Abstract
Brake Pad material is a heterogeneous material and is composed of a few elements and each element has its own function. The ideal brake material should have constant coefficient of friction under various operating conditions such as applied loads, temperature, speeds and mode of braking. During adverse braking conditions excessive frictional heat is generated which results in the drop of coefficient of friction of the brake pad material. This drop in coefficient of friction is due to the degradation of resin which is associated with the loos of its binding ability. In order to maintain constant coefficient of friction at higher temperature new brake pad material has been formulated which retains the binding ability of the resin. The formulation of new brake pad material includes four friction composites containing 13 ingredients including phenolic resin and banana peel powder as a modified binder. A reciprocating friction monitor is used to carry friction and wear tests. Three tests via t1, t2 and t3 with different loads and temperatures were conducted for duration of 10 minutes. The results showed that the coefficient of friction increased at higher temperature and friction and wear characteristics indicate that banana peel powder can be effectively used to increase the binding ability of phenolic resin at higher temperature.
Keywords: Brake pad; Banana peel powder; Phenolic resin; Friction; Wear
IRJET- Artificial Lightweight Aggregate through Cold Bonding Pelletization of...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of producing artificial lightweight aggregate through cold bonding pelletization of fly ash. It discusses how fly ash and binders like cement can be mixed and pelletized to form artificial aggregates. Three main production methods are described: cold bonding, where pellets are cured for strength; sintering, where pellets are heated to high temperatures; and autoclaving, where steam curing is used. The document also reviews several studies that have evaluated the properties of concretes made with these artificial fly ash aggregates as a partial or full replacement for natural aggregates. In general, the studies found that fly ash aggregates can produce structural grade concrete with adequate strength while providing benefits like reduced cost, improved work
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
This document provides a case study of the noodles production process at Chaudhary Food Complex in Nepal. It describes the current manually operated production lines and identifies problems with inconsistency and errors. The proposed system introduces automation using sensors and a microcontroller to improve quality control and efficiency by minimizing human effort and errors. Automating tasks like mixing, thickness control, temperature monitoring and quality checking are recommended to enhance the manufacturing process.
Comparative Analysis of Selected Animal and Vegetable Oils Suitability in Mac...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Due to the alarming rate in public awareness on
environmental issues, there has been growing demand for
biodegradable materials which has opened an avenue for
using vegetable and animal oils as alternatives to petroleumbased polymeric materials in the market, most especially in
machining operations. Thus, research on biodegradable
functional fluids has emerged as one of the top priorities in
lubrication, due to their applicability in many diverse areas.
In this quest, there is need to conduct machining trials to
determine the suitability of these oils in metal cutting
(turning) operations of plain carbon steels. This study
investigate the effect of the selected cutting fluids on certain
parameters like machine removal rate (MRR), machining
time, tool wear and spindle power consumption, etc. under
different machining combination in turning operations of
plain carbon steels obtained from universal steel Ikeja,
Nigeria, using 150 x 10 HSS cutting tool. The selected oils
purchased from Ogunpa market in Ibadan, Nigeria, were
sieved to remove any foreign particles or dirt. The solution;
water, based-oil, and emulsifier (to allow thorough mixing of
water and oil without separation), were mix at an elevated
temperature of 550C in a proportion 4:1:3. Experimental
results clearly showed that Conventional cutting fluid might
be replaced with Non-conventional cutting fluids (vegetable
and animal based) as they give better performance. With
slight modifications and deliberate but careful alterations in
some of the components of such oils, even better performing
cutting fluids could be obtained.
CFD INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL SEAL FOR IMPROVE THERMAL PROPERTY BY USING D...Er Sandeep Duran
The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance.
Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties of Tamarind Shell and Groundnut Sh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compared the mechanical properties of tamarind shell and groundnut shell particulate composites. Tamarind and groundnut shell particles were mixed with epoxy resin to create composites with 60% fiber and 40% resin by weight. Specimens of each composite were tested for tensile strength, bending strength, and hardness. The results showed that the tamarind shell composite exhibited higher tensile strength (12.36 MPa vs 10.86 MPa), bending load capacity (176.5 N vs 98.1 N), and hardness (78 HRM vs 74 HRM) than the groundnut shell composite. The study suggests tamarind shell particulates provide better reinforcement of
This document discusses scale up considerations for semi-solid manufacturing. It begins by defining semi-solid dosage forms as ointments, pastes, creams, emulsions, gels and foams that cling to the skin. The raw materials can include hydrocarbons, silicones, oils and water-based ingredients. Key unit operations include addition of components, heating, mixing, homogenization and filling. Process parameters like temperature, mixing rates and particle size must be controlled during scale up. Proper plant layout and equipment selection is also important for effective semi-solid manufacturing.
IRJET- Artificial Lightweight Aggregate through Cold Bonding Pelletization of...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of producing artificial lightweight aggregate through cold bonding pelletization of fly ash. It discusses how fly ash and binders like cement can be mixed and pelletized to form artificial aggregates. Three main production methods are described: cold bonding, where pellets are cured for strength; sintering, where pellets are heated to high temperatures; and autoclaving, where steam curing is used. The document also reviews several studies that have evaluated the properties of concretes made with these artificial fly ash aggregates as a partial or full replacement for natural aggregates. In general, the studies found that fly ash aggregates can produce structural grade concrete with adequate strength while providing benefits like reduced cost, improved work
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
This document provides a case study of the noodles production process at Chaudhary Food Complex in Nepal. It describes the current manually operated production lines and identifies problems with inconsistency and errors. The proposed system introduces automation using sensors and a microcontroller to improve quality control and efficiency by minimizing human effort and errors. Automating tasks like mixing, thickness control, temperature monitoring and quality checking are recommended to enhance the manufacturing process.
Comparative Analysis of Selected Animal and Vegetable Oils Suitability in Mac...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Due to the alarming rate in public awareness on
environmental issues, there has been growing demand for
biodegradable materials which has opened an avenue for
using vegetable and animal oils as alternatives to petroleumbased polymeric materials in the market, most especially in
machining operations. Thus, research on biodegradable
functional fluids has emerged as one of the top priorities in
lubrication, due to their applicability in many diverse areas.
In this quest, there is need to conduct machining trials to
determine the suitability of these oils in metal cutting
(turning) operations of plain carbon steels. This study
investigate the effect of the selected cutting fluids on certain
parameters like machine removal rate (MRR), machining
time, tool wear and spindle power consumption, etc. under
different machining combination in turning operations of
plain carbon steels obtained from universal steel Ikeja,
Nigeria, using 150 x 10 HSS cutting tool. The selected oils
purchased from Ogunpa market in Ibadan, Nigeria, were
sieved to remove any foreign particles or dirt. The solution;
water, based-oil, and emulsifier (to allow thorough mixing of
water and oil without separation), were mix at an elevated
temperature of 550C in a proportion 4:1:3. Experimental
results clearly showed that Conventional cutting fluid might
be replaced with Non-conventional cutting fluids (vegetable
and animal based) as they give better performance. With
slight modifications and deliberate but careful alterations in
some of the components of such oils, even better performing
cutting fluids could be obtained.
