IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption
Preparation and characterisation of alumina nanocomposites with aramid fibre ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing alumina nanocomposites with aramid fibre and hybrid fibre reinforcements. Alumina nanoparticles were dispersed in epoxy resin to create nanocomposites. Aramid fibre, carbon fibre, and hybrid carbon-aramid fibre laminates were produced from these epoxy-alumina nanocomposites. Mechanical testing showed improved tensile strength and flexural strength with the addition of alumina nanoparticles and with hybrid or aramid fibre reinforcement compared to plain epoxy composites. Impact strength did not significantly differ between materials with and without nanoparticles. The research demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties from adding alumina nanoparticles and different fibre reinforcements to epoxy resin composites
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
Investigations on tensile and flexural strength of wood dust and glass fibreIAEME Publication
The document describes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made of epoxy reinforced with glass fibers and filled with pine wood dust particles. Four composite specimens with different volume fractions of pine wood dust (6.5%, 11.3%, 26.8%, 35.9%) and glass fibers (9.6%) were tested to determine their tensile and flexural strengths. The results showed that incorporating glass fibers into the pine wood dust-filled epoxy improved both the tensile and flexural strengths compared to neat epoxy. Tensile strength increased by 63.1-115% and flexural strength increased by 78.9-110.5% with the addition of glass fibers and varying
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Jute Fibre/Glass Fiber and Epoxy Combined ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that enhanced the mechanical properties of jute fiber and glass fiber composites by mixing them with epoxy resin. Four different composite laminates were fabricated using jute and glass fibers in different layer arrangements. The composites were tested for tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and their microstructure was analyzed using SEM and EDS. The JGGJ laminate composite showed the highest tensile strength at 76.22 MPa while the GJJG laminate had the highest impact strength. SEM images revealed better bonding between jute fibers and epoxy than glass fibers. Overall, incorporating epoxy resin improved the mechanical properties of jute and glass fiber composites and made them more
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption
Preparation and characterisation of alumina nanocomposites with aramid fibre ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing alumina nanocomposites with aramid fibre and hybrid fibre reinforcements. Alumina nanoparticles were dispersed in epoxy resin to create nanocomposites. Aramid fibre, carbon fibre, and hybrid carbon-aramid fibre laminates were produced from these epoxy-alumina nanocomposites. Mechanical testing showed improved tensile strength and flexural strength with the addition of alumina nanoparticles and with hybrid or aramid fibre reinforcement compared to plain epoxy composites. Impact strength did not significantly differ between materials with and without nanoparticles. The research demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties from adding alumina nanoparticles and different fibre reinforcements to epoxy resin composites
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
Investigations on tensile and flexural strength of wood dust and glass fibreIAEME Publication
The document describes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made of epoxy reinforced with glass fibers and filled with pine wood dust particles. Four composite specimens with different volume fractions of pine wood dust (6.5%, 11.3%, 26.8%, 35.9%) and glass fibers (9.6%) were tested to determine their tensile and flexural strengths. The results showed that incorporating glass fibers into the pine wood dust-filled epoxy improved both the tensile and flexural strengths compared to neat epoxy. Tensile strength increased by 63.1-115% and flexural strength increased by 78.9-110.5% with the addition of glass fibers and varying
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Jute Fibre/Glass Fiber and Epoxy Combined ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that enhanced the mechanical properties of jute fiber and glass fiber composites by mixing them with epoxy resin. Four different composite laminates were fabricated using jute and glass fibers in different layer arrangements. The composites were tested for tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and their microstructure was analyzed using SEM and EDS. The JGGJ laminate composite showed the highest tensile strength at 76.22 MPa while the GJJG laminate had the highest impact strength. SEM images revealed better bonding between jute fibers and epoxy than glass fibers. Overall, incorporating epoxy resin improved the mechanical properties of jute and glass fiber composites and made them more
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical properties of rice husk flour reinforced epoxy bio-compositeIJERA Editor
A bio-composite reinforced with rice husk flour in epoxy resin has been developed. The effect of fibre treatment and weight percentage of rice husk on the mechanical properties was studied and compared with wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. It was observed that addition of rice husk as filler is detrimental to almost all the mechanical properties. About 51% and 26.8% decrease in ultimate strength and Young’s Modulus for 40 wt% untreated rice husk reinforcement was observed. The corresponding decrease in flexural strength and flexural modulus was 51%. Similar trend was also observed in hardness and impact strength. However the mechanical properties of rice husk reinforced biocomposites are found to be superior than wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. SEM microscopy was also done to corroborate the results.
