are framed in these slides in view of competitive exam and academics exam.
Main topics like Replication, Transcription and Translation are covered in addition with comparision of processes in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
Transcription in eukariotes by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNAPs
MACHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
-ELONGATION
-TERMINATION
RNA SPLISING
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This Powerpoint consists of RNA synthesis (transcription) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This also explains about the post-transcriptional modifications in the mRNA. How the post transcriptionla modifications help in the gene expression.
The following topics are discussed
. Prokaryotic gene expression and regulation
Prokaryotic “gene structure”
The basic structure of Operon
Lactose Operon” regulation
Tryptophan Operon” regulation
2. Eukaryotic gene expression and regulation
Eukaryotic gene structure
Regulons
The important points of Molecular Biology are framed in these slides in view of competitive exam and academics exam.
Main topics like Replication, Transcription and Translation are covered in addition with comparision of processes in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Similar to Translational regulation in prokaryotes.pptx (20)
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane production have a tremendous impact on climate change, microbes play a key role in the production and control of these gases
microbe mediated insect resistance is a major concern in agriculture due to the enhanced application of pesticides and rapid development of insect resistance
Current trends and future prospects of halophilic microbes in agricultureNagaraju Yalavarthi
halophiles are the microorganisms that capable of living under salt conditions, generally many microbes are susceptible to higher salt concentration whereas these microbes tolerate higher salinity
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
differentiation in microbes is a peculiar character, different microbes have a different mode of life some lives as a single cell, and some lives as complex life cycle by having different types of cells, coccoid, rod or sedentary cells it's all depend upon their
it is a tri-trophic interaction between insect and plant, plant and microbe as well as microbe insect which results in the fitness of the plant. sometimes negative interactions result in the loss of crop or insect or microbial relationship....
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Regulation
• Bacterial translation is regulated by at least three mechanisms
1. Ribosomal occlusion due to mRNA tertiary structure
2. Translational repression caused by protein binding to mRNA
3. Regulatory RNA molecules base pair with the mRNA molecules
3.
4. Two component system
Most signal transduction systems contain two parts
1. Sensory kinase (present in cytoplasmic membrane)
Sensory kinase detect signal from the environment and phosphorylates themselves
(autophosphorylation) at a specific histidine residue
2. Response regulator protein (present in cytoplasm)
A DNA binding protein that regulates transcription either a positive or negative
fashion
5. Two component systems
are absent in archaea and
in bacteria that live as
parasites of higher
organisms
6. • In e. coli, 50 different two component systems are present
• Eg: Nitrogen limitation
Phosphate limitation
Osmotic pressure
7. Osmotic pressure regulation in E. coli
• Osmolarity of environment controls the relative levels of the proteins OmpC and
OmpF in the E. coli outer membrane
• OmpC and OmpF are porins, proteins that allow metabolites to cross the outer
membrane of gram negative bacteria
• EnvZ, a cytoplasmic membrane sensor histidine kinase, detects changes in
osmotic pressure
• OmpR, a response regulator protein
8. • If the osmotic pressure is low, the synthesis of OmpF, a porin with a larger pore, increases
• If osmotic pressure is high, OmpC, a porin with a smaller pore, is made in larger amounts
• When a shift occurs, EnvZ auto-phosphorylates itself and transfers phosphate group to
OmpR, the response regulator
• Under conditions of low osmotic pressure, phosphorylated OmpR (OmpR-P) activates
transcription of the ompF gene
• Conversly, when osmotic pressure is high, OmpR-P repress transcription of ompF gene and
activates the transcription of ompC instead
• The expression of ompF is also regulated by an additional control mechanism: regulatory
RNA
• High osmolarity in some way triggers synthesis of an antisense RNA, the product of the micF
gene.
• The RNA is partly complementary to sequence in the 5’ end of ompF mRNA
• The micF RNA inactivates the ompF message by annealing to it and forming a duplex RNA in
vivo, which covers the translational initiation sequence of OmpF mRNA
9. RNA based regulation
• RNA molecules that are not translated to give proteins are collectively known as
noncoding RNA (ncRNA)
• This category includes rRNA, tRNA and small RNA molecules necessary for RNA
processing
• Small RNA’s (sRNA,s), approximately 40-400 nucleotides long and regulate gene
expression, widely distributed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• sRNA’s exert their effects by base pairing directly to other RNA molecules, usually
mRNAs, which has complementary sequence
• This binding immediately modulates the rate of target mRNA translation because a
ribosome can't translate double stranded RNA.
10. Mechanism of sRNA activity
• Small RNAs alter the translation of their mRNA target by four distinct mechanisms
1. Base pairing with target mRNA changes the secondary structure blocks the RBS
(ribosomal binding site)
2. Base pairing with target mRNA opens the blocked RBS site, llows the ribosomes
to bind
3. Binding to mRNA, deceases the degradation by ribonucleases
4. Binding to mRNA, increases the degradation of mRNA quickly
11.
12. • Small RNAs that are made by transcribing the non-template strand of the same gene
that yielded the target mRNA are called anti sense small RNAs and are thus
complementary in base sequence