CFD INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL SEAL FOR IMPROVE THERMAL PROPERTY BY USING D...Er Sandeep Duran
The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance.
Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties of Tamarind Shell and Groundnut Sh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compared the mechanical properties of tamarind shell and groundnut shell particulate composites. Tamarind and groundnut shell particles were mixed with epoxy resin to create composites with 60% fiber and 40% resin by weight. Specimens of each composite were tested for tensile strength, bending strength, and hardness. The results showed that the tamarind shell composite exhibited higher tensile strength (12.36 MPa vs 10.86 MPa), bending load capacity (176.5 N vs 98.1 N), and hardness (78 HRM vs 74 HRM) than the groundnut shell composite. The study suggests tamarind shell particulates provide better reinforcement of
This document discusses scale up considerations for semi-solid manufacturing. It begins by defining semi-solid dosage forms as ointments, pastes, creams, emulsions, gels and foams that cling to the skin. The raw materials can include hydrocarbons, silicones, oils and water-based ingredients. Key unit operations include addition of components, heating, mixing, homogenization and filling. Process parameters like temperature, mixing rates and particle size must be controlled during scale up. Proper plant layout and equipment selection is also important for effective semi-solid manufacturing.
Performance and Experimental Analysis of a Safflower Biodiesel and Diesel Ble...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the production and use of biodiesel from safflower seed oil. Key points:
1) Safflower seed oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process to optimize the production. Various molar ratios, catalyst amounts, and reaction times were tested.
2) The properties and performance of the safflower biodiesel and its blends with diesel (B5-B15) were evaluated in a diesel engine. Parameters like brake power, fuel consumption, and efficiency were measured.
3) The results show that safflower biodiesel and its blends can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel in engines without modifications,
1. The document describes the design optimization and manufacturing plan for a plastic container using injection molding. It discusses selecting high density polyethylene as the material and designing the mold.
2. The key steps of injection molding are described, including feeding plastic pellets into a heated barrel, injecting the molten plastic into the mold, cooling and hardening in the mold shape, and then ejecting the part.
3. The document outlines designing the container dimensions at 40mm x 40mm x 2mm thick and selecting injection molding process parameters to minimize sink marks on the final part.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative Analysis on Sodium-Based and Polyethylene-Based Greases as Anti-F...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a case study conducted at Binny Food Industries, a leading ice cream manufacturer in Nepal. The key aspects covered in the case study include:
1) An overview of Binny Food Industries and their ice cream production process, including main ingredients, popular flavors, and production capacity.
2) A description of the basic ice cream manufacturing process, including blending, pasteurization, homogenization, aging, freezing, packaging, and hardening.
3) Recommendations to upgrade systems for wastewater treatment, steam generation, and automating the packaging process.
The document discusses hot melt extrusion technology for pharmaceutical applications. It provides an overview of extrusion systems and processes, including different types of extruders and their components. Hot melt extrusion is described as a beneficial processing technology for manipulating ingredients to create materials with unique properties. Key benefits of hot melt extrusion for pharmaceuticals include enhanced solubility, bioavailability and specific drug release characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Process parameters and considerations for optimizing hot melt extrusion are also reviewed.
This document discusses food extrusion technology. It begins by explaining that extrusion cooking is a high-temperature short-time process that reduces microbial contamination and modifies properties of starches, proteins, and lipids. It then describes the basic principles and components of extrusion, including the screw conveyor system that kneads and conveys materials through the barrel under heat and pressure. Twin-screw extruders are highlighted as they can better handle viscous materials and provide more uniform flow compared to single-screw extruders. Key factors that affect the characteristics of extruded products are also summarized such as material properties and extruder settings. Finally, some common applications of twin-screw extrusion in food processing are listed.
Conceptual design of transfer mould tool for rubber bumper springeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of the design and operations of a pharmaceutical pilot plant for tablet development. It discusses key considerations for scaling up processes like blending, granulation, milling, compression, and coating from small laboratory batches to production-sized equipment. The primary goal of the pilot plant is to ensure new tablet formulations can be efficiently, economically and consistently reproduced at full production scale. Features like air handling, equipment selection, and process parameters must be optimized during this scale-up to prevent issues like contamination, segregation, non-uniformity and other problems.
IRJET- Analysis on Mechanical Properties of Wood Plastic CompositeIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the mechanical properties of wood plastic composites (WPCs) made from different compositions of polymers, wood flour, and additives. WPCs were fabricated using a compression molding process with two compositions: Specimen A containing 30% wood flour and Specimen B containing 40% wood flour. Both specimens used a polymer matrix of 80% polypropylene and 20% high-density polyethylene, along with 3% maleic anhydride as a coupling agent and 3% zinc stearate as a lubricant. The document measures the density, water absorption, tensile strength, hardness, and impact resistance of the two specimens to analyze how the mechanical properties are affected by the varying wood flour composition
This presentation provides an overview of injection moulding. It discusses how injection moulding works by heating plastic pellets and injecting the melted plastic into a mould cavity. It describes the basic injection moulding process steps of material preparation, feeding, injection, mould holding and cooling, and ejection. Examples of common materials used and products made via injection moulding are also presented.
Wet granulation and dry granulation are two common methods for manufacturing tablets. Wet granulation involves mixing powders with a liquid to form granules, then drying the granules. It has advantages like improved flow and uniformity but requires more equipment and time. Dry granulation compresses powders without liquid into slugs or rolls, then mills the compacts into granules. It is faster but produces more dust. Direct compression can tablet powders without granulation if ingredients have suitable properties, saving time and costs versus wet granulation.
