MEEN 489/689 Lecture 8
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This document discusses applications of nanomaterials in conventional energy sectors such as oil and gas exploration and extraction, drilling, refining, power generation, and electric vehicles. It describes how nanosensors can be used to image tight formations for oil and gas exploration. It also discusses how nanoparticles added to drilling fluids can plug pores to minimize water loss and remove hydrogen sulfide. Nanoparticles and nanomaterials are also discussed as improving properties of materials used in refining, power generation equipment, and electric motor windings to increase efficiency.
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MEEN 489/689 Lecture 8
- 1. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015: Entrepreneurship & Nanomaterials for Energy Applications Lecture 8 Applications of Nanomaterials in Conventional Energy Sectors James Donnell, Andreas Polycarpou, Tanil Ozkan, Haejune Kim Fall 2015 19/24/2015
- 2. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 Source : Hessen Nanotech 2008
- 4. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 4 http://www.adnjusa.com Source : Hessen Nanotech 2008
- 5. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 5 http://www.adnjusa.com Extensive research & investments necessary Source: Shell energy scenarios to 2050 (2008). This was before the game changer! What is the game changer in in the competition between conventional and emerging sectors in the energy business?
- 7. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 7 http://www.adnjusa.com Source: DOE Estimates (2014).
- 9. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 9 http://www.adnjusa.com Source : German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, 2006 Political Decision Making vs. Free Market Dynamics ?
- 10. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 10 http://www.adnjusa.com Ideal Recipe: Free Market Dynamics + Apolitical Environmental Stewardship Source : Hessen Nanotech 2008
- 11. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 11 http://www.adnjusa.com Nanotechnology in Oil and Gas
- 12. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 129/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry - Exploration Within the last decade, nanosensors, ranging from 1-100 nm, have captured the attention and imagination of petroleum geologists (Pitkethly, 2004) [1]. Nano-Computerized Tomography (CT) can image tight gas sands, tight shales, and tight carbonates in which the pore structure is below what micro-CT can detect [1].
- 13. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 139/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry - Exploration There are several active and promising projects to develop nanosensors compatible with temperature and pressure ratings in deep wells and hostile environments. Nanosensors are deployed in the pore space by means of “nanodust” to provide data on reservoir characterization, fluid-flow monitoring, and fluid-type recognition (Esmaeili, 2009) [1]. Hyperpolarized silicon nanoparticles provide a novel tool for measuring and imaging in oil exploration (Song and Marcus, 2007) [1].
- 14. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 149/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and Extraction
- 15. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 159/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and Extraction In shale formations with nanodarcy (nd) permeability, the nanometer-sized pores prevent the formation of the filter cake that is responsible for fluid loss reduction. Nanoparticles can be added to the drilling fluid to minimize shale permeability through physically plugging the nanometer-sized pores and shut off water loss. Hence, Nanoparticles can provide potential solution for environmentally sensitive areas where Oil-based muds used as a solution to shale instability problems (Price et al., 2012) [1]. www.americangilsonite.com
- 16. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 169/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and Extraction According to (Amanullah and Al-Tahini, 2009), Nanomaterial-based drilling mud with hydrophobic film forming capability on the bit and stabilizer surfaces is expected to eliminate the bit and stabilizer balling totally. Due to high surface area to volume ratio and very low concentration requirement compared to macro and micromaterial-based fluids, nano-based fluid could be the fluid of choice for drilling in shale which is very reactive, highly pliable, and tenacious and thus can stick easily to the bit, stabilizers, tool joints, etc. as it prevents the reduction in ROP and in total operating cost.
- 17. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 179/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and Extraction Hydrogen sulfide is a very dangerous, toxic and corrosive gas. It can diffuse into drilling fluid from formations during drilling of gas and oil wells. Hydrogen sulfide should be removed from the mud to reduce the environmental pollution, protect the health of drilling workers and prevent corrosion of pipelines and equipment [1]. Sayyadnejad et al., 2008, used 14-25 nm zinc oxide particles size and 44-56 m2/g specific surface area to remove hydrogen sulfide from water-based drilling fluid according to the following chemical reaction: ZnO + H2S → ZnS + H2O The efficiency of these nanoparticles in the removal of hydrogen sulfide from drilling mud was evaluated and compared with that of bulk zinc oxide. Their results demonstrated that synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles are completely able to remove hydrogen sulfide from water based drilling mud in about 15 min., whereas bulk zinc oxide is able to remove only 2.5% of hydrogen sulfide in as long as 90 min. under the same operating conditions [1].
