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Comparison of mechanical properties of the Zro2 and TiO2 filler epoxy composite
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Comparison of mechanical properties of the Zro2 and TiO2 filler epoxy composite
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1086 Comparison of mechanical properties of the Zro2 and TiO2 filler epoxy composite P.Sneha Latha1, M.Venkateswara Rao2, 1 PhD Scholar, Mechanical EnggDepartment, Acharya Nagarjuna University College Of Engg And Technology, Andhara pradesh, INDIA 2 Professor, Mechanical EnggDepartment, BapatlaEngg College, Bapatla, Andhara pradesh, INDIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 filler on mechanical properties of the epoxy polymer has been investigated experimentally. TiO2 and ZrO2 filler epoxy composites are fabricated by hand layup technique in a moldandcured under light pressure at room temperature for 48 hour indivisibly. Specimen preparation and testing was carried out as per ASTM standards. The results indicated thattheduetothefiller addition the mechanical properties of the epoxy composites is enhances the best resistance observed in the ZrO2 filler composites. The strength variation is observed in the trend of plain>petrel>diesel>mineral>saline in Both tensile and flexural. Key Words: ZrO2, tensile, TiO2, Epoxy. 1.INTRODUCTION Environmental awareness todaymotivatingtheresearcher’s world-wide on the studies of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite. This is because natural fibers have the potential of serving as alternative for artificial fiber composite [1-4]. Increase of environmental awareness has led to a growing interest in researching ways of an effective utilizationofrice by-product, from whichricehusk isparticularlyvaluabledue to its high content of amorphous silica and amorphous carbon as the main constituents. [5, 6].Compares to the conventional sources of silica rice husk ash as a ceramic raw material possess advantages like fine particles size and higher reactivity due to its amorphous nature. Therearemanyapplicationsofnaturalfibre composites in everyday life. Howeverthemaindisadvantage of natural fibre is their hydrophilic nature. They also have a poor environmental and dimensional stability that prevent wider use of natural fibre composites. The possibility of using these materials in outdoor applications makes it necessary to analyze their mechanical behaviour under the influence of different weathering conditions such as humidity, saline water, sunlight or micro-organisms. The moisture absorption by compositescontainingnatural fibres has several adverse effects on their properties and thus affects their long-term performance Sreekumar et al. [7], while studying water absorption characteristics of sisal fiber polyester compositesfoundthat diffusion coefficient decreases with chemical treatment of fiber. In addition to this the chemical treatment also decreases water absorption capacity of the composite. They also showed that the composite with benzoyl-chloride treated sisal fiber composite exhibited lower water absorption capacity. Agrawal et al. [8] performed a saline chemical treatment on oil palm fibers. Silane (siH4) used as coupling agent which modified the interaction between the fiber and the matrix and also increases the tensile strength. Joseph et al. [9] performed a Benzoylationtreatmentonsisal fibers. They treated the sisal fibers with NAOH and benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl) solution and observed that treated fibers have reduced hydrophilic nature and increases interaction with the matrix. For potential application of filler polymer composites a comprehensive study on the moisture absorption characteristic and its effect on mechanical properties are required. In this chapter, the characteristics of moisture weight gain and effect of moisture absorptiononmechanical properties of both TiO2 and ZrO2 epoxy composite under different environments (mineral water, Saline water, Petrol and Sub-zero temperature) are investigated. 1.1 Sub Heading 1 Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limituseofhardreturns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhereinthepaper.Donotnumbertext heads-the template will do that for you. Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreading spelling and grammar:
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1087 1.2 Sub Heading 2 Sample paragraph, The entire document should be in cambria font. Type 3 fonts must not be used. Other font types may be used if needed for special purposes. The entire document should be in cambria font. Type 3 fonts must not be used. Other font types may be used if needed for special purposes. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Raw materials used For preparation of composite the following materials have been used; 1. Epoxy 2. Hardener 3. TiO2 powder 4. ZrO2 powder. 2.2 TiO2 powder Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is a white strong inorganic substance that is thermally stable, non-combustible, ineffectively solvent, furthermore, not delegated perilous concurring to the UnitedNations'(UN) Globally FitSystemof Classificationfurthermore,LabelingofChemicals(GHS).TiO2, the oxide of the metal titanium, happens actually in a few sorts of rock furthermore, mineral sands. Titanium is the ninth most normal component in the world's outside. TiO2 is commonly considered as being synthetically dormant. Fig-1: TiO2 powder 2.1.3 ZrO2 powder Zirconia, for the most part comprising of ZrO2, has the most elevated mechanical qualityandbreak durability at room temperature of all significant fine ceramic production. It is utilized to make cuttingsharpedges,scissorsandblades. It is additionally utilized for pump parts because of its unrivaled surface smoothness. Fig. 2 ZrO2 powder 2.2 Composite Fabrication The hand lay-up technique was used for preparation of the samples. A wooden mold of dimension (190x270x6) mm was used for casting the compositesheet.Amoldrelease spray was applied at