The document discusses particle coating using dry powder technology. It examines coating microcrystalline cellulose spheres using various modified polysaccharides in a pan coater. The pan coater achieved coating efficiencies around 85% while other equipment like the Wurster bottom spray coater and rotary disk coater had much lower efficiencies below 5% and around 0% respectively due to issues like powder loss and abrasion. The modified polysaccharides Matrix 2 and Matrix 3 produced the most homogeneous coatings with a continuous film. Dry particle coating using a pan coater and these polysaccharides is a promising environmentally friendly method for applications in food and pharmaceuticals.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of high pressure coolant on tool wear during turning operations of EN8 steel. The study found that using a high pressure coolant of 70 bar resulted in less tool wear compared to a low pressure coolant of 10 bar. Specifically, with the high pressure coolant, the tool was able to machine 520 components with a surface roughness value of 1.521 μm, whereas with the low pressure coolant the tool could only machine 160 components with a roughness of 2.923 μm. Scanning electron microscope images also showed less wear on the tool tip when using the high pressure coolant. Therefore, the study demonstrated that high pressure coolant can significantly reduce tool wear during turning hard metals
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Pilot plant scale up techniques for solid dosage formsElahehEntezarmahdi
This document discusses techniques for scaling up solid dosage form production from pilot plants. It covers key steps like material handling, blending, granulation, drying, particle size reduction, slugging, compression, coating and capsule filling. For each step, parameters important for process control are identified, such as equipment type, material properties, loading amounts, time, temperature and humidity settings. The goal of scaling up is to control these parameters to consistently produce quality products at larger volumes.
The document summarizes information about extrusion cooking. It begins with an introduction to extrusion cooking and lists its advantages. Examples of extruded products are provided. The document discusses different types of extruders and their components. The extrusion process and factors affecting it are explained. Key aspects of extrusion cooking covered include heating food materials under pressure to form new shapes and textures in a continuous process using an extruder machine.
The document discusses how to properly dispose of banana peels, how to overcome littering, and questions about life purpose and existence. It also mentions changing oneself for the better and thanks fellow citizens.
Rane Brake Lining Ltd is an Indian manufacturer of brake linings and pads established in 1964. It implemented total quality management (TQM) practices to address issues like high defect rates, long lead times to solve customer problems, and lack of customer focus. After implementing TQM, the company saw reductions in rejections and errors, increased employee suggestions, and received quality certifications. It aims to become a global player and continuously improve through new methodologies.
Performance and Experimental Analysis of a Safflower Biodiesel and Diesel Ble...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the production and use of biodiesel from safflower seed oil. Key points:
1) Safflower seed oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process to optimize the production. Various molar ratios, catalyst amounts, and reaction times were tested.
2) The properties and performance of the safflower biodiesel and its blends with diesel (B5-B15) were evaluated in a diesel engine. Parameters like brake power, fuel consumption, and efficiency were measured.
3) The results show that safflower biodiesel and its blends can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel in engines without modifications,
1. The document describes the design optimization and manufacturing plan for a plastic container using injection molding. It discusses selecting high density polyethylene as the material and designing the mold.
2. The key steps of injection molding are described, including feeding plastic pellets into a heated barrel, injecting the molten plastic into the mold, cooling and hardening in the mold shape, and then ejecting the part.
3. The document outlines designing the container dimensions at 40mm x 40mm x 2mm thick and selecting injection molding process parameters to minimize sink marks on the final part.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative Analysis on Sodium-Based and Polyethylene-Based Greases as Anti-F...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a case study conducted at Binny Food Industries, a leading ice cream manufacturer in Nepal. The key aspects covered in the case study include:
1) An overview of Binny Food Industries and their ice cream production process, including main ingredients, popular flavors, and production capacity.
2) A description of the basic ice cream manufacturing process, including blending, pasteurization, homogenization, aging, freezing, packaging, and hardening.
3) Recommendations to upgrade systems for wastewater treatment, steam generation, and automating the packaging process.
The document discusses hot melt extrusion technology for pharmaceutical applications. It provides an overview of extrusion systems and processes, including different types of extruders and their components. Hot melt extrusion is described as a beneficial processing technology for manipulating ingredients to create materials with unique properties. Key benefits of hot melt extrusion for pharmaceuticals include enhanced solubility, bioavailability and specific drug release characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Process parameters and considerations for optimizing hot melt extrusion are also reviewed.
This document discusses food extrusion technology. It begins by explaining that extrusion cooking is a high-temperature short-time process that reduces microbial contamination and modifies properties of starches, proteins, and lipids. It then describes the basic principles and components of extrusion, including the screw conveyor system that kneads and conveys materials through the barrel under heat and pressure. Twin-screw extruders are highlighted as they can better handle viscous materials and provide more uniform flow compared to single-screw extruders. Key factors that affect the characteristics of extruded products are also summarized such as material properties and extruder settings. Finally, some common applications of twin-screw extrusion in food processing are listed.
Conceptual design of transfer mould tool for rubber bumper springeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of the design and operations of a pharmaceutical pilot plant for tablet development. It discusses key considerations for scaling up processes like blending, granulation, milling, compression, and coating from small laboratory batches to production-sized equipment. The primary goal of the pilot plant is to ensure new tablet formulations can be efficiently, economically and consistently reproduced at full production scale. Features like air handling, equipment selection, and process parameters must be optimized during this scale-up to prevent issues like contamination, segregation, non-uniformity and other problems.
IRJET- Analysis on Mechanical Properties of Wood Plastic CompositeIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the mechanical properties of wood plastic composites (WPCs) made from different compositions of polymers, wood flour, and additives. WPCs were fabricated using a compression molding process with two compositions: Specimen A containing 30% wood flour and Specimen B containing 40% wood flour. Both specimens used a polymer matrix of 80% polypropylene and 20% high-density polyethylene, along with 3% maleic anhydride as a coupling agent and 3% zinc stearate as a lubricant. The document measures the density, water absorption, tensile strength, hardness, and impact resistance of the two specimens to analyze how the mechanical properties are affected by the varying wood flour composition
This presentation provides an overview of injection moulding. It discusses how injection moulding works by heating plastic pellets and injecting the melted plastic into a mould cavity. It describes the basic injection moulding process steps of material preparation, feeding, injection, mould holding and cooling, and ejection. Examples of common materials used and products made via injection moulding are also presented.
Wet granulation and dry granulation are two common methods for manufacturing tablets. Wet granulation involves mixing powders with a liquid to form granules, then drying the granules. It has advantages like improved flow and uniformity but requires more equipment and time. Dry granulation compresses powders without liquid into slugs or rolls, then mills the compacts into granules. It is faster but produces more dust. Direct compression can tablet powders without granulation if ingredients have suitable properties, saving time and costs versus wet granulation.
