FLOWERS AND FRUIT SAMPLE POWERPOINT

1. CHAPTER VII:
FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND
REPRODUCTION

2. • FLOWER
Flower is the reproductive
structure of a flowering
plant, also known as
angiosperm. It is a
complex organ that
typically consists of four
main parts: sepals, petals,
stamens, and carpels.

3. PRESENTATION TITLE 3

4. FLOWER STRUCTURE
Sepals: These are the outermost, leaf-like structures that protect
the flower in its bud stage. Collectively, the sepals are known as
the calyx.
Petals: These are often colorful and fragrant structures that
surround the reproductive organs. Collectively, the petals are
known as the corolla.

5. FLOWER STRUCTURE
Stamens: These are the male reproductive organs of the flower,
and each stamen typically consists of a filament and an anther.
The anther produces pollen, which contains male gametes (sperm
cells).
Carpels (or Pistils): These are the female reproductive organs of
the flower. A carpel usually consists of three parts: the stigma
(where pollen lands), the style (a tube connecting the stigma to
the ovary), and the ovary (containing ovules, which are potential
seeds).

6. INFLORESCENCE
Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on a plant.
It's the way flowers are organized and grouped together on a
stem.

7. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Spike: Flowers are attached directly to the main
stem without individual stalks, forming a long,
unbranched structure.

8. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Panicle: A branched cluster of flowers, where
each branch has its own smaller branches with
flowers.

9. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Raceme: Similar to a panicle, but the flowers are
attached to the main stem by individual stalks of
equal length.

10. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Umbel: Flowers radiate from a common point, like
the spokes of an umbrella

11. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Corymb: Similar to an umbel, but the flower
stalks are of different lengths, giving a flat-topped
appearance

12. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Cyme: A flat or rounded inflorescence where the
central or terminal flower blooms first, and the
outer or lower flowers bloom later.

13. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Capitulum (or head): Compact, rounded clusters
of sessile (stalkless) flowers, often surrounded by
bracts.

14. REPRODUCTION
Reproduction encompasses the processes by
which plants produce new individuals, ensuring the
continuation of their species. Reproduction in plants
can occur through both sexual and asexual means.

15. SEXUAL REPRPDUCTION
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male
and female gametes, resulting in the formation of
seeds and, eventually, new plants.

16. POLLINATION
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male
(anther) to the female (stigma) parts, either within
the same flower (self-pollination) or between
different flowers (cross-pollination).

17. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction involves the production of
new plants without the involvement of seeds or
gametes. The offspring are genetically identical or
very similar to the parent plant.

18. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Vegetative Propagation: Parts of the plant, such
as stems, roots, or leaves, give rise to new
individuals. Examples include runners (stolons),
rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs.

19. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Cloning: Certain plants can produce genetically
identical copies of themselves through processes
like cutting, grafting, or tissue culture.

20. FRUITS
Fruits are the mature
ovaries of flowering plants,
typically containing seeds.
They develop from the
ovary of a flower after
successful pollination and
fertilization.

21. METHODOLOGY
DATA COLLECTION
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

22. FRUIT STRUCTURE
Pericarp: The wall of the fruit is called the pericarp.
It consists of three layers: the outer skin or exocarp,
the fleshy or mesocarp, and the innermost layer, the
endocarp.
Seed: Seeds are usually found within the fruit and
develop from fertilized ovules. Some fruits may have
multiple seeds, while others have a single seed.

23. FRUIT TYPES
Simple fruits are a type of fruit that develops
from a single ovary of a single flower. They are one
of the main categories of fruits and are
characterized by their relatively uncomplicated
structure, originating from the fertilized ovule of a
flower.

24. SIMPLE FRUITS
Dry fruits are a category of fruits characterized by
the drying of their pericarp (the fruit wall) as they
mature. Unlike fleshy fruits, which have a soft and
often juicy pericarp, dry fruits have a tougher or
more rigid pericarp that becomes dry and hard at
maturity

25. SIMPLE DRY FRUITS
Dehiscent Dry Fruits:
Capsules: These are dry fruits that split open along
specific lines or pores to release their seeds.
Examples include poppies and irises.
Legumes: Legumes are dry fruits that split along
two lines, and the seeds are typically attached to
one side of the fruit. Examples include peas and
beans.

26. SIMPLE DRY FRUITS
Indehiscent Dry Fruits:
Achenes: Small, one-seeded fruits where the seed
is attached to the ovary wall. Examples include
sunflower seeds and buttercup achenes.
Nuts: Hard-shelled fruits derived from a compound
ovary. Unlike achenes, nuts have a stony fruit wall.
Examples include acorns, chestnuts, and hazelnuts.
Samara: These are fruits with a wing-like structure
that aids in wind dispersal. Examples include maple
seeds and ash tree seeds.

27. SIMPLE FRUITS
•Drupes: Have a fleshy fruit wall and a hard,
stony pit containing a seed. Examples include
peaches, plums, and cherries.
•Berries: Have a fleshy pericarp, with seeds
embedded in the flesh. Examples include
tomatoes, grapes, and bananas.
•Pomes: Develop from the floral tube and have
a central core containing seeds. Examples
include apples and pears.

28. FRUIT TYPES
Aggregate fruit is a type of fruit that
develops from the ovaries of multiple flowers in a
single inflorescence. In other words, it forms
when several individual ovaries fuse together.
The resulting structure may appear as a cluster
of small, seed-like structures, each originating
from a separate ovary within the same flower
cluster.

29. AGGREGATE FRUITS
Aggregate Drupes: Form from multiple
ovaries in a single flower, each forming a
drupe. Examples include raspberries and
blackberries.
Aggregate Berries: Develop from multiple
ovaries in a single flower, with each ovary
forming a small, seed-like structure. Examples
include strawberries.

30. FRUIT TYPES
Multiple fruits are a type of fruit that forms from
the ovaries of multiple flowers in an
inflorescence. Unlike aggregate fruits, which
develop from the ovaries of multiple flowers
within the same inflorescence, multiple fruits
result from the fusion of the ovaries of separate
flowers in the inflorescence

31. MULTIPLE FRUITS
Sorosis: Develop from the ovaries of
multiple flowers in a cluster. Examples include
pineapples and figs.

32. FRUIT TYPES
Accessory fruits, also known as false fruits or
pseudocarps, are a type of fruit that develops from
structures other than the ovary

33. ACCESSORY FRUITS
Hips:
Example: Rose hips
Description: Hips are accessory fruits formed from the floral
cup (hypanthium) that surrounds the base of the flower. The
true fruits (seeds) are enclosed within the fleshy or swollen
hypanthium.

34. ACCESSORY FRUITS
Thalamus (Receptacle):
Example: Strawberries
Description: In strawberries, the fleshy part that is commonly
eaten is not derived from the ovary but from the enlarged
receptacle (the tip of the flower stem). The tiny seeds on the
surface are the true fruits, called achenes.

35. SEED DISPERSAL
Seed dispersal is the
process by which
seeds are transported
away from the parent
plant to new locations
where they can
germinate and grow
into new plants.

36. METHODS OF SEED DISPERSAL