The document discusses a fuel nano-additive technology that uses cerium oxide nanoparticles as a fuel borne catalyst. It provides background on nanotechnology and describes how cerium oxide improves fuel combustion efficiency and reduces emissions when mixed into fuel at the nanoscale. Laboratory tests conducted on a diesel engine in Vietnam found that the nano-additive reduced fuel consumption and particulate emissions while increasing combustion pressure over 56 hours of operation with no adverse effects.

1. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Fuel Nano Additive
Technology

2. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
 Development of technologies to exploit the distinct
property enhancement observed at nanoscale such that the
following benefits are observed:
 Improvements to existing products in terms of performance
or value
 New functionality paradigms
 Improve our control and understanding of processes

3. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Nanotechnology Market

4. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Our Technology Outline
 Fuel Borne Catalyst
 Results of Testing FBC in Vietnam
 Test Protocol & Discussion

5. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Objectives
 To increase combustion efficiency; Travel
range per unit fuel or save fuel cost
 To reduce unwanted emission
 To have a secured supply; Technology
should be amenable for local manufacturing

6. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
 Catalyst is a substance that accelerate a
chemical reaction and itself is not consumed by
the overall reaction. It provides an alternative
route of reaction where the activation energy is
lower than the original chemical reaction
 When the catalyst is homogeneously mixed in
the fuel, it is known as fuel borne catalyst

7. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Cerium Oxide as a Fuel Borne Catalyst
Cerium-oxide (ceria) is a catalyst widely used in
petroleum cracking, metal alloying,
semiconductor polishing, car catalytic converters,
etc.
When Ceria is mixed in fuel to promote fuel
combustion, it is called FBC (Fuel Borne
Catalyst)

8. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
How Cerium Oxide acts as a Catalyst?
Provides highly reactive surface atomic oxygen during
transformation from stoichiometric +4ve state to +3ve state
with relatively low required activation energy
Fluorite structure is retained and is readily be reoxidized back
to CeO2 in oxidizing environment
Used as an oxygen storage material in catalysis via the
following reaction:
2CeO2
Ce2
O3
+ O
Its REDOX properties have promoted combustion and
reduce Nox
as:
Hydrocarbon Combustion: (2x+y)CeO2
+ Cx
Hy
→ (2x+y)Ce2
O3
/2 +
CO2
+ H2
O
Soot Burning: 4CeO2
+ Csoot
→ 2Ce2
O3
+ CO2
NOx Reduction: xCe2
O3
+ NOx
→ 2xCeO2
+ N2

9. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Cerium Oxide as Fuel Borne
Catalyst (FBC)
Fuel without FBC
Fuel with FBC

10. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology

11. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Nano Cerium Oxide as Fuel Borne
Catalyst (FBC)
 In 2003, Health Effects Institute of USA has listed nano-
CeO2
FBC as amongst the highest recommended fuel-
additive technology for improving diesel engine emission
Advantages
 Environment
 Reduce undesired pollutants & burnt less fuel per
traveled distance
 Operation
 Improve Range and hence Cost
 Nano-CeO2 has large surface area, its light weight helps
form stable suspension & avoid wear

12. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Product and Properties
 Catalyst requires sufficient surface area during reaction to
be effective. Reduction leads to loss of its effectiveness
 A new method is developed for nanopowder synthesizing
process, HYBRID PLASMA
 This method of synthesizing Ceria provides more stable
surface area at high temperature, consistent catalytic
activities in combustion chamber and hence performance

13. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Product and Properties-Contd.
 Data shows the specific surface area shrank only <15%
when they were heated to 800°C
 The surface stability, in return provides consistent higher
catalytic activities at high temperature environment
 The technology also provides area to disperse the
nanopowder into high concentration slurry and readily
disperse into fuel at high dilution ratio,1:20,000

14. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Published Ceria BET Values at Different
Temperature
Market Utilized Ceria:
400ºK = ~70-m2
/gr
1,000ºK = ~10-m2
/gr
NSI Produced Ceria:
300ºK = 123-m2
/gr
1,073ºK = 113-m2
/gr
Experimental TPR profile (right) and surface area drop (left) of three
different samples of ceria : high surface area (▲.---), medium surface
area (▄,--), low surface area (●,---)

15. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Testing Facilities @ Internal Combustion Lab; Inst.
Transportation Engineering
Hanoi Univ. of Technology; Vietnam
 Appointed Lab by Vietnam's EPA
System Specification:
One Cylinder Research Engine
Austria, AVL 5402 engine with
PUMA& EMCON computerized
control system
 Parameter
Diameter: 85mm
Stroke length: 90mm
Volume: 510.7CC
Combustion Ratio: 17.1:1

16. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
NSI's FBC Laboratory Test
Test Procedures
Test ran on April 2008 with
Vietnamese open market diesel
Data Averaged according to ECE
R49 Test protocol: 13 running
modes
Data taken at
Normal diesel
Immediately added FBC (t=0)
After 20hrs of continuously running
at 1,800-rpm @ 50% load (t=20)
After another 36hrs of continuously
running at 1,800rpm @ 50% load
(t=56)
Additive resulted with fuel contains
<10pmm of CeO2
nanoparticles

17. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
F u e l i m p r o v e m e n t v s e n g i n e r u n n i n g ti m e
0 . 0
1 . 0
2 . 0
3 . 0
4 . 0
5 . 0
6 . 0
7 . 0
8 . 0
9 . 0
4 2 0 5 6
E n g in e r u n n in g t im e ( h r s )
Fuelimprovment(%)
Test Results @ HUT, Vietnam
T o t a l h y d r o c a r b o n ( T H C ) e m is s io n
0 %
5 %
1 0 %
1 5 %
2 0 %
2 5 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g i n e r u n n i n g ti m e ( h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)
C O e m is s io n
-1 0 %
-5 %
0 %
5 %
1 0 %
1 5 %
2 0 %
2 5 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g i n e r u n n i n g t i m e ( h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)
O p a c ity In d e x
0 %
5 %
1 0 %
1 5 %
2 0 %
2 5 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g in e r u n n in g tim e (h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)

18. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Test Results @ HUT, Vietnam
N O x e m is s io n
-1 0 %
-8 %
-6 %
-4 %
-2 %
0 %
2 %
4 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g i n e r u n n i n g tim e (h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
- 9 0 - 8 0 - 7 0 - 6 0 - 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
C r a n k a n g l e [ d e g r e e ]
Pressure[bar]
p _ c y l i n d e r _ D i e s e l
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 1
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 2
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 3
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
- 9 0 - 8 0 - 7 0 - 6 0 - 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
C r a n k a n g le [ d e g r e e ]
Pressure[bar]
p _ c y l i n d e r _ D i e s e l
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 1
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 - L 2
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 3
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
- 9 0 - 8 0 - 7 0 - 6 0 - 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
C r a n k a n g l e [ d e g r e e ]
Pressure[bar]
P _ C y l i n d e r_ D i e s e l
p _ c y l i n d e r_ C e O 2 _ L 1
P _ C y l i n d e r_ C e O 2 _ L 2
p _ c y l i n d e r_ C e O 2 _ L 3

19. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Test Results @ HUT, Vietnam
Results
 No adverse effects on the engine are observed
after 56hrs running
 Fuel consumption reduces gradually from ~1.5% to
7.7% after 56hrs of running with additive
 Particulate emission reduces ranges 10%-20%
 Carbon monoxide emission increases first but
reduces after 20hrs of engine running with FBC; an
indicative of burning off the deposited carbon
 Total hydro-carbon emission reduces >10%
 Combustion pressure profile moving closer to 0th
-
crank angle and peak value increases at 1,400rpm.
However, changes at higher rpm is not significant.
 Nitrogen oxides emission is fluctuate and not
consistence
Notes: Current diesel engine is designed to be very efficient.
Effective of additive depending on engine design & operating
condition

20. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
The Companies Behind
 NSTC ( Nano Science and Technology Consortium ) is
India’s only Nanotechnology platform which associates
various stake holders and helps in harnessing the potential
of Nanotechnology for common man and Industries. NSTC
represents various nanotechnologies in India which are
developed by world renowned companies.
JV Partners
 NanoScience Innovation Pte Ltd is a Singapore
nanotechnology company has patented unique Ceria
particles production technology along with the dispersion
methodology which has resulted into engine efficiencies
along with reduction in various emissions.
 nDure Technologies is an Australian nanotechnology
company providing solutions and services in various
Nanotech. areas.

21. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Why NSTC
 Technological Development of Nano-Additive
 Commercialisation of Nano-Additive Technology
 Delivery of Nano-Additive

22. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Nano Science and Technology
Consortium
A-105, Level-III, Sector-63,
Noida-201301, U.P., (India)
For Queries/Concerns
Tel: +91-120- 4781215-17
Mob: +91-9818206463
Website: www.nstc.in
E-mail: info@nstc.in
Chat: Yahoo ID- nstcchat