This document summarizes cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles, including their structure, synthesis methods, and applications. CeO2 nanoparticles have a fluorite crystalline structure and adopt different shapes depending on their size. They can be synthesized via various methods like precipitation and have uses in diesel engines and medical treatments. Specifically, adding CeO2 nanoparticles to diesel fuel improves engine performance and reduces emissions by promoting more complete combustion. The nanoparticles also have potential applications in treating neurological diseases involving oxidative stress, like Parkinson's, due to their antioxidant properties.
The document discusses the green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using turmeric powder. Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by adding cerium nitrate to an extract of turmeric powder boiled in water. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized through techniques such as XRD, PSA, SEM, TEM, and TG/DTA to determine properties like average crystallite size, particle size, morphology, structure and thermal stability. Key applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles include use in fuel cells, removing pollutants from diesel emissions, and glass polishing.
This document summarizes a project comparing the photocatalytic properties of CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles in degrading Basic Green 3GN and Basic Red 2A dyes. CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. Dye degradation experiments using the nanoparticles as photocatalysts showed that TiO2 was highly effective in degrading the dyes, with up to 99% degradation of 100 ppm dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed pseudo-first order degradation behavior for TiO2. In contrast, CeO2 did not show any dye degradation. The document concludes that TiO2 is a superior photocatalyst for degrading these dyes compared to CeO2.
The document provides information about scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), including:
- A brief history of the development of SEMs from the 1930s to modern commercial versions.
- An overview of the basic components and working principles of SEMs, such as using an electron beam to scan samples and detect signals to form images.
- Descriptions and diagrams of key parts like the electron gun, electromagnetic lenses, detectors, and vacuum system.
- Explanations of imaging modes and how SEMs can be used for chemical analysis of samples.
- Advantages and limitations of SEM technology.
1. TiO2 is an effective photocatalyst for water splitting under UV light through generating electron-hole pairs, but has a large bandgap only absorbing UV light.
2. Nitrogen doping of TiO2 has been explored as a way to narrow the bandgap and enable absorption of visible light, but the exact chemical nature of incorporated nitrogen is unclear from characterization techniques.
3. Preparation methods can result in substitutional or interstitial nitrogen in the TiO2 lattice, but there is no clear correlation between method used and nitrogen state incorporated.
This document discusses metals in medicine and their importance in biological systems. It covers topics such as medicinal bioinorganic chemistry, classification of metal elements, the role of metal ions in critical biological functions, and examples of metal deficiencies that can lead to disease. The document also addresses how some metals can be toxic in excess and cause conditions like Wilson's disease from copper overload or hemochromatosis from iron poisoning. Finally, it mentions how some metals like plutonium, mercury, and others are used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
This document provides an overview of applied nanochemistry and various nanomaterial classes. It discusses zero-dimensional nanoparticles, quantum dots, molecular electronics, nanotube/nanowire field effect transistors, and nanoporous materials and their applications. It also summarizes different nanomaterial classes based on their dimensionality, including zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional nanomaterials. Various types of two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanomaterials are classified and examples are provided.
The document summarizes a presentation on the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using banana peel extract. Banana peels were used as they contain antioxidants and phenolic compounds. An experimental flow chart shows banana peel extract being mixed with iron sulfate and distilled water to form a black powder of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Characterization using XRD, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR confirmed the formation of spherical iron nanoparticles around 30nm in size. The green synthesis method utilizes food waste and provides an environmentally friendly way to produce nanoparticles with applications in medicine, industry and more.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) convert sunlight to electricity via a photosensitizer dye attached to a semiconductor (typically titanium dioxide). When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the semiconductor and collected at the anode. The dye is regenerated by accepting electrons from an electrolyte solution, and the process continues. Michael Gratzel invented the DSSC in 1991. DSSCs can be made flexible and are less expensive than silicon solar cells. Ruthenium-based dyes like N719 are most commonly used but research seeks replacements like organic or natural dyes.
The document discusses the green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using turmeric powder. Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by adding cerium nitrate to an extract of turmeric powder boiled in water. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized through techniques such as XRD, PSA, SEM, TEM, and TG/DTA to determine properties like average crystallite size, particle size, morphology, structure and thermal stability. Key applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles include use in fuel cells, removing pollutants from diesel emissions, and glass polishing.
This document summarizes a project comparing the photocatalytic properties of CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles in degrading Basic Green 3GN and Basic Red 2A dyes. CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. Dye degradation experiments using the nanoparticles as photocatalysts showed that TiO2 was highly effective in degrading the dyes, with up to 99% degradation of 100 ppm dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed pseudo-first order degradation behavior for TiO2. In contrast, CeO2 did not show any dye degradation. The document concludes that TiO2 is a superior photocatalyst for degrading these dyes compared to CeO2.
The document provides information about scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), including:
- A brief history of the development of SEMs from the 1930s to modern commercial versions.
- An overview of the basic components and working principles of SEMs, such as using an electron beam to scan samples and detect signals to form images.
- Descriptions and diagrams of key parts like the electron gun, electromagnetic lenses, detectors, and vacuum system.
- Explanations of imaging modes and how SEMs can be used for chemical analysis of samples.
- Advantages and limitations of SEM technology.
1. TiO2 is an effective photocatalyst for water splitting under UV light through generating electron-hole pairs, but has a large bandgap only absorbing UV light.
2. Nitrogen doping of TiO2 has been explored as a way to narrow the bandgap and enable absorption of visible light, but the exact chemical nature of incorporated nitrogen is unclear from characterization techniques.