The document discusses particle coating using dry powder technology. It examines coating microcrystalline cellulose spheres using various modified polysaccharides in a pan coater. The pan coater achieved coating efficiencies around 85% while other equipment like the Wurster bottom spray coater and rotary disk coater had much lower efficiencies below 5% and around 0% respectively due to issues like powder loss and abrasion. The modified polysaccharides Matrix 2 and Matrix 3 produced the most homogeneous coatings with a continuous film. Dry particle coating using a pan coater and these polysaccharides is a promising environmentally friendly method for applications in food and pharmaceuticals.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of high pressure coolant on tool wear during turning operations of EN8 steel. The study found that using a high pressure coolant of 70 bar resulted in less tool wear compared to a low pressure coolant of 10 bar. Specifically, with the high pressure coolant, the tool was able to machine 520 components with a surface roughness value of 1.521 μm, whereas with the low pressure coolant the tool could only machine 160 components with a roughness of 2.923 μm. Scanning electron microscope images also showed less wear on the tool tip when using the high pressure coolant. Therefore, the study demonstrated that high pressure coolant can significantly reduce tool wear during turning hard metals
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Pilot plant scale up techniques for solid dosage formsElahehEntezarmahdi
This document discusses techniques for scaling up solid dosage form production from pilot plants. It covers key steps like material handling, blending, granulation, drying, particle size reduction, slugging, compression, coating and capsule filling. For each step, parameters important for process control are identified, such as equipment type, material properties, loading amounts, time, temperature and humidity settings. The goal of scaling up is to control these parameters to consistently produce quality products at larger volumes.
The document summarizes information about extrusion cooking. It begins with an introduction to extrusion cooking and lists its advantages. Examples of extruded products are provided. The document discusses different types of extruders and their components. The extrusion process and factors affecting it are explained. Key aspects of extrusion cooking covered include heating food materials under pressure to form new shapes and textures in a continuous process using an extruder machine.
The document discusses how to properly dispose of banana peels, how to overcome littering, and questions about life purpose and existence. It also mentions changing oneself for the better and thanks fellow citizens.
Rane Brake Lining Ltd is an Indian manufacturer of brake linings and pads established in 1964. It implemented total quality management (TQM) practices to address issues like high defect rates, long lead times to solve customer problems, and lack of customer focus. After implementing TQM, the company saw reductions in rejections and errors, increased employee suggestions, and received quality certifications. It aims to become a global player and continuously improve through new methodologies.
Banana peels can be used as a cheap, healthy, and edible alternative to meat in burger patties. Banana peels are much cheaper than meats like beef or chicken. They are also high in nutrients and contain compounds that can improve mood, digestion, vision, bone strength, and reduce cancer risk. The document provides steps for making banana peel burger patties by boiling the peels first to remove any residue before mixing and forming patties. It suggests targeting health conscious individuals and vegetarians. Ready-made banana peel burgers and sandwiches would be offered at affordable prices.
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
This document discusses various cuts and preparations of vegetables used for cooking. It provides descriptions of over 20 common vegetable cuts like julienne, brunoise, paysanne, and chiffonade. It also describes traditional preparations for specific South Asian vegetables like okra, brinjal, bitter gourd, jackfruit, and lotus root that involve particular cuts to allow for stuffing or other cooking methods. The goal is to understand how different cuts impact texture, taste, and cooking applications of vegetables.
The document provides details on developing a new business plan for mushroom chips. Key points include:
- The main ingredients will be mushrooms, which are a good source of nutrition. Mushroom chips will offer a new flavor and taste in the snack market.
- The target market segments are children, teenagers, and young people in Dhaka, as it is a large potential market.
- Major competitors include brands like sun chips and potato crackers. The business aims to differentiate itself through unique flavors and nutrition from the mushrooms.
- Financial projections are provided over three years from the startup to growth and maturity stages. The plan is to eventually turn the business into a profitable "cash cow."
This document presents a financial analysis of a banana cultivation project in India. It analyzes the net present worth, benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, and profitability index of investing in a 1 hectare banana farm. All the financial metrics - NPW, BCR, IRR, and profitability index - show favorable and positive values, indicating that the banana cultivation project is financially viable and preferable for investment. In summary, the financial analysis demonstrates that the project would be profitable and have a positive return on investment.
The document is a business proposal for a company called Frito' Enterprisez that will produce fruit snacks called Banana Crazee. It outlines the management team that will be in place to oversee operations, which includes roles like CEO, board of directors, finance manager, marketing manager, and more. The proposal provides details on the qualifications and responsibilities of key management positions.
This document provides an overview of disc brake systems, including their parts and operation. It discusses the advantages of disc brakes over drum brakes, describing how disc brakes resist different types of fade. It outlines the major components of a disc brake system, such as the caliper, rotor, and pads. It explains the construction and different materials used in brake pads. It also describes the different types of brake calipers, including fixed, floating, and sliding designs.
This document discusses the main components of automotive disc brakes, including the mounting bracket, rotor, caliper, and pads. It describes the purpose and basic operation of each part. The rotor comes in vented and non-vented varieties and can require repair work like truing. Calipers are either fixed or floating and contain pistons and seals. Disc brakes are self-adjusting, and wear indicators help detect when pads need replacement. Common brake issues like noise, pulsation, and excessive pedal travel are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various potential uses for banana waste, including:
1) Banana flour, powder, and chips which can be used for baking, snacks, and infant feeding.
2) Producing paper and packaging from banana fibers which has lower costs than traditional pulp paper.
3) Creating biofuels like ethanol and biodesel from bananas which do not produce waste.
4) Developing new products from bananas like a fat replacement and high-fiber foods utilizing the whole banana plant.
Watch this with a 10-15 minute audiotrack at http://vimeo.com/novusprogram/lesson18
The goal of this lesson is to provide tools to determine the strengths and weaknesses of potential competitors in order to compete in various markets. The lesson begins with an overview of the importance of competitor analysis and its primary importance. A framework to analyze various competitors is then introduced. The lesson then uses the framework to analyze the key aspects of a competitor.
The Novus project is a combination of video tutorials designed to be used in conjunction with a free business simulation software program. The Novus Business and IT Program contains 36 business and IT training videos, covering basic finance, accounting, marketing, economics, business strategy, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Users will have an opportunity to apply the lessons in the Novus Business Simulator. Over six rounds, the user or teams will have to make decisions on capital purchases, financing, production, financing, and human resources for a microbrewery. This channel has arranged the 36 video lessons into the order in which they are meant to be used with the simulator. To watch this slideshow as a video, please go to our Vimeo page at: https://vimeo.com/novusprogram. To download our free business simulation software, please go to our SourceForge page at: http://sourceforge.net/projects/novus/.
This document provides a template and guidance for conducting a market and competitor analysis. It includes sections for analyzing the target market, market size and growth, market profitability and trends, and key success factors. The competitor analysis section includes templates for identifying competitors, comparing competitors based on various criteria, positioning competitors on a matrix, and ranking the top competitors. The overall aim is to save consultants time by providing an editable PowerPoint template to analyze the market and key competitors for a given business.