Study of properties of banana fiber reinforced compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract Natural fiber composites are nowadays being used in various engineering applications to increase the strength and to optimise the weight and the cost of the product. Various natural fibres such as coir, sisal, jute, coir and banana are used as reinforcement materials. In this paper both treated and untreated banana fiber are taken for the development of the hybrid composite material. The untreated banana fiber is treated by sodium hydroxide to increase the wettability. The untreated banana fiber and sodium hydroxide treated banana fiber are used as reinforcing material for both Epoxy resin matrix and Vinyl ester resin matrix. Coconut shell powder is used along with both untreated and treated banana fiber as a reinforcing material. In this process the banana fiber is treated with 5% of sodium hydroxide for one hour and the specimen is fabricated by hand moulding process. The mould used for fabricating the hybrid composite material is made up of aluminium with a debonding agent applied on the inner side. The banana fiber content is kept constant to 30% of weight fraction of entire composite material. The variation in mechanical properties are studied and analyzed. Here, the tensile strength has calculated by universal testing machine, impact strength has calculated by pendulum impact tester and flexural strength has calculated by universal testing machine with flexural test arrangement of the specimen. Then the treated and untreated specimens are analyzed and compared through Scanning Electron Microscope to study about its adhesion between fiber and resin matrix and surface morphology. Keywords: Natural Fiber Composites, Mechanical Properties, Surface morphology
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
IRJET- Synthesis and Study on Effect of Thickness on 3-Point Bending Strength...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of core thickness on the 3-point bending strength of sandwich composites. Sandwich composites were prepared with glass fiber skins and polyurethane foam cores of two different thicknesses using hand layup. Samples were tested according to ASTM standards and results were recorded. It was observed that core thickness greatly affects bending resistance, as thicker cores can sustain greater loads due to their increased load bearing area. Experimental data showed significant changes in flexural loading conditions between samples with different core thicknesses. The study aimed to evaluate how core thickness influences the mechanical properties of lightweight sandwich composites.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of various fillers on the elevated temperature resistant properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibers. Five composite materials were fabricated with varying amounts of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide fillers, while keeping other constituents like epoxy resin, glass fibers, and additives constant. The composites were tested mechanically and tribologically at room and elevated temperatures. Test results showed that tensile strength, hardness, impact energy, and wear resistance improved with increasing filler content, especially silicon carbide and aluminum oxide.
Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites materials are used in almost all aspects of the industrial and commercial fields in aircraft, ships, common vehicles, etc. Their most attractive properties are the high strength-to-weight ratio.Polymer composites are used because overall properties of the composites are superior to those of the individual polymers. The aim of this experimental study has targeted to investigate the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricate using Hand lay-up technique. and the specimens are subjected to the investigated as per the ASTM standards. The tensile tests, compression tests, flexural tests were carried out on the laminated specimen for the determination of its mechanical properties. Keywords: commercial, attractive, polymers, reinforced, vinyl ester, specimens,
Evaluation of mechanical and water absorption behaviour of coir and rice husk...eSAT Journals
The document evaluates the mechanical and water absorption behavior of composites reinforced with coconut coir fiber and rice husk powder. Composites were prepared with untreated and NaOH-treated coir fiber at different weight fractions (5%, 10%, 15%) combined with epoxy resin and rice husk powder. Mechanical tests for impact strength and hardness were conducted according to ASTM standards. Results showed untreated composites had higher impact strength and hardness than treated composites due to better fiber-matrix bonding. However, treated composites absorbed less water than untreated composites due to the hydrophobic nature of chemically-modified fiber. In conclusion, untreated composites performed better mechanically while treated composites were more resistant to water absorption.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Computational Analysis of Fatigue of Glass/Epoxy Composite Automobile Drive S...AM Publications
1) The document analyzes the fatigue life of a composite drive shaft made of glass fiber and epoxy material under variable torsion loads through computational modeling.
2) Finite element analysis is used to determine stress intensity factors along the crack front for different crack lengths. The maximum stress intensity factors increase with increasing crack depth.
3) Both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors are present, with Mode I dominating at the crack tip and Mode II dominating at the surface interception points as the crack propagates.
Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinfo...IJERA Editor
The Flexural, Impact properties and Scanning electron microscope analysis of Bamboo/glass fibers Reinforced polyester Hybrid composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that the Flexural, impact properties of the hybrid composite increase with glass fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced polyester composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied.
IRJET- Natural Sisal Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Experimental StudiesIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on using sisal fibers as reinforcement in concrete. Sisal fibers were added to concrete mixtures in different proportions. The study found that concretes reinforced with sisal fibers showed improved tensile and bending strength compared to plain concrete. The sisal fiber concrete composites were also found to be durable materials that could be used in rural and civil construction as a sustainable substitute for steel reinforced concrete. The production of sisal fibers requires less energy than synthetic fibers or asbestos. Key properties tested included compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption and moisture migration of the sisal fiber reinforced concrete mixtures. The results indicate sisal fiber concrete has properties suitable for use in construction applications.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pulverized groundnut husk powder on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites were prepared with groundnut husk powder filler contents of 2, 4, and 6% by weight and particle sizes of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0μm. The tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength of the composites increased with increasing filler content and decreasing particle size, while strain-at-break decreased. The water sorption of the composites also increased with filler content. The results indicate that groundnut husk powder is an effective filler
This document presents a model for detecting the agent responsible for data leakage. It discusses adding fake objects to distributed data in order to identify the source if a leakage occurs. The model is implemented using C# and SQL Server. When an agent requests data, the distributor sends the original data along with randomly allocated fake objects. If the data is leaked, the distributor can analyze the fake objects to determine the guilty agent. An algorithm is provided and screenshots show modules for login, data sharing, and detecting the guilty agent using a probability calculation. The model aims to overcome limitations of existing watermarking techniques for data leakage detection.
Detection of hazard prone areas in the upper himalayan region in gis environmenteSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and remote sensing tools to identify hazard-prone areas in the Alakananda River basin located in Uttarakhand, India. The study analyzed digital elevation data, soil maps, and extracted river networks to determine areas vulnerable to flooding from cloudbursts and heavy rainfall. Slope maps showed that over 50% of the region has moderate to steep slopes unsuitable for development. Soil maps indicated the presence of thin, coarse soils that are easily eroded. Overlaying village locations on river networks revealed that many villages are situated directly in stream paths, exposing them to flood risks. The integrated analysis identified highly vulnerable regions for future disaster mitigation planning.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Proposed mac protocol for reduce energy consumption over wsn networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This article proposes designing a smartphone specifically for elderly users. It summarizes research conducted through interviews and surveys of elderly users that identified challenges with existing smartphones' complex interfaces and features. The proposed design focuses on simplicity, including larger buttons and icons, voice control, emergency buttons, and customizable reminders. The goal is a low-cost smartphone that addresses vision, hearing and motor impairments common in elderly users.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical properties of rice husk flour reinforced epoxy bio-compositeIJERA Editor
A bio-composite reinforced with rice husk flour in epoxy resin has been developed. The effect of fibre treatment and weight percentage of rice husk on the mechanical properties was studied and compared with wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. It was observed that addition of rice husk as filler is detrimental to almost all the mechanical properties. About 51% and 26.8% decrease in ultimate strength and Young’s Modulus for 40 wt% untreated rice husk reinforcement was observed. The corresponding decrease in flexural strength and flexural modulus was 51%. Similar trend was also observed in hardness and impact strength. However the mechanical properties of rice husk reinforced biocomposites are found to be superior than wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. SEM microscopy was also done to corroborate the results.