3. Preparation methods can result in substitutional or interstitial nitrogen in the TiO2 lattice, but there is no clear correlation between method used and nitrogen state incorporated.
This document discusses metals in medicine and their importance in biological systems. It covers topics such as medicinal bioinorganic chemistry, classification of metal elements, the role of metal ions in critical biological functions, and examples of metal deficiencies that can lead to disease. The document also addresses how some metals can be toxic in excess and cause conditions like Wilson's disease from copper overload or hemochromatosis from iron poisoning. Finally, it mentions how some metals like plutonium, mercury, and others are used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
This document provides an overview of applied nanochemistry and various nanomaterial classes. It discusses zero-dimensional nanoparticles, quantum dots, molecular electronics, nanotube/nanowire field effect transistors, and nanoporous materials and their applications. It also summarizes different nanomaterial classes based on their dimensionality, including zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional nanomaterials. Various types of two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanomaterials are classified and examples are provided.
The document summarizes a presentation on the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using banana peel extract. Banana peels were used as they contain antioxidants and phenolic compounds. An experimental flow chart shows banana peel extract being mixed with iron sulfate and distilled water to form a black powder of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Characterization using XRD, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR confirmed the formation of spherical iron nanoparticles around 30nm in size. The green synthesis method utilizes food waste and provides an environmentally friendly way to produce nanoparticles with applications in medicine, industry and more.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) convert sunlight to electricity via a photosensitizer dye attached to a semiconductor (typically titanium dioxide). When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the semiconductor and collected at the anode. The dye is regenerated by accepting electrons from an electrolyte solution, and the process continues. Michael Gratzel invented the DSSC in 1991. DSSCs can be made flexible and are less expensive than silicon solar cells. Ruthenium-based dyes like N719 are most commonly used but research seeks replacements like organic or natural dyes.
The threat of global warming is high due to the extensive use of fossil fuels.Using non-renewable resources is a viable solution. Sunlight can be converted in two ways - into electrical energy and into chemical energy. Water splitting and CO2 are two important methods which can be used in solar cells.
This document summarizes an application of titanium nanoparticles. It discusses synthesizing titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaves and evaluating their wound healing properties. It also examines the effect of titanium nanoparticles on the growth, yield and chemical constituents of coriander plants. Finally, it explores using nano-titanium dioxide pretreatment to enhance biohydrogen and biomethane production from sugarcane bagasse. The document provides details on the materials, methods and results of experiments on wound healing in rats, growing coriander plants, and pretreating sugarcane bagasse for fermentation.
Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) is a technique used to grow thin semiconductor films on substrates using organometallic compounds as sources. MOCVD is commonly used to fabricate electronic and optoelectronic devices like those in phones, LEDs, and solar cells. The MOCVD process involves heating substrates in a reactor where organometallic source gases decompose and react to form epitaxial semiconductor films precisely controlled in thickness and composition. MOCVD offers high growth quality, flexibility, and throughput making it well-suited for heterostructures like quantum wells used across many applications.
This document summarizes a conference on nanoparticles organized by Ashoka Institute of Technology and Management. It discusses nanoparticles and their properties, various synthesis methods for gold and silver nanoparticles including chemical, physical and biological methods, characterization techniques, and applications in drug delivery, biomedical uses, and challenges including instability, impurities, and toxicity.
Green Synthesis Of Silver NanoparticlesAnal Mondal
This document discusses the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their properties. It then discusses silver nanoparticles specifically, including their size range and color properties. The rest of the document discusses the green synthesis technique for producing silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, the advantages of this method over chemical synthesis, and various characterization techniques and applications of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.
This document discusses nanomaterials, which are defined as substances that have at least one dimension measuring less than 100 nanometers. Nanomaterials can be categorized based on their origin as natural or artificial, based on their dimensions as zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional, or based on their structural configuration as carbon-based, metal-based, dendrimers or composites. Some examples of nanomaterials are discussed. The document also outlines several applications and advantages of nanomaterials, such as increased efficiency and strength, as well as some potential disadvantages like aggregation and instability. In conclusion, the document discusses how nanomaterials can improve the properties of concrete.
1) Photocatalysis involves using light energy to facilitate chemical reactions. Photocatalysts like chlorophyll and titanium dioxide are able to breakdown organic matter into carbon dioxide and water when exposed to light.
2) Nanoparticles are necessary for high activity photocatalysts due to quantum size effects. Smaller nanoparticles have a larger surface area and better adsorption potential.
3) Photocatalysts have various applications including air purification by decomposing volatile organic compounds, self-cleaning surfaces, water purification by oxidizing pollutants, and dye degradation.
The document discusses the actinide series of elements in the periodic table. It covers the properties and uses of actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, and later actinides like curium. The actinide series includes radioactive elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103. They have similar chemical properties and most exhibit oxidation states of +3 and +4. Many actinides are used as nuclear fuel or in specialized detection devices.
This document discusses photocatalysis using semiconductors like TiO2. It describes the discovery of photocatalytic water splitting on a TiO2 electrode under UV light in 1972. The steps in photocatalysis are outlined as light absorption, generation of electron-hole pairs, migration/recombination of pairs, adsorption/desorption of reactants/products, and redox reactions. TiO2 is discussed as a common photocatalyst due to its stability, low cost, and oxidizing power. Different types of heterojunction photocatalysts - including Type I, II, III and p-n heterojunctions - are described in terms of their band structure and ability to separate electron-hole pairs. Surface
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
This document discusses various methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). It covers physical approaches like evaporation-condensation and laser ablation. It then discusses several chemical approaches for reduction of silver ions to produce Ag NPs, including reduction by tri-sodium citrate, sodium borohydride, UV irradiation, gamma irradiation, laser irradiation, microwave irradiation, sonochemical reduction, and electrochemical methods. It notes the advantages of these chemical synthesis techniques and how stabilizing agents prevent agglomeration of the nanoparticles.