Fabrication of Pneumatic Compression Molding Machine for FRP CompositesIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a pneumatically operated compression molding machine for producing fiber reinforced polymer composite samples. The machine uses a pneumatic cylinder powered by compressed air to apply pressure to a heated mold containing the composite materials. Epoxy resin reinforced with either carbon fiber or coconut fiber was used to produce test specimens. The specimens were tested in tension and the carbon fiber composite was found to have a tensile strength of 36 N/mm2 while the coconut fiber composite was 13 N/mm2, demonstrating the higher strength of the carbon fiber reinforcement. The machine provides a low-cost option for researchers and manufacturers to produce small composite samples for testing purposes.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1. Tire manufacturing involves preparing rubber components, assembling them into raw tires, and vulcanizing the tires through heating and curing them in molds.
2. A major energy user is rubber compounding where ingredients are intensively mixed. Electric motors used account for 35-55% of total factory energy.
3. In curing, green tires are placed in molds and heated to around 200°C for 10 minutes using steam or hot water, chemically transforming the rubber through vulcanization. This process accounts for significant energy use.
Analysing Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibres Reinforced with Tea Powder ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites reinforced with tea powder. Coconut coir fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide and used to reinforce an epoxy matrix. Tea powder was added as a filler material at 10% volume fraction. Three types of samples were tested: normal epoxy, untreated coir-epoxy composite, and treated coir-epoxy composite. Treated fiber composites showed the highest tensile strength, flexural modulus, and hardness. Experimental results demonstrated that a composite of treated coir fibers and tea powder filler exhibited improved mechanical properties compared to other combinations. The study aims to utilize natural fibers and waste materials to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly composite materials
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
Testing of Coconut Shell Reinforced Brake PADSIJSRED
1) The document describes research into developing coconut shell reinforced brake pads as a safer alternative to asbestos brake pads. Various samples of brake pads were created with different compositions of coconut shell powder, graphite, alumina, and epoxy resin.
2) The samples were tested on a wear testing machine at various speeds to measure the wear rate and coefficient of friction. Sample four performed the best with the lowest wear rate.
3) The research demonstrated that brake pads created with coconut shell reinforcement can be a viable non-toxic alternative to asbestos brake pads and perform well under testing.
Evaluation of mechanical and water absorption behaviour of coir and rice husk...eSAT Journals
The document evaluates the mechanical and water absorption behavior of composites reinforced with coconut coir fiber and rice husk powder. Composites were prepared with untreated and NaOH-treated coir fiber at different weight fractions (5%, 10%, 15%) combined with epoxy resin and rice husk powder. Mechanical tests for impact strength and hardness were conducted according to ASTM standards. Results showed untreated composites had higher impact strength and hardness than treated composites due to better fiber-matrix bonding. However, treated composites absorbed less water than untreated composites due to the hydrophobic nature of chemically-modified fiber. In conclusion, untreated composites performed better mechanically while treated composites were more resistant to water absorption.
Unleashing The Mechanical properties of Synthesized HAp (Eggshell) Particulat...IRJET Journal
The document describes a study that synthesized biodegradable polymer composites with hydroxyapatite (HAp) particulates derived from eggshells. Composites were made with poly lactic acid (PLA) matrix and carbon fiber reinforcement, with 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% HAp by weight. The composites were produced via hand layup and tested. Results showed that increasing HAp percentage enhanced mechanical properties, with maximum 36% increase in tensile strength and 111% increase in impact strength for the 7% HAp composite. This composite material showed promising mechanical properties for medical applications.
Fabrication and evaluation of nano carbon reinforced polymer compositeseSAT Journals
1. The study evaluated the mechanical properties of nano carbon composites where nano carbon extracted from corn cob waste was used as reinforcement in an epoxy resin matrix.
2. Composites containing 0.5% and 0.6% nano carbon by weight exhibited the highest mechanical strength properties, including tensile, compressive, flexural, impact and hardness, compared to the epoxy resin alone.
3. The maximum improvement in properties was observed at 0.5% nano carbon content, indicating this was the optimal concentration for reinforcing the epoxy matrix with the nano carbon from corn cob waste.
IRJET- Mechanical Behavior of Coconut Shell Powder Filled with Sisal Fiber, R...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into the mechanical behavior of coconut shell powder filled sisal fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The study prepared composite specimens with varying weight percentages of coconut shell powder (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) and tested them according to ASTM standards to determine mechanical properties. Tensile, impact, and bending tests were conducted to compare the mechanical behavior of the different compositions. The results of the tensile and impact tests showed the peak loads achieved by each composite formulation. The research aims to develop an environmentally friendly composite using renewable natural fibers and fillers.
Investigating the Mechanical Properties of Polyester-Natural Fiber CompositeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research investigating the mechanical properties of composites made from polyester reinforced with natural fibers like cotton and jute. It describes how samples of polyester composite with varying amounts of glass fiber, cotton, and jute fiber were produced using compression molding. The composites were then tested to evaluate properties such as hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The results showed that composites with higher amounts of cotton and jute fibers generally had higher strength and stiffness but also increased water absorption compared to the glass fiber composite. The research demonstrated that natural fiber composites can be a sustainable alternative to glass fiber composites.
Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites materials are used in almost all aspects of the industrial and commercial fields in aircraft, ships, common vehicles, etc. Their most attractive properties are the high strength-to-weight ratio.Polymer composites are used because overall properties of the composites are superior to those of the individual polymers. The aim of this experimental study has targeted to investigate the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricate using Hand lay-up technique. and the specimens are subjected to the investigated as per the ASTM standards. The tensile tests, compression tests, flexural tests were carried out on the laminated specimen for the determination of its mechanical properties. Keywords: commercial, attractive, polymers, reinforced, vinyl ester, specimens,
IRJET - Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Banana and Basalt Fiber Re...IRJET Journal
1) The document assesses the mechanical properties of composites made from banana fibers, basalt fibers, and epoxy resin.
2) Four composite laminate samples were fabricated with different fiber orientations and tested for tensile and flexural strength.
3) The results showed that the sample with 30° fiber orientation had the highest tensile strength and modulus, while the sample with 60° orientation had the highest flexural strength.
IRJET- Fabrication and Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Hybrid Composite o...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the mechanical properties of a hybrid composite made from coconut shell powder, epoxy resin, and glass fiber. Samples were produced with three different weight percentages of coconut shell powder (20gm, 35gm) and tested according to ASTM standards. Testing included tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural properties, and other mechanical properties. The hybrid composite exhibited properties including light weight, low cost, high compressive strength, and environmental friendliness, making it suitable for applications in industries like automotive, aerospace, furniture, and construction. Experimental results showed the hybrid composite had a tensile strength of 21.36 MPa, compressive strength of 1.428 MPa, and bending strength of 28.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Coir and Bagasis Reinforced Hybrid Natu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the mechanical characterization of coconut coir and bagasse fiber reinforced hybrid natural polymer composites. Specimens with varying weight fractions of coconut coir and bagasse fibers in a vinyl ester matrix were tested according to ASTM standards. Tensile and flexural testing showed that the addition of bagasse fibers to the coconut coir composite led to improvements in tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of up to 37.66%, 58.73%, 20.56%, and 59.58% respectively compared to the coconut coir composite alone. The results indicate that hybridization of natural fibers can enhance the mechanical properties of polymer composites.