Study of properties of banana fiber reinforced compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract Natural fiber composites are nowadays being used in various engineering applications to increase the strength and to optimise the weight and the cost of the product. Various natural fibres such as coir, sisal, jute, coir and banana are used as reinforcement materials. In this paper both treated and untreated banana fiber are taken for the development of the hybrid composite material. The untreated banana fiber is treated by sodium hydroxide to increase the wettability. The untreated banana fiber and sodium hydroxide treated banana fiber are used as reinforcing material for both Epoxy resin matrix and Vinyl ester resin matrix. Coconut shell powder is used along with both untreated and treated banana fiber as a reinforcing material. In this process the banana fiber is treated with 5% of sodium hydroxide for one hour and the specimen is fabricated by hand moulding process. The mould used for fabricating the hybrid composite material is made up of aluminium with a debonding agent applied on the inner side. The banana fiber content is kept constant to 30% of weight fraction of entire composite material. The variation in mechanical properties are studied and analyzed. Here, the tensile strength has calculated by universal testing machine, impact strength has calculated by pendulum impact tester and flexural strength has calculated by universal testing machine with flexural test arrangement of the specimen. Then the treated and untreated specimens are analyzed and compared through Scanning Electron Microscope to study about its adhesion between fiber and resin matrix and surface morphology. Keywords: Natural Fiber Composites, Mechanical Properties, Surface morphology
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
IRJET- Synthesis and Study on Effect of Thickness on 3-Point Bending Strength...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of core thickness on the 3-point bending strength of sandwich composites. Sandwich composites were prepared with glass fiber skins and polyurethane foam cores of two different thicknesses using hand layup. Samples were tested according to ASTM standards and results were recorded. It was observed that core thickness greatly affects bending resistance, as thicker cores can sustain greater loads due to their increased load bearing area. Experimental data showed significant changes in flexural loading conditions between samples with different core thicknesses. The study aimed to evaluate how core thickness influences the mechanical properties of lightweight sandwich composites.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of various fillers on the elevated temperature resistant properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibers. Five composite materials were fabricated with varying amounts of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide fillers, while keeping other constituents like epoxy resin, glass fibers, and additives constant. The composites were tested mechanically and tribologically at room and elevated temperatures. Test results showed that tensile strength, hardness, impact energy, and wear resistance improved with increasing filler content, especially silicon carbide and aluminum oxide.
Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites materials are used in almost all aspects of the industrial and commercial fields in aircraft, ships, common vehicles, etc. Their most attractive properties are the high strength-to-weight ratio.Polymer composites are used because overall properties of the composites are superior to those of the individual polymers. The aim of this experimental study has targeted to investigate the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricate using Hand lay-up technique. and the specimens are subjected to the investigated as per the ASTM standards. The tensile tests, compression tests, flexural tests were carried out on the laminated specimen for the determination of its mechanical properties. Keywords: commercial, attractive, polymers, reinforced, vinyl ester, specimens,
Evaluation of mechanical and water absorption behaviour of coir and rice husk...eSAT Journals
The document evaluates the mechanical and water absorption behavior of composites reinforced with coconut coir fiber and rice husk powder. Composites were prepared with untreated and NaOH-treated coir fiber at different weight fractions (5%, 10%, 15%) combined with epoxy resin and rice husk powder. Mechanical tests for impact strength and hardness were conducted according to ASTM standards. Results showed untreated composites had higher impact strength and hardness than treated composites due to better fiber-matrix bonding. However, treated composites absorbed less water than untreated composites due to the hydrophobic nature of chemically-modified fiber. In conclusion, untreated composites performed better mechanically while treated composites were more resistant to water absorption.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Computational Analysis of Fatigue of Glass/Epoxy Composite Automobile Drive S...AM Publications
1) The document analyzes the fatigue life of a composite drive shaft made of glass fiber and epoxy material under variable torsion loads through computational modeling.
2) Finite element analysis is used to determine stress intensity factors along the crack front for different crack lengths. The maximum stress intensity factors increase with increasing crack depth.
3) Both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors are present, with Mode I dominating at the crack tip and Mode II dominating at the surface interception points as the crack propagates.
Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinfo...IJERA Editor
The Flexural, Impact properties and Scanning electron microscope analysis of Bamboo/glass fibers Reinforced polyester Hybrid composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that the Flexural, impact properties of the hybrid composite increase with glass fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced polyester composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied.
IRJET- Natural Sisal Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Experimental StudiesIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on using sisal fibers as reinforcement in concrete. Sisal fibers were added to concrete mixtures in different proportions. The study found that concretes reinforced with sisal fibers showed improved tensile and bending strength compared to plain concrete. The sisal fiber concrete composites were also found to be durable materials that could be used in rural and civil construction as a sustainable substitute for steel reinforced concrete. The production of sisal fibers requires less energy than synthetic fibers or asbestos. Key properties tested included compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption and moisture migration of the sisal fiber reinforced concrete mixtures. The results indicate sisal fiber concrete has properties suitable for use in construction applications.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pulverized groundnut husk powder on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites were prepared with groundnut husk powder filler contents of 2, 4, and 6% by weight and particle sizes of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0μm. The tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength of the composites increased with increasing filler content and decreasing particle size, while strain-at-break decreased. The water sorption of the composites also increased with filler content. The results indicate that groundnut husk powder is an effective filler
This document presents a model for detecting the agent responsible for data leakage. It discusses adding fake objects to distributed data in order to identify the source if a leakage occurs. The model is implemented using C# and SQL Server. When an agent requests data, the distributor sends the original data along with randomly allocated fake objects. If the data is leaked, the distributor can analyze the fake objects to determine the guilty agent. An algorithm is provided and screenshots show modules for login, data sharing, and detecting the guilty agent using a probability calculation. The model aims to overcome limitations of existing watermarking techniques for data leakage detection.