- 18. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 189/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry – Drill Bit Technology Nanodiamond particles have been functionalized for polycrystalline diamond applications such as polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters for drill bits [1]. http://www.asme.org polycrystalline diamond
- 19. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 199/24/2015 Oil and Gas Industry – Refining and Processing http://www.adnjusa.com During the last two decades, nanotechnology has made substantial contributions to refining and converting fossil fuels. The development of mesoporous catalyst materials such as MCM-41 has significantly changed downstream refining. Nano-filters and particles have the ability to remove harmful toxic substances such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and related acids and acid anhydrides from vapor, and mercury from soil and water, with exact precision [1]. Nanotechnology further provides solutions for carbon capture and long-term storage. Emerging nanotechnology has opened the door to the development of a new generation of nanomembranes for enhanced separation of gas streams and removal of impurities from oil (Kong and Ohadi, 2010) [1].
- 20. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 20 http://www.adnjusa.com Rotor and combustion chamber of a gas turbine. More heat resistant materials provide for further increase in operating temperatures and thus in efficiencies of gas and steam turbine power plants (Source: Siemens AG [2])
- 21. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 21 http://www.adnjusa.com Nanoparticle addition leads to significant improvements in properties of fluids used in nuclear power plants (Source: [3])
- 22. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 22 http://www.adnjusa.com Nanoparticle addition leads to significant improvements in properties of fluids used in nuclear power plants (Source: [3])
- 25. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 25 http://www.adnjusa.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bCIq-DUoaE CNT Yarns in Power Transmission
- 26. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 26 http://www.adnjusa.com http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/05/nanocomp-technologies-will-be-supplying.html CNT Yarns in Power Transmission
- 27. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 27 http://www.adnjusa.com Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric Motors By Dexter Johnson Posted 3 Oct 2014 | 20:00 GMT A staggering fact is that motors and motor driven systems account for between 43 percent and 46 percent of all global electricity consumption. Needless to say, if electric motors could be made to run more efficiently, energy consumption would fall. With research out of Rice University back in 2011 demonstrating that carbon nanotubes braided into wires could outperform copper in conducting electricity, it looked like there would soon be a new way to create those improved efficiencies. Building on that research, a team at the Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) in Finland has replaced the copper windings used to conduct electricity in electric motors with a woven material made from threads of carbon nanotubes and achieved remarkable new efficiencies in the motors. "If we keep the electrical machine design parameters unchanged and only replace copper with future carbon nanotube wires, it is possible to reduce the Joule losses in the windings to half of the present-day machine losses,” said Professor Juha Pyrhönen, who has led the design of the prototype at LUT, in a press release [4].
- 28. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 28 http://www.adnjusa.com “Implementation of nanotechnology adaptations in electric motors has the potential of revolutionizing the electric vehicle industry by overcoming all major limitations in effective market penetration.” [5]
- 29. MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015 29 http://www.adnjusa.com References [1] A. I. El-Diasty, A. M. S. Ragab, Applications of Nanotechnology in the Oil & Gas Industry: Latest Trends Worldwide & Future Challenges in Egypt, SPE-164716-MS, 2013. [2] Einsatz von Nanotechnologien im Energiesektor, Bandnummer: 9, Publication Series Hessen-Nanotech, available at: http://www.hessennanotech.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=15523 [3] V. Patel, Y. Chitrapu, L. Bora, Nanotechnology and Fluid Flow Mechanics, Linked-In Slide Share, available at: http://www.slideshare.net/Vedant_09/nanotechnology-and-fluid-flow-mechanics [4] D. Johnson, Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric Motors, IEEE SPECTRUM, Oct. 2014, available at: http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/nanotechnology/carbon-nanotube- yarns-set-to-replace-copper-windings-in-electric-motors [5] T. Ozkan and A. Mehta, Electric Vehicles ENG 328 LINC Course Lecture Notes, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Faculty of Engineering, Spring 2012.