This document discusses fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon. It describes how the most common fullerene, C60, was discovered in 1985. C60 resembles a soccer ball shape made of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons and pentagons. The document outlines the structure and properties of fullerenes like C60, as well as methods for synthesizing and purifying fullerenes. Potential applications mentioned include use as lubricants, in electronics, and for inhibiting HIV.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
This document discusses metallic nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical sciences and engineering. Metallic nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles have unique properties like high surface-to-volume ratio that make them useful for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. Various methods for synthesizing these nanoparticles like chemical coprecipitation and conjugating them with ligands allow them to be used as contrast agents for MRI, CT, and other imaging modalities. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles can help image and treat diseases like cancer in a non-invasive manner.
The document discusses a fuel nano-additive technology that uses cerium oxide nanoparticles as a fuel borne catalyst. It provides background on nanotechnology and describes how cerium oxide improves fuel combustion efficiency and reduces emissions when mixed into fuel at the nanoscale. Laboratory tests conducted on a diesel engine in Vietnam found that the nano-additive reduced fuel consumption and particulate emissions while increasing combustion pressure over 56 hours of operation with no adverse effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas RecirculationIOSR Journals
Typical engine fuels are blends of various fuels species, i.e., multi component. Thus, the original
single component fuel vaporization model was replaced by a multi component fuel vaporization model .The
model has been extended to model diesel sprays under typical diesel conditions, including the effect of fuel
cetane number variation .Necessary modifications were carried out at the various cooling rates. Found the
performance of the diesel engine under various cooling rates at various cetane numbers, also various quantities
of exhaust gas was re circulated and found performance of the engine
The threat of global warming is high due to the extensive use of fossil fuels.Using non-renewable resources is a viable solution. Sunlight can be converted in two ways - into electrical energy and into chemical energy. Water splitting and CO2 are two important methods which can be used in solar cells.
This document summarizes an application of titanium nanoparticles. It discusses synthesizing titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaves and evaluating their wound healing properties. It also examines the effect of titanium nanoparticles on the growth, yield and chemical constituents of coriander plants. Finally, it explores using nano-titanium dioxide pretreatment to enhance biohydrogen and biomethane production from sugarcane bagasse. The document provides details on the materials, methods and results of experiments on wound healing in rats, growing coriander plants, and pretreating sugarcane bagasse for fermentation.
Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) is a technique used to grow thin semiconductor films on substrates using organometallic compounds as sources. MOCVD is commonly used to fabricate electronic and optoelectronic devices like those in phones, LEDs, and solar cells. The MOCVD process involves heating substrates in a reactor where organometallic source gases decompose and react to form epitaxial semiconductor films precisely controlled in thickness and composition. MOCVD offers high growth quality, flexibility, and throughput making it well-suited for heterostructures like quantum wells used across many applications.
This document summarizes a conference on nanoparticles organized by Ashoka Institute of Technology and Management. It discusses nanoparticles and their properties, various synthesis methods for gold and silver nanoparticles including chemical, physical and biological methods, characterization techniques, and applications in drug delivery, biomedical uses, and challenges including instability, impurities, and toxicity.
Green Synthesis Of Silver NanoparticlesAnal Mondal
This document discusses the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their properties. It then discusses silver nanoparticles specifically, including their size range and color properties. The rest of the document discusses the green synthesis technique for producing silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, the advantages of this method over chemical synthesis, and various characterization techniques and applications of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.
This document discusses nanomaterials, which are defined as substances that have at least one dimension measuring less than 100 nanometers. Nanomaterials can be categorized based on their origin as natural or artificial, based on their dimensions as zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional, or based on their structural configuration as carbon-based, metal-based, dendrimers or composites. Some examples of nanomaterials are discussed. The document also outlines several applications and advantages of nanomaterials, such as increased efficiency and strength, as well as some potential disadvantages like aggregation and instability. In conclusion, the document discusses how nanomaterials can improve the properties of concrete.
1) Photocatalysis involves using light energy to facilitate chemical reactions. Photocatalysts like chlorophyll and titanium dioxide are able to breakdown organic matter into carbon dioxide and water when exposed to light.
2) Nanoparticles are necessary for high activity photocatalysts due to quantum size effects. Smaller nanoparticles have a larger surface area and better adsorption potential.
3) Photocatalysts have various applications including air purification by decomposing volatile organic compounds, self-cleaning surfaces, water purification by oxidizing pollutants, and dye degradation.
The document discusses the actinide series of elements in the periodic table. It covers the properties and uses of actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, and later actinides like curium. The actinide series includes radioactive elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103. They have similar chemical properties and most exhibit oxidation states of +3 and +4. Many actinides are used as nuclear fuel or in specialized detection devices.
This document discusses photocatalysis using semiconductors like TiO2. It describes the discovery of photocatalytic water splitting on a TiO2 electrode under UV light in 1972. The steps in photocatalysis are outlined as light absorption, generation of electron-hole pairs, migration/recombination of pairs, adsorption/desorption of reactants/products, and redox reactions. TiO2 is discussed as a common photocatalyst due to its stability, low cost, and oxidizing power. Different types of heterojunction photocatalysts - including Type I, II, III and p-n heterojunctions - are described in terms of their band structure and ability to separate electron-hole pairs. Surface
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
This document discusses various methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). It covers physical approaches like evaporation-condensation and laser ablation. It then discusses several chemical approaches for reduction of silver ions to produce Ag NPs, including reduction by tri-sodium citrate, sodium borohydride, UV irradiation, gamma irradiation, laser irradiation, microwave irradiation, sonochemical reduction, and electrochemical methods. It notes the advantages of these chemical synthesis techniques and how stabilizing agents prevent agglomeration of the nanoparticles.