Detection of hazard prone areas in the upper himalayan region in gis environmenteSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and remote sensing tools to identify hazard-prone areas in the Alakananda River basin located in Uttarakhand, India. The study analyzed digital elevation data, soil maps, and extracted river networks to determine areas vulnerable to flooding from cloudbursts and heavy rainfall. Slope maps showed that over 50% of the region has moderate to steep slopes unsuitable for development. Soil maps indicated the presence of thin, coarse soils that are easily eroded. Overlaying village locations on river networks revealed that many villages are situated directly in stream paths, exposing them to flood risks. The integrated analysis identified highly vulnerable regions for future disaster mitigation planning.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Proposed mac protocol for reduce energy consumption over wsn networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This article proposes designing a smartphone specifically for elderly users. It summarizes research conducted through interviews and surveys of elderly users that identified challenges with existing smartphones' complex interfaces and features. The proposed design focuses on simplicity, including larger buttons and icons, voice control, emergency buttons, and customizable reminders. The goal is a low-cost smartphone that addresses vision, hearing and motor impairments common in elderly users.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Voltage sag mitigation using supercapacitor based dynamic voltage restorereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The document presents an optimization of a 3D geometrical soil model for analyzing multiple square footings on sand using finite element modeling.
2) A fixed meshing pattern was adopted with the 3D soil model discretized into triangular elements. Multiple footing configurations were analyzed for different spacing between footings.
3) The optimized 3D geometrical soil model dimensions were found to be X=19B, Y=Z=15B, where B is the footing width. This model provided comparable results for ultimate bearing capacity and settlement to other studies.
This document describes a method for securing speech signals using lossless compression, watermarking, and encryption with Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR). The key steps are:
1. The speech signal is sampled and then compressed using lossless compression to create empty spaces for watermark embedding.
2. A watermark containing identification information is embedded into the empty spaces.
3. The compressed and watermarked signal is encrypted using LFSR pseudorandom number generation.
4. At the receiver, the encrypted signal is decrypted with LFSR, the watermark is extracted, and the signal is decompressed to reconstruct the original speech.
This approach aims to securely transmit speech signals while avoiding increasing
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a study comparing different tax compliance software programs. It begins by introducing the proposed "BOOKSOFACCOUNTS" software, which would be a cloud-based accounting and database management system. It then reviews the features of existing software programs like Tally, QuickBooks, Busy, and others. Many current programs lack cloud functionality, statutory compliance features, and additional reporting capabilities. The proposed system aims to overcome these drawbacks. It would provide accounting, inventory, payroll, taxation, and management modules all in one system stored on the cloud. This would increase storage and data access while reducing data duplication. In conclusion, the integrated, cloud-based system could help businesses more easily monitor finances and comply with regulations
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
INFLUENCE OF RECYCLED RUBBER FILLER ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF WOVEN GLASS FI...IAEME Publication
The present work is to determine the mechanical properties of a polymer composite which consist of a vinyl ester as matrix and woven glass fiber (E-glass) filled with milled recycled rubber as reinforcement. The influences of different volume (0%, 3%, 6% and 9%) of the filler on the mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The composite materials are analyzed with the consideration of recycled rubber and without recycled rubber. The mechanical characteristics of these composite materials are compared in terms of young’s modulus and ultimate tensile stress using tensile test and flexural test as per the ASTM standards.
Fabrication and Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of GFRP with Whit...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the fabrication and experimental analysis of the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with the addition of white cement as a filler material. GFRP samples were created with 0%, 5%, and 10% white cement filler by weight. Tensile and flexural tests according to ASTM standards found that the tensile strength decreased with increased cement content, while flexural strength increased. The study concluded that the mechanical properties of GFRP composites are influenced by the amount of cement filler added.
