The document discusses fruit types and their classification. Fruits develop from the ovary of flowers after pollination and serve to protect and disperse seeds. There are many seed dispersal strategies, including wind, water, or animal dispersal. Fruits can be classified in various ways, such as whether they are simple, aggregate, or multiple, fleshy or dry, indehiscent or dehiscent. Examples are given of different fruit categories like berries, drupes, pomes, nuts, legumes and capsules. The key characteristics and seed dispersal mechanisms of different fruit types are explained.
In botany · Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) · In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated
A presentation that gives a very basic idea on types of fruits.
With Examples of each type given one can now have an understanding on how the distinction works.
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
This presentation is based on the anatomy of fruit, types of fruit, their description and the reproductive part of fruit which is seed, and the anatomy of seed and the types of germination.
In botany · Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) · In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated
A presentation that gives a very basic idea on types of fruits.
With Examples of each type given one can now have an understanding on how the distinction works.
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
This presentation is based on the anatomy of fruit, types of fruit, their description and the reproductive part of fruit which is seed, and the anatomy of seed and the types of germination.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Most people think of fruit as something fresh from the market, or canned or frozen, to
which you may want to add sugar before eating. However, fruit can be so much more. The
key to understanding the diversity of fruit types is to know that there are many different
strategies for seed dispersal.
Fruits follow flowers in the life cycle of a flowering plant. They are part of the sporophyte
and are diploid. A fruit develops from the ovary of a flower after pollination and ovule
development have occurred. Fruit functions, not only to surround and protect the
developing seeds, but more importantly, to accomplish dispersal. There are many strategies
of seed dispersal, including being carried by wind, water, or animals or even being eaten by
animals.
Words used to describe seed dispersal usually end in –chory and include anemochory for
wind dispersal and epizoochory for being carried on the outside of an animal as well
endozoochory for being carried in the gut of an animal.
Try to guess the mode or strategy of seed dispersal for the following fruits.
FRUIT
7. Blueberries are an example of
a simple fruit. One fruit
develops from the ovary of
each flower.
A first step in categorizng fruit
types is to decide whether the
fruit is simple (derived from
one carpel or the fused
carpels of a single ovary of a
single flower), aggregate
(derived from several separate
carpels of a single flower), or
multiple (derived from the
ovaries of several flowers).
11. Strawberry (not a true berry)
Accessory fruit
Fruits can also be categorized as accessory or not. True fruit (pericarp) develops from the
wall of the ovary and any other tissue involved is considered accessory. Strawberries are
accessory fruits because the flesh edible part develops from the receptacle portion of the
stem of the flower rather than the ovary wall. It is also an aggregate fruit!
12. FLESHY FRUITS
Berries are simple fruits in which all 3 layers (exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp) of
the pericarp are soft or fleshy, as in grapes and tomatoes. Seeds of berries can
usually resist digestion and can be transported in the gut of an animal. See the next
two slides for different types of berries.
13. A pepo, like the watermelon or any other squash, is a berry with a hard exocarp.
14. A hesperidium, as in the citrus fruits, is a berry with a leathery exocarp.
15. Drupes, as in peaches and plums, are fruits with a stony and inedible endocarp. Whereas an
animal may eat a berry and transport seeds in their gut, drupe seeds are protected by the
inedible pit and are usually discarded and left behind after the rest of the fruit is eaten.
16. Coconut is an interesting
kind of drupe with a
fibrous mesocarp for
water dispersal and an
endosperm within the
seed that comes in both
a solid and a liquid form.
Most of us never see
coconuts until after the
fibrous exocarp and
mesocarp (husk) have
been removed.
17. A pome is a kind of fleshy fruit in which the pericarp (from the ovary wall) forms a papery
core that surrounds the seeds. The fleshy, edible portion of the fruit develops from
specialized stem tissue, called the hypanthium (of a perigynous flower). Pomes, by definition,
are accessory fruits!
18. drupe
caryopsis
DRY FRUITS
All of the above fruits are classified as fleshy. Other fruits are dry at maturity. A
caryopsis, like corn and other grains, is a simple, dry, and single-seeded fruit in
which the pericarp is tightly fused to the seed coat. A corn kernel is not jut a
seed, but an entire fruit.
19. nut
samara nut
achene
DRY INDEHISCENT FRUITS
Other dry fruits that are also indehiscent (do not split open to release seeds at
maturity) include the wind dispersed samara, the single-seeded achene with the
seed attached at a single point inside the fruit (shell of a sunflower seed), and a
nut with its single, unattached seed.
20. legume follicle
capsule
DRY DEHISCENT FRUITS
Some dry fruits split open to release seeds at maturity
and are therefore termed dehiscent. These include
the legume that splits on two sides (like a peanut), the
capsule (like okra) that splits in several places - one
split per carpel, and the follicle that splits on one side
only.
21. Categories of simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple can be combined
with other categories of fruit type.
The so-called “cones” of sweetgum and magnolia are actually
aggregate follicles.
23. Here is an outline of all the fruit types you are responsible for:
I. Simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple
II. Accessory vs. non-accessory
III. A. Fleshy
1. berry
a. pepo
b. hesperidium
2. drupe
3. pome
B. Dry
1. indehiscent
a. caryopsis
b. samara
c. achene
d. nut
2. dehiscent
a. legume
b. capsule
c. follicle
Editor's Notes
A very good morning to everyone present here, respected teachers, & my batchmates….. I welcome u all, myself SHANKAR LAL KUMAWAT …. Starting my presentation
My research topic Is…….