This document discusses fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon. It describes how the most common fullerene, C60, was discovered in 1985. C60 resembles a soccer ball shape made of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons and pentagons. The document outlines the structure and properties of fullerenes like C60, as well as methods for synthesizing and purifying fullerenes. Potential applications mentioned include use as lubricants, in electronics, and for inhibiting HIV.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
This document discusses metallic nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical sciences and engineering. Metallic nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles have unique properties like high surface-to-volume ratio that make them useful for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. Various methods for synthesizing these nanoparticles like chemical coprecipitation and conjugating them with ligands allow them to be used as contrast agents for MRI, CT, and other imaging modalities. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles can help image and treat diseases like cancer in a non-invasive manner.
The document discusses a fuel nano-additive technology that uses cerium oxide nanoparticles as a fuel borne catalyst. It provides background on nanotechnology and describes how cerium oxide improves fuel combustion efficiency and reduces emissions when mixed into fuel at the nanoscale. Laboratory tests conducted on a diesel engine in Vietnam found that the nano-additive reduced fuel consumption and particulate emissions while increasing combustion pressure over 56 hours of operation with no adverse effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas RecirculationIOSR Journals
Typical engine fuels are blends of various fuels species, i.e., multi component. Thus, the original
single component fuel vaporization model was replaced by a multi component fuel vaporization model .The
model has been extended to model diesel sprays under typical diesel conditions, including the effect of fuel
cetane number variation .Necessary modifications were carried out at the various cooling rates. Found the
performance of the diesel engine under various cooling rates at various cetane numbers, also various quantities
of exhaust gas was re circulated and found performance of the engine
Parametric studies of the effectiveness of NO oxidation process by ozoneMaciej Jakubiak
The document discusses the process of NO pre-oxidation by ozone in a laboratory apparatus using air as the carrier gas. Ozone was produced using a dielectric barrier discharge nonthermal plasma reactor. The temperature was varied from 17 to 170°C. The O3/NO ratio was 0.8-3.8 and residence time was 4.3-8 seconds. Testing showed that NO can be effectively oxidized to higher nitrogen oxides like NO2 and N2O5 using ozone, which are then water soluble and can be removed by scrubbing. The efficiency of NOx removal depends on factors like temperature, residence time, mixing and water dispersion.
Effect of fly ash as an additive on ci engine fuelled with water emulsified d...IJECSJournal
Diesel engines exhausting gaseous emission and particulate matter have long been regarded as one of the major air pollution sources, particularly in metropolitan areas, and have been a source of serious public concern for a long time. There has been numerous research in the field of reduction of these pollutants since diesel engines came to major use. Major emissions from a diesel engine are NOx, SOx, CO and particulate matter (PM).amongst these pollutants CO and Sox and some quantity of particulate matters are reduced by some after treatment devices. Also NOx emissions are reduced by selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation. In this work, the experiment was carried out on twin cylinder diesel engine fuelled with water emulsified diesel and fly ash as an additive. The test is carried out at constant speed and varying the load condition and investigate the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by 3.33% and 5.43%. and NOX emission is reduced by 11.87% and 15% respectively, when addition of 5% and 10% water in diesel. Also with the addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% and 10% water diesel emulsion. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by 6.27%, 7.91%, 5.79% and 8.21%, also Co emission was increases by 22.33%, 12.5%, 36.36% and 22.22% respectively when results comparing with diesel. The Brake thermal efficiency was increased by 4.39% when addition of 10% water in diesel and also with addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water diesel emulsion there is 3.97% and 1.11%. Brake thermal efficiency increases as compare to diesel.
This document describes a final thesis on using the photocatalyst ZnFe2O4/TiO2 to reduce carbon dioxide into methanol under visible light irradiation. The research objectives were to synthesize and characterize ZnFe2O4/TiO2, and evaluate its activity for CO2 conversion. ZnFe2O4 and TiO2 were synthesized separately then coupled using ultrasonication. Characterization methods included FTIR, UV-Vis, TGA, FESEM. Photocatalytic testing showed the maximum methanol yield was 141.22 μmol/gcat.hr using ZnFe2O4/TiO2 with a 1:1 ratio, illuminated for 5.5 hours. Future work could co-synthesize Zn
This document provides an overview of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon in the atmosphere. It discusses the sources of these oxides from both natural and human activities. The effects of these oxides include harm to human health, vegetation, acid rain, photochemical smog, and aerosols. Control measures to reduce nitrogen oxide pollution from power plants and automobiles include reducing combustion temperature, chemical reduction, oxidation, and removing nitrogen from combustion.
1. The document describes an experiment on reducing NOx emissions from a diesel engine fueled with Pongamia pinata methyl ester using urea injection and a marine ferromanganese nodule as a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst.
2. Tests were conducted at various urea solution concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) and flow rates with the SCR catalyst installed. The highest NOx reduction of 64% was achieved with 30% urea solution at a flow rate of 0.60 liters/hour.