Comparison of mechanical properties of the Zro2 and TiO2 filler epoxy compositeIRJET Journal
This document compares the mechanical properties of epoxy composites filled with ZrO2 and TiO2. TiO2 and ZrO2 filler epoxy composites were fabricated using hand layup and cured for 48 hours. Testing was carried out according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the addition of ZrO2 and TiO2 fillers enhanced the mechanical properties of the epoxy composites, with ZrO2 fillers providing the best enhancement. The composites were also subjected to different environmental conditions like mineral water, saline water, petrol and diesel to study their effects. Moisture absorption and thickness swelling tests were conducted to analyze the influence of water uptake on mechanical properties.
This document summarizes research into the abrasive wear behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled e-glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Three composite materials were developed: an unfilled e-glass/polyester composite and two composites with 10% and 20% PTFE by weight. The composites were tested using a Ducom abrasion tester at different loads and cycles to measure wear. The results showed that the 10% PTFE filled composite exhibited the least wear compared to the 20% filled and unfilled composites. Adding an appropriate amount of PTFE improved the self-lubricating properties but higher PTFE content reduced wear resistance due to weaker bonding between the
The document discusses coir fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. It details the process of preparing composites with a 9:1 ratio of polypropylene to coir fiber. Adding NaOH and chopped coir fiber increases bonding between the fibers and PP. Maleated polypropylene further improves mechanical properties by up to 80%. Samples were tested for tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties before and after immersion in water. Results showed the composite has higher strength before water absorption compared to after. Hardness and impact strength remained the same.
Property Evaluation of Hybrid Seashell/Snail Shell Filler Reinforced Unsatura...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Design and development of pyrolysis batch reactor and characterization of tir...eSAT Journals
Abstract Owing to the increased fuel crises and rapid growth of transportation sector, it is very much necessary to identify and alternative to petroleum feed stocks. On the other hand disposal of solid waste material raises the hazard of environmental pollution. In order to bridge these gaps, a pyrolysis batch reactor was designed and fabricated in the present investigation with an overall dimension of 400 X 200 X 458 cm and handling capacity of 10 kgs per cycle. The yield of TPO was optimized with reaction temperature to produce high quantity of gaseous outputs. Elemental analysis, Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis were carried out and found that limonene was the major compound in the TPO. The FT IR analysis also revealed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the TPO. The physio-chemical properties of TPO were determined using Indian standard 1448 standards and were found to usable in internal combustion engine as treated TPO and blends of TPO with straight diesel. Keywords: Pyrolysis, Elemental analysis, Limonene, Calorific value, Sulphur.
Similar to Friction and wear behavior of disc brake pad material using banana peel powder (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
john krisinger-the science and history of the alcoholic beverage.pptx
Friction and wear behavior of disc brake pad material using banana peel powder
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 650
FRICTION AND WEAR BEHAVIOR OF DISC BRAKE PAD MATERIAL
USING BANANA PEEL POWDER
Masrat Bashir1
, Sheikh Shahid Saleem2
, Owais Bashir3
1
M.Tech, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India
2
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India
3
B.E, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
Abstract
Brake Pad material is a heterogeneous material and is composed of a few elements and each element has its own function. The
ideal brake material should have constant coefficient of friction under various operating conditions such as applied loads,
temperature, speeds and mode of braking. During adverse braking conditions excessive frictional heat is generated which results
in the drop of coefficient of friction of the brake pad material. This drop in coefficient of friction is due to the degradation of resin
which is associated with the loos of its binding ability. In order to maintain constant coefficient of friction at higher temperature
new brake pad material has been formulated which retains the binding ability of the resin. The formulation of new brake pad
material includes four friction composites containing 13 ingredients including phenolic resin and banana peel powder as a
modified binder. A reciprocating friction monitor is used to carry friction and wear tests. Three tests via t1, t2 and t3 with different
loads and temperatures were conducted for duration of 10 minutes. The results showed that the coefficient of friction increased at
higher temperature and friction and wear characteristics indicate that banana peel powder can be effectively used to increase the
binding ability of phenolic resin at higher temperature.
Keywords: Brake pad; Banana peel powder; Phenolic resin; Friction; Wear
---------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The brake system is a very important component of vehicles
and machinery equipment in industries. The brake system
calls for more efficient brakes as compared to the brake
systems employed in older days when maximum speed was
much less as compared to the fast running vehicles
manufactured now a days. Today, most vehicles use disc
brakes as they dissipate heat better, hence reducing fade
when compared to drum brakes [1]. The rotor disc materials
of a disc brake system are normally made from gray cast
iron, due to its excellent heat conductivity, good damping
capacity and high strength [1–3]. Brakes must not only stop
the moving vehicle but stop it in the shortest possible
distance. The ability of a braking system to provide safe,
repeatable stopping is the key to safe motoring.
The formulation of a brake pad material requires the
optimization of multiple performance criteria. The brake pad
material should achieve a stable and adequate coefficient of
friction (μ) and should produce low fade and low wear.
Resin is one of the most important ingredients of brake pad
material because it binds all the other ingredients firmly and
allows them to contribute effectively to the desired
performance. However, when excessive frictional heat is
generated during adverse braking, performance of the brake
pad material deteriorates. This drop in performance may be
related to the degradation of resin which is associated with
loss of its binding ability. Therefore the brake pad material’s
thermal stability, its ability to retain mechanical properties,
and its ability to bind its ingredients together under adverse
braking conditions all depend on the resin [4].
The current work investigates the characteristics of modified
binder on the friction and wear of disc brake pad material. In
order to prevent the drop in performance due to the reduced
binding ability of resin at higher temperature, banana peel
powder, which acts as a modified binder, is used along with
the phenolic resin During the study of the physiochemical
properties of banana peel, it was observed that banana peel
consists of higher content of antioxidant compounds and
pectin [5]. Pectin substances are complex mixtures of
polysaccharides containing units of galacturonic acid as the
main chain which acts as a gelling agent. The hardness of
the substance increases with the addition of banana peel
powder. It was also observed that on increasing the
temperature, the banana peel powder becomes more
gelatinous and at much higher temperatures it becomes hard
[6, 7]. Because of these properties of banana peel, it is used
in the formulation of new brake pad material to increase the
binding ability of resin at higher temperatures. Therefore,
four friction composites containing 13 ingredients along
with phenolic resin and with banana peel powder as a
modified binder in nine different concentrations by weight
are formulated and evaluated for tribological properties. The
effects of load, frequency and temperature on surface
characteristics and friction are evaluated.