This document summarizes research into the abrasive wear behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled e-glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Three composite materials were developed: an unfilled e-glass/polyester composite and two composites with 10% and 20% PTFE by weight. The composites were tested using a Ducom abrasion tester at different loads and cycles to measure wear. The results showed that the 10% PTFE filled composite exhibited the least wear compared to the 20% filled and unfilled composites. Adding an appropriate amount of PTFE improved the self-lubricating properties but higher PTFE content reduced wear resistance due to weaker bonding between the
Experimental investigation and analysis of mechanical properties of injectionIAEME Publication
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of injection molded jute and glass fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites. Composites with varying weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were tested for tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties. The results showed that all the mechanical properties increased with increasing glass fiber content, as glass fibers have better adhesion to the matrix and higher strength than jute fibers. SEM images showed glass fibers fracturing and pulling out, along with jute fiber pull-out, under applied loads. The hybrid composites thus require greater forces to fail due to the combined effects of different fiber types.
HEALTH CENTER NEEDS MANAGER WITH GRADUATE OF PROFESSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH GENE...IAEME Publication
An additional cost of health insurance paid by the government has increased every
year. Theoretically, this is due to curative services have been more and more dominant.
The one problem might be due to different views between 2 organizations concerning
public health.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Axial Loading Conditions and Effect of Mineral Fi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the effect of mineral filler content on the tensile properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites made from woven fabric and chopped strand mat (CSM) fibers. Samples were prepared with epoxy resin and varying amounts (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%) of calcium inosilicate powder filler using hand layup. Tensile testing found that woven fiber composites with 1% filler exhibited the highest strength and stiffness. CSM composites showed increased strength with higher (7%) filler content. In general, woven fiber composites performed better than CSM composites under tensile loading. The study demonstrates that mineral filler can improve mechanical properties of GFRP composites
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, composite materials required for elevated temperature applications were fabricated using vacuum bagging technique. Epoxy Resin (ER-VP401) was used as the matrix and Glass fibre was used as reinforcement. SiC, Al2O3 and others were used as fillers to bring in elevated temperature resistance. These composites were subjected to mechanical tests like Tensile, Hardness and Impact test. Tribological tests like two body abrasion and Pin on disc (POD) were carried out. Tensile strength, hardness and impact energy were improved with increase in fillers content. Wear resistance also improved with increase in percentage of fillers substantially. SEM micrographs are used to explain the mechanism of the material strengthening at elevated temperatures. Keywords: Epoxy resin, Glass Fiber (GF), Al2O3, SiC, Elevated Temperature Resistance.
A review on “Fabrication and mechanical characterization of composites using ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the fabrication and mechanical characterization of composites using hemp and glass as reinforcement materials in a polyester resin matrix with cenosphere filler. The review discusses how hemp and glass fibers can provide good mechanical properties as reinforcements and how cenosphere filler can improve properties while lowering costs. Composite samples with varying weight fractions of hemp, glass, and filler were tested for tensile and flexural properties. Testing found that the natural fiber hemp polyester composites showed potential to replace conventional materials and allow for more sustainable green manufacturing.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The document presents an experimental study on the wear behavior of silicon carbide (SiC) filled hybrid composites using the Taguchi method. Three types of hybrid composites with 10% SiC by weight were tested - glass fiber reinforced with epoxy and jute, sisal, or rubber. Pin-on-disk testing was conducted according to a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, with speed, load, material, and distance as factors. Material was found to be the most influential factor on wear rate, followed by load. The 10% SiC glass fiber-rubber-epoxy composite showed the lowest wear rate at 300 rpm speed, 40N load, and 75m distance. SEM images showed wear of
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Glass Fiber Epoxy Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates and analyzes glass fiber epoxy reinforced with rubber and wood powder composites. Samples were fabricated with different filler concentrations using hand layup. Mechanical tests including tensile, compression, impact, and water absorption were performed based on ASTM standards. Test results found that 20% weight filler content provided the best results for compression and tensile strength. Finite element analysis using ANSYS showed that the glass fiber composite with rubber and wood powders exhibited higher strength, lower deformation and von mises strain compared to the glass fiber reinforced plastic under the same loads. It was concluded that the reinforced composite has improved mechanical properties and reduced weight compared to glass fiber reinforced plastic.