3. Marine ferromanganese nodules were selected as the SCR catalyst due to their high porosity, surface area, structural stability, and ability
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
This document summarizes a study on removing NOx from gases using ozone oxidation and absorption. The study was conducted using a pilot plant installation with an air flow of 200 m3/h, simulating a boiler flue gas duct and wet scrubber. Ozone was used to oxidize NO to NO2 and further to N2O5, which is more soluble and can be absorbed in sodium hydroxide solutions. Testing showed that with an ozone to NO molar ratio of 1.5 or higher, over 90% of NO could be converted to N2O5 and removed from the gas stream. However, higher molar ratios, around 2.75, were needed to achieve effectiveness of over 90%
This document describes the development of a lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst that does not require precious metals. It proposes using ultrasmall nanoparticles of iron, vanadium, and cerium oxides as the active catalytic components, supported on a porous barium oxide substrate. During lean exhaust conditions, NOx would be oxidized and stored as nitrates in the barium oxide. Under brief rich conditions, the stored NOx would be reduced to N2 via reactions with hydrocarbons facilitated by the redox activity of the iron, vanadium, and cerium oxides. Laboratory testing of prototypes made with this design could evaluate the catalyst's performance versus EPA emissions standards at reducing temperatures compared to conventional precious metal-based
Combine Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Varying Inlet Air Press...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To meet stringent vehicular exhaust emission norms worldwide, several exhaust pre-treatment and
post treatment techniques have been employed in modern engines. Also concern of environmental pollution and
energy crisis all over the world have caused the research attention on reduction of diesel engine exhaust
emissions and saving of energy simultaneously. This investigation mainly focuses on reducing exhaust emission
and energy saving by investigating diesel combustion with neat diesel fuel and a new attachment of pressurized
inlet air with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. Experiment was conducted in a four stroke direct
injection water cooled constant speed diesel engine with pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system, which
is typically used in agricultural farm machinery. EGR was applied to the experimental engine separately and
also with varying pressure of inlet air. In this study, compressor was used to pressurize the inlet air. The
experiments were carried out to experimentally evaluate the performance and emissions for combine effect
different EGR rates and varying inlet air pressure of the engine. Emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), NOx, carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature of the exhaust gas were measured. Performance
parameters such as Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated. It was
found that combined effect of pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system provided better result on engine
performance than individual EGR effect. Reductions in NOx and exhaust gas temperature were observed but
emissions of HC, CO and CO2 were found to have increased with combine usage of EGR and inlet air pressure.
Thus the modified engine provides more NOx reduction and better fuel economy without reducing useful
characteristics (brake power, brake thermal efficiency etc) of the engine.
Synthesis, Characterization, Synergic Adsorption Photocatalytic Studies of No...ijtsrd
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Zinc oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using dextrose as a fuel via a solution combustion method. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, PL and UV-VIS DRS to analyze their purity, structure, morphology and optical properties. The zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited high photocatalytic activity in degrading Rhodamine Blue dye under UV light irradiation. The degradation mechanism involves the formation of hydroxyl radicals. The zinc oxide nanoparticles were found to be stable and reusable for industrial applications such as wastewater treatment.
Scr performance and urea decomposition at low temperatureRutuj900
This document summarizes selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines using urea as a reducing agent. It discusses the SCR mechanism by which NOx is converted to nitrogen and water using ammonia produced from urea decomposition. Experimental results show that a longer SCR catalyst achieves higher NOx conversion below 200°C due to the fast SCR reaction. Nitrous oxide emissions increase with higher urea injection amounts above 200°C. Recent developments aim to improve low-temperature SCR performance using modified catalyst compositions like copper zeolite or layered double hydroxides.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced during combustion processes and can harm human health and the environment. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a process that uses a catalyst to convert NOx in exhaust gases into less harmful nitrogen and water. SCR systems inject ammonia or urea into exhaust to facilitate the reaction on the catalyst. Proper operation of SCR systems and monitoring of emissions helps control NOx and improve air quality.
Study of the Sulfur Trioxide Generation Mechanism and Control Method Using We...inventionjournals
In coal fired power plant, especially using sulfur content fossil fuels, much attention in recently paid to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist emission, because conventional desulfurization system should not be removed, which is installed to meet air quality standard for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive with water vapor and generally convert to sulfuric acid mist in atmosphere. Sulfuric acid is very fine under-submicron sized particulate matter or droplets. Recently sulfur trioxide cause air pollution and public health, discussion comes out, especially in the United States and Japan, that regulations and guideline should be enlarge the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. Moreover most countries reinforce sulfur oxides emission regulations or guidelines from coal-fired power plant. In this study, focusing that how to control the sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. Sulfuric acid mist found depending on the flue gas temperature. Generation and conversion rate of sulfur trioxide were measured according to temperature. The absorbent was selected to remove sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid using wet type desulfurization system which the most proven technology at this moment.
CO2 is a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using solar energy provides a promising way to reduce CO2 levels while also producing useful fuels and chemicals. TiO2 is commonly used as a photocatalyst but has limitations due to its large band gap. The document discusses using hybrid photocatalysts composed of TiO2 and other semiconductors or conjugated polymers to overcome these limitations and more efficiently reduce CO2 into fuels like methane and hydrogen using visible light. Experimental results showed that these hybrid photocatalysts significantly increased the rates of CO2 reduction compared to TiO2 alone.
Diesel exhaust particulate matter is a major health and environmental concern. It consists mostly of soot, heavy hydrocarbons, and inorganic compounds. Diesel particulate filters can effectively trap particulate matter, but require regeneration to remove trapped soot. Catalytic coatings and fuel additives can lower regeneration temperatures. Oxidation catalytic converters also reduce particulate matter by oxidizing hydrocarbons. Controlling diesel particulate emissions requires improved engine and exhaust treatment technologies along with cleaner fuels and maintenance practices.