2. EXPERIMENTATION
2.1 Fabrication of the Composites
Frictional material is a heterogeneous material and is
composed of few elements; each element has its own
function. Changes in the element types or weight percentage
of the elements in the formulation may change the physical,
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 651
chemical and mechanical properties of the brake friction
material [8, 9]. Brake pad material typically comprises the
following sub-components:
(i) Fillers, improve manufacturability, (ii) Friction
Modifiers, act as lubricants, modifies wear and friction
coefficient, (iii) Reinforcements, provides mechanical
strength and (iv) Binder Materials, maintain structural
integrity. In this work, ten new friction material
formulations which are composed of thirteen elements have
been developed using Power Metallurgy technique. The size
of powders used, are in the range of 50μm - 100 μm and the
fibers have length ranging from 0.97mm – 1.75mm. The
basic composition of the Disc Brake Pad Material is shown
in the Chart-1.
Chart-1: Composition of the Disc Brake Pad Material used in the designed sample.
The fabrication of composites containing thirteen
ingredients is based on keeping parent composition of 11
ingredients (65 wt.%) constant and varying two ingredients,
viz. phenolic resin and banana peel (modified binder - 35
wt. %) in complementary manner as shown in Chart-2.
Based on a systematic increase in banana peel powder, ten
samples A-J are formulated. (See Table-1).
The ingredients are mixed using an organic solvent ethanol,
in a beaker to ensure the macroscopic homogeneity. The
beaker is kept on a magnetic stirrer. The addition of
ingredients during mixing is done in a particular sequence.
First Powdery materials are mixed for 5 minutes followed
by PAN fiber. After taking off the beaker from magnetic,
stirrer, steel wool is added. The mixing schedule is of
twenty minute duration. The mixing sequence and time of
mixing of each lot of ingredients lead to proper uniformity
in the mixture. The mixture is then placed in an oven for
half an hour to evaporate the organic solvent and get a
homogenous powder mixture.
Chart-2: Varying amount of Phenolic Resin and Banana Peel used in designed sample.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 652
Table-1: Relative content of raw materials in the designed samples.
Function Raw material
(wt. %)
A B C D E F G H I J
Modified Binder
Phenolic Resin 35 31.5 28 24.5 21 17.5 14 10.5 7 3.5
Banana peel 0 3.5 7 10.5 14 17.5 21 24.5 28 31.5
Filler CaCO3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Ca(OH)2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Friction Modifiers
Graphite 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Sb2S3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
MoS2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6
Al2O3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
MgO 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
SiC 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
Reinforcement
Steel wool 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
PAN fiber 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
CaSiO3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Immediately after a homogenous mixture is obtained, it is
poured into the cleaned die for hot compaction. The main
purpose of the compaction process using hydraulic press is
to obtain the compacts of desired shape with sufficient
strength. The die is filled with approximately 10 g of the
mixture of ingredients and heat cured under a pressure of
15MPa and 150 0
C temperature for 10 minutes. During the
compaction process, three intermittent “breathings” are also
allowed to expel volatiles. When the compaction process is
completed, the die is allowed to cool to remove the prepared
samples.
The samples prepared in the hydraulic press are post cured
in a muffle furnace at 100 0
C for 8 hours. The post curing
operation is done to cure the residual resin [4]. Therefore,
the required samples A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J are
prepared. Once the samples of appropriate size and shape
have been prepared, they are ready for polishing. Polishing
of the samples is done on a fixed speed manually operated
machine. Samples are manually held as they are ground and
polished on interchangeable fixed abrasive paper up to 1000
grits. Therefore the final samples of 32mm diameter are
ready for testing, shown in Fig-1.
Fig-1: Disc Brake Pad samples of varying composition.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 653
2.2 Friction and Wear Tests
The objective of the experimental research presented in this
paper is to establish the general behavior of the newly
developed friction material as a light weight automotive
brake pad when it is subjected to significant compression
loads and high temperature. Friction and wear tests were
performed on a reciprocating friction monitor, which is a
versatile, digitally controlled machine for evaluation of
friction and wear properties of the material under dry and
lubricated conditions. In this machine, the oscillating motion
is provided by a controlled variable speed AC Servo motor,
the motor speed is controlled through an eccentric scotch
yoke mechanism for the adjustment of the stroke. Test
frequency, stroke, load, temperature and duration of test are
preset. Friction force is measured continually by a
piezoelectric transducer. The friction coefficient is also
automatically calculated and recorded throughout the test
through the data acquisition software. However the method
employed for wear measurement is the weight loss method
[10].
In the present experiment, the new set of disc with 14mm
diameter was specially designed and fabricated to be
suitable for area contact testing. The disc is employed as an
upper specimen and the brake pad material as a lower
specimen. The upper specimen is placed into the holder and
then clamped by screws. The lower specimen is mounted on
a stainless steel heater block and fastened firmly by two
screws to the framework shown in Fig-2.
Table -2: Friction test data for brake pad samples.
Test
Freq-
uency
(Hz)
Stroke
(mm)
Load
(N)
Temp.
(0
C)
Duration
(min)
t1
40 2 60 150 10
t2 40 2 120 250 10
t3 40 2 180 350 10
Three tests were conducted on each sample which are
defined according to the increased severity of braking
conditions. These tests correspond to low (t1), medium (t2)
and high (t3) energy tests shown in Table 2. In all cases,
frequency, stroke and duration of the tests were kept
constant. After every test the upper and lower specimen
needs to be renewed.
(a) (b)
Fig.-2: (a) Reciprocating Friction Monitor (b) Designed disc and sample in contact.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 654
The various steps involved for conducting the friction and wear tests of the samples on the reciprocating friction monitor are as
follows:
Same procedure is followed for the ten samples A-J and the values of coefficient of friction and wear are recorded after every
cycle of the braking test, in a synchronized manner.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig.3 & Fig.12 shows the coefficient of friction of ten samples (A-J) for test t1, t2 & t3.
Fig.-3: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample A.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 655
Fig.-4: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample B.
Fig.-5: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample C.
Fig.-6: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample D.
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 656
Fig.-7: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample E.
Fig.-8: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample F.
Fig.-9: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample G.
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 657
Fig.-10: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample H.
Fig.-11: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample I.
9. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 658
Fig.-12: Coefficient of friction for test (t1), test (t2) and test (t3) of sample J.
For test (t1), a rapid increase in coefficient of friction (μ)
was observed with reduced wear. This increase in
coefficient of friction in the samples A - J is attributed to the
presence of steel fiber. During the initial friction test, the
disc and brake pad sample rubbed with counter surface
together generating a resultant coefficient of friction.
Nevertheless, the abrasive modes were completely different
when they came in direct contact with steel fibers.