Fabrication and Hardness Examination of Recycled Plastic Composite With Glass...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and hardness testing of recycled plastic composites with glass fiber for use as potential railway sleepers. Samples were produced by injection molding recycled plastics like HDPE and PP with glass fiber reinforcement. Hardness testing found the recycled plastic composite samples had higher hardness values than timber, indicating they could serve as alternatives for timber sleepers. Future work proposed further mechanical testing of composites molded into standard sleeper dimensions for potential commercial implementation as more sustainable replacements for timber sleepers.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOIRON PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY/POLYESTER NANOCO...IAEME Publication
We report on synthesis of two highly dissolve nanoparticles viz. Fe2 O3 & f-Fe2 O3using chemical reduction method. Reaction effect was initiated to mix up solution 1 (i.e.Fecl3 6H2 o) into solution 2 (i.e. Fecl2 4H2 o) as one under the occurrence of ammonium to build up nanoiron (NI) particles. Mechanical properties as above mentioned nanoiron particles filled with polyester and epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated to assess the possibility of using this filler as a latest material. Functionalization agent as Methacryloxypropyl was used to prepare f-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles. f-Fe2 O3 nanocomposites of mechanical properties were improved with the help of functionalization when compared with nanocomposites of Fe2 O3 Nanoiron particles functionalization favours the composite fabrication with a curing temperature at low as compared to the as-synthesised nanoparticles filled polyester nanocomposites. Mechanical properties carried out are Hardness, Impact strength, Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Compression strength. Mechanical property values increased due to the homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and chemical bonding between polyester matrix and nanoparticles. After incorporation nanoiron particles into the polyester resin matrix it becomes magnetically harder. Machines generated mechanical property values were compared and analysed with system generated software analysis of variance (ANOVA) values
Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The objective of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties of particulate snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester composite. 5wt% ground snail shell of particle size 625microns was
introduced to unsaturated polyester matrix to produce a composite. Other specimens were produced at 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 weight percentages of the particulate filler in unsaturated polyester matrix. Mechanical tests were
conducted on prepared samples of the composite material. The results showed that the flexural strength of the
composite with 20wt% snail shell particulate reinforcement was greatly enhanced and the impact and hardness
properties were greatly improved at 5wt% filler loading. The composite could be considered for applications in
areas where high impact strength is a requirement such as in shipping containers. The 20wt% snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester can be used in place of pure polyester for applications where flexibility is of
utmost importance. Keywords: Snail Shell, Unsaturated Polyester, Composite, Mechanical Properties, filler
EFFECT OF SHORT GLASS FIBER AND FILLERS ON DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF THER...IAEME Publication
The dry sliding wear behaviour of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) reinforced with fibers and fillers were slid against a steel counter face of a pin-on-disc tribometer. The filler and fiber reinforcements used are polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), short glass fiber (SGF), short carbon fiber (SCF), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina (Al2O3). The parameters like filler content, sliding velocity and sliding distance on the specific wear rate have been investigated. In this study, a plan of experiments based on the techniques of Taguchi was performed to acquire data in a controlled way.
The document describes a project to develop and characterize polymer hybrid composite materials with particulate fillings. Five students and their guide Mr. Pramdendra Kumar Bajpai are listed. The objectives are to fabricate and test polyester composites reinforced with glass, carbon fibers, and alumina or silicon carbide fillers. Tests will evaluate mechanical properties, wear characteristics, and microstructure. Finite element analysis will compare output readings. The document provides background on composites and discusses the literature review, methodology, hardware and software to be used, progress made, and expected outcomes of the project.
COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF E -GLASS AND S-GLASS ARECA BANA...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation comparing the mechanical properties of E-glass and S-glass fiber reinforced composites with areca and banana fibers. Composites were prepared with E-glass or S-glass fibers reinforced with areca and banana fibers in an epoxy resin. The composites were tested according to ASTM standards to determine tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. The results showed that the S-glass fiber composite with areca and banana reinforcement performed better in all mechanical properties tested compared to the E-glass fiber composite.
Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Reinforced With Cer...IJCMESJOURNAL
In the present work, the mechanical properties of PMC specimens with various types of ceramic reinforcements were investigated. The PMC specimens were reinforced with glass, carbon fibers and Kevlar. The effect of the % content of the reinforcement material in the matrix and the effect of the applied strain velocity (2,4,6 mm/min) were found to affect the mechanical properties of the specimens.