Diesel exhaust is a major source of particulate air pollution that poses health risks. It consists mostly of soot, heavy hydrocarbons, and sulfates. While engine modifications have reduced emissions, additional control technologies are needed. Diesel particulate filters can trap over 90% of particles but require regeneration. Regeneration can be passive using catalyst coatings to lower the ignition temperature, or active through external heating. Catalytic fuel additives also help control particulate by promoting soot oxidation.
This document summarizes a study on using biomass gasification to capture CO2 from engine exhaust. Experiments were conducted introducing 0-15% CO2 into a gasifier along with oxygen and nitrogen. Higher CO2 fractions decreased bed temperature but increased CO production from 13.1% to 16.3% due to the endothermic reaction of char and CO2. Over 55% of input CO2 was converted. Cold gas efficiency increased 30% with higher char conversion. Using engine exhaust eliminates the cost of separating and storing CO2, as condensing water and mixing with oxygen is sufficient. The paper addresses using biomass gasification to capture CO2 from engine exhaust via recycling into the gasification process.
N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) catalyze the efficient electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into multi-carbon hydrocarbons and oxygenates such as ethylene, ethanol, and n-propanol. The NGQDs achieve high total faradaic efficiencies of up to 90% for carbon dioxide reduction, with selectivities for ethylene and ethanol conversions reaching 45%. Control experiments confirm the NGQDs are responsible for catalyzing the reaction. Compared to undoped graphene quantum dots, the NGQDs have higher activity and selectivity for producing valuable fuel and chemical products from carbon dioxide due to the presence of pyridinic nitrogen defects introduced during synthesis.
1. CeO2 Nanoparticles –
Overview and Scope of Application
Submitted by
Sikder Ashikuzzaman Ayon | ID: 201111 022
Ayeman Mazdi Nahin | ID: 201111 029
Date of Submission: 09 November, 2016
MME 457 | Powder Metallurgy
2. Structure of CeO2
Cerium is a rare earth metal belonging to the lanthanide series
of the periodic table. When combined with oxygen in a
nanoparticle formulation, cerium oxide adopts a fluorite
crystalline structure that has unique antioxidant properties.
For particles in the size range of 3−10 nm, the particle shape is
dominated by truncated octahedral. CeO2 particles of large size
are dominated by the octahedral shape with flat surfaces. [1]
Synthesis
There are many available methods for synthesis of CeO2
nanoparticles or nanoceria. Some of them are precipitation method, electrostatic method, sol-gel method,
hydrothermal method etc.
Precipitation Method
In this method, required reagents are cerium nitrate Ce(NO3)3·6H2O, iso-propanol and aqueous ammonia.
The reaction is carried out at room temperature. 0.06 M cerium (III) nitrate solution in water–iso-propanol
mixture in the volume ratio of 1:8 is prepared and stirred afterwards. A five-fold excess of 2 M aqueous
ammonia solution is then added to the solution so that the pH of the solution can be adjusted to 10, as an
alkaline medium gives smaller particles than the acidic medium. After 1 hour, the pale red colored reactants
turn yellow, indicating the formation of amorphous cerium hydroxide nanoparticles. These synthesized
nanoparticles are calcined at 450°C for 3 hours to obtain crystalline nano-sized particles.
Conversion of amorphous cerium hydroxide to cerium oxide: 𝐶𝑒(𝑂𝐻)4 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 → 𝐶𝑒𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
Many-a-times suitable surfactant is used to obtain a better usefulness, depending on the application.
Subsequent methodology may also be required. For example, in order to obtain a uniform suspension of
nanoparticles indiesel,a standard ultrasonicshaker has beenused for mixing the nanoparticle corresponding
to the required dosing level. [2]
Role of Nanoceria in Diesel Engine
Diesel engines are one of the major contributors to the emissions such as hydrocarbons, particulates and
nitrogen oxides. These emissions are very harmful to human beings and subject to strict environmental
legislation. Improvement in the performance of diesel engines is an important challenge to be addressed,
especially in the current era.
Effect on Fuel Properties
Flash Point
Flash point is the temperature at which a flash is
momentarily produced by a spark on the surface of a
heated fuel. Higher the volatility of a fuel, lower will
be the flash point and vice versa. Tests were carried
out to observe the variation of flash point of diesel
after adding nanoparticle up to a dosing level of
80 ppm. The obtained result is shown in Figure 2,
which indicates a decrease in the volatility of the fuel
with the nanoparticle addition. The addition of
catalytic nanoparticles like CeO2 in the fuel, increases
its flash point. Therefore, nanoparticle added fuel is
inherently safer to handle as compared to its base fuel.
Figure 1: Unit cell of fluorite crystal structure
Figure 2: Variation of flash point of diesel as a function of
concentration of nanoceria
3. Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity of the diesel is found to increase with nanoparticle addition as shown in Figure 3. The
addition of nanoparticles in the fuel increases the resistance between the fluid layers and hence increases
the viscosity. Higher fuel viscosities provide sufficient lubrication for fuel injection pumps or injector plungers
resulting in less wear.