For test (t2), the friction coefficient values show a slight
discontinuity with the sliding distance as the load and
temperature increases for sample A-J. Besides, the fibers
were found to be more agglomerated and their contribution
was no longer considered. Raidh et al. [11] suggested that in
the case of 1.0 wt% graphite reinforced brake pad,
insufficient lubrication and the lack of the formation of
tribo-oxide layer resulted in the increase in the friction
coefficient values. This behavior may be ascribed to the
formation of stable transfer film during sliding distances.
For test (t3), increase in the value of coefficient of friction
was observed when the braking conditions were increased.
This behavior may be ascribed to prevention of formation of
film from resin residues. At higher temperature, there is the
breakdown of brake efficiency which is termed as brake
fade. The possible reason for brake fade is the degredation
of phenolic resin [12]. However, it is observed that with
increase in temperature the binding ability of the resin has
been retained due to the presence of the banana peel powder
and a higher coefficient of friction has been attained.
Table-3: Brake pad samples test result data.
Sample Test Load (N) Temperature ( 0
C ) Coefficient of friction(μ) Frictional force (N) Wear (g)
A
t1 60 150 0.636 12.74 0.003
t2 120 250 0.377 15.11 0.075
t3 180 350 0.210 11.13 0.126
B
t1 60 150 0.660 13.21 0.009
t2 120 250 0.499 14.99 0.017
t3 180 350 0.314 12.56 0.038
C
t1 60 150 0.787 15.75 0.006
t2 120 250 0.425 13.55 0.064
t3 180 350 0.349 13.95 0.072
D
t1 60 150 0.738 14.76 0.086
t2 120 250 0.478 13.59 0.094
t3 180 350 0.319 12.76 0.177
E
t1 60 150 0.753 15.05 0.010
t2 120 250 0.479 14.37 0.065
t3 180 350 0.346 13.88 0.125
F
t1 60 150 0.753 14.80 0.016
t2 120 250 0.442 13.27 0.078
t3 180 350 0.324 12.95 0.086
G
t1 60 150 0.664 13.29 0.013
t2 120 250 0.524 14.77 0.033
t3 180 350 0.390 15.61 0.038
H
t1 60 150 0.712 14.01 0.034
t2 120 250 0.536 14.91 0.073
t3 180 350 0.352 14.08 0.164
I
t1 60 150 0.695 13.04 0.047
t2 120 250 0.434 13.74 0.061
t3 180 350 0.279 12.58 0.067
J
t1 60 150 0.711 13.81 0.052
t2 120 250 0.582 17.48 0.058
t3 180 350 0.331 13.25 0.064
10. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 659
There were number of subtle differences in the behavior
between the various samples. Modifications of the binder,
particularly in the case of sample G with coefficient of
friction 0.390 for test t3, proved effective in arresting the
unwanted fade and wear behavior shown by the phenolic
resin. It is the banana peel powder which is responsible for
the gain in the coefficient of friction and reduction in wear
at higher temperature. There was also no influence of back
transfer and debonding of brake pad samples. The test result
data of each sample is shown in Table 3.
4. CONCLUSION
In the present study, the friction and wear behavior of the
newly developed brake pad material with nine different
composite of banana peel and phenolic resin has been
evaluated for three different conditions. The important
conclusion resulted from the above study are as follows:
a) Proper bonding was achieved with the banana peel
powder, which resulted in an increase in coefficient
of friction.
b) During the run-in period, the highest value of
coefficient of friction was 0.78 for sample C at low
energy test (t1), 0.53 for sample H at medium
energy tests (t2) and 0.39 for sample G at high
energy tests (t3).
c) Sample G based on 40wt% of phenolic resin and
60wt% of banana peel powder proved best from the
frictional point of view. It showed highest fade
coefficient 0.39 and moderate wear behavior.
d) Sample I based on 20wt% phenolic resin and
80wt% of banana peel powder had a poor
coefficient of friction of 0.279, however it showed
a moderate wear performance.
e) Sample D based on 70wt% phenolic resin and
30wt% of banana peel powder showed worst wear
behavior among all the samples.
f) The result of this research indicates that banana
peel powder can be effectively used to increase the
binding ability of phenolic resin at higher
temperatures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the National Institute of
Technology, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India for their financial
support and the Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT
Srinagar to carry out this work in the Tribology laboratory.
REFERENCES
[1] Blau PJ, McLaughlin JC. “effect of water films and
sliding speed on the frictional behavior of truck disc
brake materials” international journal of Tribology:
Vol 36, 709-715, 2003.
[2] Liew KW, El-Tayeb NSM. “The effect of rotor disc
material on tribo-behavior of automotive brake pad
materials.” Surf Rev,625–633,2008.
[3] Eriksson Mikael, Bergman Fillip, Jacobson Staffan. “
the nature of tribological contact in automotive
brakes” Wear, 26–36, 2002
[4] Bijwe J., Nidhi and Satapathy B.K., “Influence of
amount of resin on fade and recovery behavior of
non- asbestos organic (NAO) friction material”
International journal of Wear, 1068- 1078, 2005.
[5] Lee E.H., Jung H., “Development of Banana Peel
Jelly and Its Antioxidant and Textural Properties”
Journal of food science, 449-455, 2010.
[6] Emaga T. H., Ronkart N., Robert C.,
“Characterisation of pectins extracted from banana
peels(Musa AAA) under different conditions using an
experimental design” Journal of food chemistry, Vol
108: 463-471, 2008.
[7] Idris U.D., V.S. Aigbodion b,*, I.J. Abubakar c, C.I.
Nwoye d “Eco-friendly asbestos free brake-pad:
Using banana peels” Journal of Engineering sciences,
1018-1036, 2013.
[8] Cho Min Hyung, Kim Seong Jin, Kim Dachwan, Jang
Ho, “Effect of ingredients on tribological
characteristics of a brake lining: an experimental
study” International journal of Wear, 1682-1687 ,
2005.
[9] Yun Rongping, Filip Peter, Lu Yafei, “Performance
and evaluation of eco-friendly brake friction
materials” International journal of Tribology, 2010-
2019, 2010.
[10] Zhang S.Y., Qu. S.G., Li. Y.Y., Chen W.P., “Two
body abrasive behavior of brake pad dry sliding
against interpenetrating network ceramics/Al-alloy
composites” International journal of Wear, 939-945,
2010.
[11] Riadh E., Singh H, Kchaou M., “Friction
characteristics of a brake friction material under
different braking conditions” Journal of material and
design, Vol-52: 533-540, 2013.
[12] Mutlu I., Eidogan O., Findik F., “ Production of
ceramic additive automotive brake lining and
investigation of its braking characteristics”
International journal of Tribology, 84-92, 2005.