the inner surface of the mold for quick and easy release of the composite sheet. Fordifferent weight fraction of fibers, a calculated amount of epoxy resin and hardener (ratio of 10:1 by weight) was thoroughly mixed in a glass jar and placed in a vacuum chamber to remove air bubbles that got introduced. Then calculated amountofTiO2 and ZrO2 is added separately with a weight percentage of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10wt% to the mixture of epoxy resin and hardener. Then the composite mixture is poured in to the mold. Care has been taken to avoid formation of air bubbles. Pressure was then applied from the top and the mold was allowed to cure at room temperature for 72 hrs. During application of pressure some amount of epoxy and hardener squeezes out. Adequate care has been taken to consider this loss during manufacturing so that a constant thickness of sample can be maintained. This procedure was adopted for preparation of 15 weight percentage of fiber reinforced epoxy composite slabs. After 72 hrs the samples were takenoutfromthemold and then cut in to required sizes as per ASTM standards for different test. (a)
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1088 (b) Fig- 3 (a) Wooden mold (b) Composite samples 2.3 Study of Environmental Effect The performancesofZrO2 compositeandTiO2 epoxy composite under different environmental conditions are essential to study. Therefore effect of environment on performance of titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide epoxy composite samples were subjected to following environments: Mineral water exposures. Saline water exposures Petrol exposures Diesel exposures 2.3.1 Moisture absorption and swelling thickness tests These tests are used to investigate the effect of moisture absorption and swelling thickness on l fibre reinforced composites. The aim of this test is to compare the influence of both fibre reinforcement and water uptake on mechanical properties of fibre reinforcement composites and the related kinetics and characteristics of the water absorption and swelling thickness. There are different mechanisms to moisture diffusion in polymeric composites. The first mechanism having capillary transportintothegaps and flows at the interfaces between fibreandthematrix.The second mechanism having transport of micro cracks in the matrix arising from the swelling of fibres. And the third mechanism having diffusion of water molecules inside the micro gaps between polymer chains. In this test, firstly the samples were dried in an oven for 24 h at 103±2oC .The samples were immersed in boilingdeionizedwaterforgiven time period (up to 30 min) after that removed from the boiling water and cooled in de-ionized water for 15min at room temperature. The samples are exposure at different time intervals until the water content in samples reached up to saturation and measured the weight and thickness of the samples. By using weight and thickness difference of the samples, themoistureabsorptionandswellingthickness was calculated. The percentage weight and thickness gain of the samples was measured at different time intervals and the moisture content and swelling thickness versus square root of time was plotted. Moisture absorption and thickness swelling was calculated by usingfollowing equations, (5) (6) Where , and indicate the oven-dryweight and thickness swelling and weight and thickness swelling after ‘t’ time. 2.3.2 Tensile and flexural testing Specimens for tension and flexural tests were carefully cut from the laminate using diamondwheel sawandfinished to the accurate size using emery paper. The standard test method as per ASTM D 3039-76 and ASTM D790 has been used; length of the test specimenis140mm.Specimens were loaded in three point bending with a recommended span to depth ratio of 16:1. The span of 70mm and a cross-head speed used for the flexural tests (three point bending) was 5mm/min. The tensile test and flexural are performed in universal testing machine INSTRON H10KS.The tension test is generally performed on flat specimens. The most commonly used specimen geometries are the dog-bone specimen and straight-sided specimen with end tabs. At the rate of loading, 0.5mm/min was used for testing. For each stacking sequence, five identical specimens were tested and the average result is obtained. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 4.-8 shows the comparison of tensile strength of the ZrO2 and TiO2 filler composites after exposed to different environments(Mineral ,Saline water, petrol and diesel). The tensile strength of the ZrO2 filler composites is more when compared to the TiO2 filler composites. The degradation of strength is observed in the composite exposed to different environments. It is also clearly observed that the maximum strength is observed in the 6wt% filler in both the ZrO2 and TiO2 filler composites. The strength of the composites increase as the filler addition increases up to 6wt% and starts degrading beyond 6wt% this may be due to the excess filler addition and which leads to poor bonding in the fillers.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1089 Fig-4 Tensile strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to Diesel Fig-5 Tensile strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites Fig-6 Tensile strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to Saline water Fig-7 Tensile strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to Mineral water Fig- 8 Tensile strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to petrol Figure 9-13 shows the comparison of flexural strengthof the ZrO2 and TiO2 filler composites after exposed to different environments (Mineral, Saline water, petrol and diesel). The flexural strength of the ZrO2 filler composites is more when compared to the TiO2 filler composites. As the filler addition increase the flexural strength of the compositesincreasesup to 8wt% and starts degrading beyond the 8wt%. After exposing to different environmentsthestrengthdegradation is observed as observed in tensile strength.