Engine Performance
The brake thermal efficiency was increased by about 6% on the addition of cerium oxide nanoparticle in
diesel. The cerium oxide nanoparticles present in the fuel promote longer and more complete combustion
as compared to the base fuel, as cerium oxide acts as an oxygen buffer, releasing and storing oxygen
depending upon the partial pressure of oxygen. The efficiency of cerium oxide as a catalyst is related to its
ability to undergo a transformation from the stoichiometric CeO2 (+4) state to the Ce2O3 (+3) valence state
via relatively low energy reactions. The efficiency increases with the increase of dosing level of cerium oxide
up to 35 ppm. Beyond that, a slight decrease in efficiency was observed, especially at higher loads. (Shown
in Figure 4). This is because, chance of agglomeration is more when dosing level of nanoparticles is increased.
As a result, size of nanoparticles increases which affects the catalytic action.
Reduction of Exhaust Emissions
Hydrocarbon Emissions
The hydrocarbon emissions were decreased on addition of catalytic nanoparticles by about 40 to 45%,
especially at higher load as shown in Figure 5. It was also observed that HC emissions reduces with the
increase in the concentration of cerium oxide from 5 ppm to 35 ppm. Previously stated, Cerium oxide has
the ability to undergo a transformation from (+4) valance state to (+3) state, releasing the oxygen. Thus it
supplies oxygen for the oxidation of the hydrocarbon as well as the soot and gets converted to cerous oxide
(Ce2O3) as follows, [3]
(2𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝐶𝑒𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑥 𝐻 𝑦 → [
(2𝑥+𝑦)
2
] 𝐶𝑒2 𝑂3 + 𝑥𝐶𝑂 +
𝑦
2
𝐻2 𝑂
Carbon soot burning: 4𝐶𝑒𝑂2 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑡 → 2𝐶𝑒2 𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂2
NOx Emissions
The NOx emissions were found to be decreased by a maximum of 30%, on the addition of nanoceria in diesel,
especially at higher load, as shown in Figure 6. It was observed that NOx emissions reduce with the increase
in the concentration of ceria from 5 ppm to 35 ppm. Cerous oxide (Ce2O3) formed after the oxidation of
hydrocarbon and soot gets re-oxidized to CeO2 through the reduction of nitrogen oxide as per the following
reaction: [3]
𝐶𝑒2 𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑂 → 2𝐶𝑒𝑂2 + 1
2⁄ 𝑁2
Figure 3: Variation of kinematic viscosity of diesel as a
function of concentration of cerium oxide nanoparticles
Figure 4: Variation of the brake thermal efficiency with load.
4. Treatment of Neurological Oxidative Stress Diseases
Due to their potent free radical scavenging properties, CeO2 nanoparticles can also be used in the treatment
of diseases resulting from neurological oxidative stress like Ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s
disease etc.
Biology of Oxidative Stress
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) are potent oxidizing and nitrating agents
that include superoxide (O2
•_
), nitric oxide (NO) etc. Most ROS & RNS are also considered to be free radicals
(i.e. molecules with unpaired electrons in the outer orbital shell). They are generated from several biological
processes. For example, mitochondria produce several ROS as a byproduct of cellular respiration and
immune cells generate O2
•_
and NO as defense mechanisms against infectious organisms. In addition to
biological sources, we are exposed to free radicals from environmental sources including cigarette smoke,
car exhaust and ultraviolet radiation from the sun. To combat the high reactivity, cells and organisms possess
endogenous systems to neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species. In addition to these, exogenous
antioxidants are even obtained from dietary sources. When the level of free radicals exceeds the ability of
antioxidant systems to inactivate or neutralize them, the result is a state of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress
plays a role in aging as well as a variety of human disease states. [4]
Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the second most common
neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by the death of
dopaminergic nigra neurons of the midbrain. Symptoms
of the disease which do not become apparent up until
about 50-80% of the cells have died, include tremor at
rest, difficulty initiating movements and slow movements.
Although the cause of dopaminergic neurodegeneration
is unknown, age, environmental factors and genetics have
all been shown increase the risk of developing PD. Many
hypotheses regarding the etiology of sporadic PD revolve
around mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. [4,
pp. 258-259]
Ways for Treatment
Currently approved pharmacological treatments for
Parkinson’s Disease are oriented to reduce the symptoms of the disease. For example, the dopamine
Figure 7: Position of Substantia nigra in human brain and
its damage due to Parkinson's disease. [11]Manipulated
Figure 5: Variation of HC emissions with load for diesel and
modified diesel.
Figure 6: Variation of NO 𝑥 emissions with load for diesel and
modified diesel.
5. precursor levodopa (L-dopa) or dopamine receptor agonists are given with the aim of enhancing
dopaminergic transmission in the remaining substantia nigra neurons. Although L-dopa is considered the
‘gold standard’ for the treatment of PD, effectiveness typically wanes after 5 years and the side effects, such
as dyskinesia (jerky, involuntary movements) and psychosis can be debilitating. Currently, development of
therapies aimed at halting dopamine neuron degeneration is necessary.
Therapy by Nanoparticle
In the last years, increasing biological interest is emerging for nanotechnology that can improve
pharmacological treatments, by using nanomaterials. In particular, cerium oxide nanoparticles, considered
one of the most interesting nanomaterials for their catalytic properties, show a promise for application in
therapy. Due to the presence of oxygen vacancies on its surface and autoregenerative cycle of its two
oxidation states, Ce3+
and Ce4+
, nanoceria can be used as an antioxidant agent.
Cerium 4+ oxidation state is the most stable in its oxide form. But in the oxide form, cerium can switch from
one oxidation state to another depending on external stimuli, and this feature is very important because it
allows cerium oxide to participate in many chemical reactions. The surface of cerium oxide contains more
defects, both Ce3+
ions and oxygen vacancies. Therefore, when in the form of nanoparticles, given the
increase in the surface to bulk ratio, the Ce3+
ions concentration increases, leading to improved reactivity.
