The document presents a study on the impact of various fuel and nanomaterial additives on the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine. It includes literature reviews, experimental setups, and the intended scope of research, focusing on different fuel combinations and the use of nanomaterials like CeO2 and Al2O3. The study aims to identify optimal fuel types and additives to enhance engine performance while minimizing emissions.

1. 1
Study of the Effect of Mixing Various Fuels with
Nanomaterial Additives on the Performance and
Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Engine
Supervisor:
Prof. Dr. Hyder H. Balla
Prepared by
Ph.D. Stu. Karrar Salah Hasan
Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education
and Scientific Research
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College/Al-Najaf

2. 2
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Scope of The Present Study
 Working fluids
 Experimental setup
 Experimental Rig
 The Study Plan For The Cases
 Numerical Analysis
 Time table
 Contents

3. 3
 Introduction
Diesel engines are widely chosen for various industries, such as
agriculture, transportation, and electricity generation.
Fig.1. Single diesel engine

4. 4
 Introduction
Fig.2. The four-stroke operating cycle[1]
There are four strokes in a diesel engine's cycle:
input(intake),compression, Power, and output (exhaust)

5. 5
 Literature Review: Fuel and Nano-additive
No.
Name of the
Paper/ year
Additive Used Performance Emission
Engine Used Fuel Used Name Quantity BTE BSFC EGT NOx CO CO₂ HC
1
Venu and
Appavu
[2]/2020
Single-cylinder diesel
engine Polanga biodiesel Al₂O₃
25 ppm ↑ ↓ - ↓ ↓ - ↓
50 ppm ↑ ↓ - ↓ ↓ - ↓
2
Venu and
Madhavan
[3]/2016
Four-stroke, air-
cooled, single-cylinder
direct-injection (DI)
diesel engine
Diesel (70%) +
Biodiesel (20%) +
Ethanol (10%)
Al₂O₃ 25 ppm - ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑
3 Al-Kheraif et
al. [4]/2021
Air-cooled, single-
cylinder, four-stroke
compression ignition
engine
Candle nut and
soap nut biodiesel
(20%) + Diesel
(80%)
Al₂O₃ 25 ppm ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ - ↓
4
Fayad and
Dhahad
[5]/2021
DI diesel engine,
water-cooled, four-
cylinders
Butanol (20%) +
Diesel (80%)
Al₂O₃ 30 mg/L ↑ ↓ - ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓
Al₂O₃ 50 mg/L ↑ ↓ - ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓
Al₂O₃ 100 mg/L ↑ ↓ - ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓
5 Jayaraman et
al. [6]/2021
Single-cylinder, four-
stroke, water-cooled
diesel engine
Manilkarazapota
seed oil biodiesel
(20%) + Diesel
(80%)
TiO₂ 50 ppm ↓ ↑ - ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
TiO₂ 75 ppm ↓ ↑ - ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
TiO₂ 100 ppm ↓ ↑ - ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑

6. 6
 Literature Review: Fuel and Nano-additive
6 Kalaimurgan et al.
[7]/2020
4-Stroke single-
cylinder DI diesel
engine
Algae biodiesel (20%)
+ Diesel (80%)
CeO₂
25 ppm ↑ ↓ ↑ - - - -
50 ppm ↑ ↓ ↑ - - - -
75 ppm ↑ ↓ ↑ - - - -
100 ppm ↑ ↓ ↑ - - - -
7 Mohan and Dinesha
[8]/2022
4-Stroke, single-
cylinder, water-
cooled, DI diesel
engine
Waste cooking oil
biodiesel (20%) +
Hydrogen peroxide
(1.5%) + Diesel
(78.5%)
CeO₂
40 ppm ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓
80 ppm ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓
8 Alex et al. [9]/2022
4-Stroke, single-
cylinder, air-
cooled, DI diesel
engine
Diesel (100%)
CeO₂
15 ppm ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ - -
25 ppm ↑ ↓ ↓ ↔ ↓ - -
Orange peel
biodiesel (100%)
15 ppm ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ - -
25 ppm ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ - -

7. 7
 Literature Review: Fuel and Nano-additive
9 Manigandan et
al. [10]/2020
Single-cylinder,
4-stroke, CI
engine with
dual
combustion
mode
Hydrogen (0.2 kg)
+ Diesel (0.78 kg)
TiO₂ 0.02 kg ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
CNT 0.02 kg ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Al₂O₃ 0.02 kg ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓
CuO 0.02 kg ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓
CeO₂ 0.02 kg ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
10 Gad et al.
[11]/2022
Single-cylinder,
air-cooled, 4-
stroke diesel
engine
Waste cooking oil
biodiesel (20%) +
Diesel (80%)
TiO₂
25 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
50 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
100 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
Al₂O₃
25 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
50 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
100 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
CNT
25 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
50 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
100 mg/L ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ - ↓
11
Dhahad and
Chaichan
[12]/2020
4-Stroke, four-
cylinder, DI,
water-cooled
diesel engine
Diesel (100%)
Al₂O₃
50 ppm ↑ ↓ - ↑ ↓ - ↓
100 ppm ↑ ↓ - ↑ ↓ - ↓
ZnO
50 ppm ↑ ↓ - ↑ ↓ - ↓
100 ppm ↑ ↓ - ↑ ↓ - ↓

8. 8
1. Study of engine performance and emissions using diesel fuel.
2. Addition or modification to the combustion system of the CI
engine to reach the best fuel type and study its effect.
3. Use of multiple types of fuel with variable mixing ratios.
4. Study the use of nanomaterials added to the engine
performance and emissions and choose the best nanomaterial.
5. Comparison of the best engine performance with the lowest
emissions.
6. Study the effect of changing the fuel types in the combustion
chamber using simulation programs.
 Scope of The Present Study

9. 9
 Working fluids
 Diesel Fuel (D): Standard fossil fuel used for comparison.
 Biodiesel (B5, B10, B20, B25): Biodiesel blends with different
concentrations of biodiesel derived from castor oil and waste
cooking oil.
 Gases fuel (LPG)
 Nanomaterial Additives: CeO2 (Cerium oxide), and Al2O3
(Aluminum oxide) are used in varying concentrations.

10. 10
 Experimental setup
Main components :
Engine Type:
 Single-cylinder engine
 four-stroke
 Variable compression ratio
 water-cooled diesel engine.
Experimental Rig:
 dynamometer
 fuel consumption system
 gas analyzer
 measurement setup​

11. 11
Fig.3. experimental rig’s parts: (1) chassis of the engine, (2) analyzer of
exhaust gases, (3) exhaust gas analyzing probe, (4) engine to be tested, (5)
loading cell, (6) dynamometer, (7) tachometer, (8) data acquisition, (9) fuel
burette, and (10) fuel tank [13]
 Experimental Rig

12. 12
 The Study Plan For The Cases
Assembling and installing a device suitable for laboratory experiments.
First: Biodiesel fuel preparation
Second: Prepare nanofluids (single and hybrid nanofluids) and then calculate
their thermophysical properties, represented by viscosity, density, and
thermal conductivity.
Third: measuring changes in coolant temperature and knowing performance
and emission parameters under different fuel and variable loads.
Fourth: Implementing the experiments using the Diesel-RK software
simulation program.

13. 13
Numerical Analysis
 Diesel–RK software simulation [14][15]
Fig.4. Diesel–RK software prpgram

14. 14
Numerical Analysis
 Diesel–RK software simulation
Required engine input data and operating parameters:
1. Number of cylinders and engine type (in-line, V-type, boxer, etc).
2. Bore and stroke dimensions
3. Compression ratio (typically 13 ... 17)
4. Maximum RPM
5. Cooling system (liquid, air)
6. Engine application area
7. Boosting system (for simplicity it is usually recommended to use
single-step turbocharging with cooling and without exhaust gas
recirculation (EGR)).
8. Number of valves per cylinder
9. Maximum injection pressure (this is required for the assessment of
engine robustness; combustion chamber configuration and injector

15.  Papers in progress
1. A Review of Diesel Engines with Variable Compression Ratios: Performance,
Emissions, and the Role of Renewable Fuels
Journal: Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons , Cite Score 2023: 5.0 , Quartile: 2

16.  Time Table

17. 17
References
1. J. B. Heywood, “Internal combustion engine fundamentals, 1988.
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2020;279:118518. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118518
3. Venu H, Madhavan V. Effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles in biodiesel–diesel–ethanol blends at various injection strategies: performance, combustion and
emission characteristics. Fuel. 2016;186:176 189. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.046.
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4. Al Kheraif AA, Syed A, Elgorban AM, Divakar DD, Shanmuganathan R, Brindhadevi K. Experimental assessment of performance, combustion and
‐
emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by combined non edible blends with nanoparticles. Fuel.
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nanoparticles blended orange peel oil methyl ester. Energy Nexus. 2022;8:100150. doi:10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100150
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