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1090 Fig-9 Flexural strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to Petrol Fig-10 Flexural strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites Fig-11 Flexural strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to Saline water Fig. 12 Flexural strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to Mineral water Fig. 13 Flexural strength of ZrO2 and TiO2 composites after exposed to Diesel 4 CONCLUSIONS Based on experimental results, this study has led to the following conclusions: The TiO2 and ZrO2 can successfully be used as reinforcing agent to fabricate composite bysuitably bonding with epoxy resin. On increasing the volume fraction of filler the strength, modulus increases and the best combination is found with 6% wt. fractionintensile strength and 8wt% filler in flexural strength. By incorporation of TiO2 and ZrO2 fillers into polymer mechanical properties are improved to great extent. The strength variation is observed in the trend of plain>petrel>diesel>mineral>saline in Both tensile and flexural.
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1091 REFERENCES [1] A.K. Bledzki, J. Gassan. Progress in Polymer Science-24. (1999), pp 221–274 [2] G. Pritchard “Plast Addit” , Compd (2004), 6:18–21. [3] K. G. Satyanarayana, A. G. Kulkarni, and P. K Rohatgi, J. Scientific & Industrial [4] G. Bogoeva-Gaceva, M. Avella, M. Malinconico, A. Buzarovska,A. Grozdanov, G. Gentile, M.E. Errico. “Polymer Composites”,WileyInterScience.Research,40 (2007) pp 222-37. [5] W.Shigetaka, M.Weerasak & H.Zhemchai, “Survey of the Research on the utilization of Rice Husk and Rice Husk Silica,” Proc. 1st workshop on the utilization of Rice Husk and Rice Husk Silica, (2005), pp 6-14. [6] T.Yamaguchi, T.Sekiguchi, H.Toyoshima, E.Kohira, S.H.Shikano & K.Hokkirigawa, “Friction and wear properties of new hard porous carbon materials made from Rice Chaff,” Proc.3rd Asia Int. Conf. Trib., (2006), pp 379-380 [7] Sreekumar, P. A., Thomas, S. P., marc Saiter, J., Joseph,K., Unnikrishnan, G., & Thomas, S. (2009). Effect of fiber surface modification on the mechanical and water absorption characteristicsof sisal/polyestercomposites fabricated by resin transfer molding.CompositesPartA: Applied Science and Manufacturing,40(11),1777-1784. [8] Agrawal R, Saxena NS, Sharma KB, Thomas S, Sreekala MS, Mater Sci Eng, 2000 A 277:77. [9] Joseph K, Mattoso LHC, Toledo RD, Thomas S, de Carvalho LH, Pothen L, Kala S, James B. “Natural polymers and agrofibers composites”. Embrapa, USP- IQSC, UNESP, Brazil. 2000.Kornack and P. Rakic, “Cell Proliferation without Neurogenesis in Adult Primate Neocortex,” Science, vol. 294, Dec. 2001, pp. 2127-2130, doi:10.1126/science.1065467. BIOGRAPHIES PhD Scholar, Mechanical Engg Department, Acharya Nagarjuna Engg College, Andhara pradesh, INDIA Professor, Mechanical Engg Department, Bapatla Engg College, Bapatla, Andhara pradesh, INDIA hor Photo
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