[5]
Figure 8: Model of the reaction mechanism for the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by nanoceria and the regeneration via reduction
by superoxide. An oxygen vacancy site on the nanoceria surface (1) presents a 2Ce4+ binding site for H2O2 (2), after the release of
protons and two-electron transfer to the two cerium ions (3) oxygen is released from the now fully reduced oxygen vacancy site (4).
Subsequently superoxide can bind to this site (5), and after the transfer of a single electron from one Ce3+, and uptake of two protons
from the solution, H2O2 is formed (6) and can be released. After repeating this reaction with a second superoxide molecule (7) the
oxygen vacancy site returns to the initial 2Ce4+ state (1). It is also possible that the third Ce3+ indicated, which gives rise to the oxygen
vacancy, could participate directly in the reaction mechanism. The square Ce–O matrix is shown here only to illustrate the model and
does not correspond to the actual spatial arrangement of the atoms in the crystal structure. [6]
Recent research suggests the possibility of an autoregenerative mechanism for nanoceria treated with 10
mM of hydrogen peroxide, with a continuous oscillation of cerium between the Ce4+
to the Ce3+
states
(Reaction model shown in Figure 8). Interestingly, it has been reported that the anti-radical ability of ceria
nanoparticles increases with a reduction in nanoparticle size, resulting from increased concentration of Ce3+
ions.
6. Biocompatibility
It is demonstrated that nanoceria can penetrate in the cells, but often tends to form agglomerates, which
may cause loss of activity. For its real use in therapy, it will be necessary to improve the reactivity of
nanoceria with the cells, by modifying chemical and physical properties, such as its size and tendency to
aggregate. Furthermore, unlike free molecules, nanoceria can be localized in the right place at the right time,
being a nanoparticle. An in vivo (on laboratory animals) experiment demonstrated that nanoceria can act in
a similar manner, injecting the nanoparticles in the retinas of albino rats, which are extremely sensitive to
photon induced damages. [7]
Some Other Outstanding Applications
Cerium oxide nanoparticles have been shown to have significant interactions in plants. Results showed
that lettuce (Lactuca sativa) treated in 100 mg per kg nanoceria grew significantly faster than others.
Further Reading: [8]
Very efficient glass polishing agents that can be used for precision optical polishing. Also it is applied to
decolor glass. Further Reading: [9]
Used in sunscreens and cosmetic creams. Nanoparticles of CeO2 is known to adsorb and neutralize
organophosphates and is an interesting topical skin protectant. Further Reading: [10]
Conclusion
To implement the experimental achievements in practical field, more scientific studies and critical analyses
are still required. As a concluding remark on the topics discussed, efforts should be taken to obtain the
optimum combinations of the parameters for the best performance of the fuel by introducing nanoceria. In
the case of medical therapy, even though the scientific opinion is not still unanimous, we can conclude that
nanoceria is a potent and regenerative antioxidant agent.
7. References
[1] Z. L. Wang and X. Feng, "Polyhedral Shapes of CeO2 Nanoparticles," The Journal of Physical
Chemistry, vol. 107, no. 49, p. 13563, 15 November 2003.
[2] B. J. THIRUMAL, J. G. E, LOGANATHAN and C. G. SARAVANAN, "EMISSION REDUCTION FROM A DIESEL
ENGINE FUELED BY CERIUM OXIDE NANO-ADDITIVES USING SCR WITH DIFFERENT METAL OXIDES
COATED CATALYTIC CONVERTER," Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 11
(2015), pp. 1407-1408, November 2015.
[3] A. C. Sajeevan and V. Sajith, "Diesel Engine Emission Reduction Using Catalytic Nanoparticles: An
Experimental Investigation," Journal of Engineering, vol. 2013, pp. 5-7, 29 January 2013.
[4] A. Y. Estevez and J. S. Erlichman, "Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for the Treatment," ACS Symposium
Series, pp. 255-256, 17 November 2011.
[5] I. Celardo, E. Traversa and L. Ghibelli, "Cerium oxide nanoparticles: a promise for applications in
therapy," Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology, vol. 0, pp. 1-2, January 2011.
[6] I. Celardo, J. Z. Pedersen, E. Traversab and L. Ghibelli, "Pharmacological potential of cerium oxide
nanoparticles," Nanoscale, p. 1414, 02 March 2011.
[7] J. CHEN1, S. PATIL, S. SEAL and J. F. McGINNIS, "Rare earth nanoparticles prevent retinal
degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides," Nature Nanotechnology, 29 October 2006.
[8] X. Gui, Z. Zhuang, S. Liu, L. Liu and W. Cao, "Fate and Phytotoxicity of CeO2 Nanoparticles on Lettuce
Cultured in the Potting Soil Environment," 28 August 2015.
[9] AZoNano, "Cerium (Ce) Nanoparticles - Properties, Applications," AZoNano, 20 June 2013. [Online].
Available: http://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3275. [Accessed 01 November 2016].
[10] A. Zenerinoa, T. Boutardb, C. Bignona, S. Amigonia, D. Jossed, T. Deversc and F. Guittarda, "New CeO2
nanoparticles-based topical formulations for the skin protection against organophosphates,"
Toxicology Reports, vol. 2, pp. 1007-1013, 2015.
[11] A.D.A.M., Inc., "Substantia nigra and Parkinson's disease: Mediline Plus Medical Encyclopedia Image,"
A.D.A.M., Inc., 13 August 2015. [Online]. Available:
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19515.htm. [Accessed 30 October 2016].