Similar to Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy composites (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
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Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy composites
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1
STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
GLASS FIBER REINFORCED MODIFIED EPOXY COMPOSITES
K.Natarajan1
, Padma C Balasubramanya2
1
Professor, 2
Research Scholar, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)
type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin
was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The
morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed.
Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass
fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has
been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit
high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural
applications.
Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
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1. INTRODUCTION
Thermosetting polymers such as epoxy resins are the most
widely used for applications such as matrices for fiber
reinforced composites, coatings, structural adhesives and other
engineering applications [1-3]. These materials provide high
durability, design flexibility and light weight which make
them attractive materials in these applications [4]. However
their inherent brittleness constrains many of its applications.
Over the years several investigations have been aimed on
toughening of epoxy thermosets without sacrificing its other
properties. One such modifications method is the
incorporation of secondary rubbery phase that separates from
the matrix during cure leading to different morphologies [5-8].
The advantage of adding rubber is increase in fracture
toughness drastically at the expense of great reduction in the
modulus and thermal stability of the material. The second
method of toughening is to introduce high performance
thermoplastics [9-11]. However it has been shown that the
thermoplastic modified epoxies exhibit various types of
morphology, depending crucially on the backbone structure,
molecular weight and the end group chemistry of the
thermoplastic. Since the ultimate properties of the blend is
dependent on the morphology of the cured resin, the difficulty
of controlling morphology limits any further improvement of
toughness using the thermoplastics.
Thermosets have historically been the principal matrix
material for composites. The use of epoxy resins as the matrix
for fiber reinforced composites in structural applications has
increased significantly. This is because fiber reinforced
composites provide a combination of strength and modulus
that are either comparable or better than many of the
conventional metallic materials. Among the fibers used in
composites glass fiber is most common as it is one among the
high strength and high modulus material. Further, glass fibers
provide advantages such as low cost, high tensile strength,
high chemical resistance and excellent insulation properties.
There are mainly two types of glass fibers commonly used in
fiber reinforced plastic industry, namely E-glass and S-glass.
E-glass has the lowest cost of all commercially available
reinforcing fibers, which is the reason for its wide spread
application in fiber reinforced composite industry.
The current research is directed towards preparation of E-glass
composite using a modified epoxy matrix. The modified
epoxy resin matrix has been developed by incorporating five
parts per hundred of the thermoplastic,
polymethylmethacrylate [PMMA] and five parts per hundred
of the elastomer, poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber
[NBR] into the epoxy matrix. Mechanical and morphological
investigations of this modified epoxy resin matrix have
revealed a significant enhancement in mechanical properties
without sacrificing the thermal properties. The objective of the
present work is to investigate the morphological and
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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mechanical properties of this glass fiber reinforced modified
epoxy composite [GFRMEC].
2. EXPERIMENTATION
2.1 Materials
All materials used throughout this work were from
commercial sources and were used as received. The epoxy
resin employed was Epicote 828 comprising bisphenol A and
epichlorohydrin as kindly supplied by Veeyor polymer private
limited, Bangalore. The resin had an epoxy equivalent of
188.5g/mol. The thermoplastic used was poly-
methylmethacrylate (PMMA) IH830, a product of LGMMA.
The rubber used here was nitrile- butadiene rubber, TAPRYL
CC-360, with a bound acrylonitrile content of 32% kindly
supplied by Taprath Polymers Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, India. The
curing agent 4, 4’diamino diphenyl methane (DDM) ,K-5 is a
product of Atul polymer Ltd, Gujarat, India. The E-glass fiber
[bi-woven, 360gsm] was commercially obtained.
2.2 Fabrication of the Composite
First, the rubber and epoxy component were mixed in
dichloromethane/methanol 90/10 v/v, and the solution was
stirred for approximately 30 minutes to achieve dissolution.
The thermoplastic was dissolved in the same mixed solvent
combination and this solution was filtered into the
epoxy/rubber mixture. It was then heated to remove excess of
solvent and then DDM was added to the mixture at 80%
stoichiometrically. This mobile modified epoxy matrix was
then poured uniformly over the fibers placed manually on the
mould prepared according to ASTM standard D3039-76.The
mould contained a steel plate covered with a Teflon sheet. A
thin coat of modified resin matrix was first applied to this
Teflon sheet and then the first ply was placed and the modified
resin matrix poured. Subsequently remaining piles were
stacked, aligned in the wrap direction and impregnated with
the modified resin matrix. Great care was taken in ensuring
that there was no disruption of the fiber alignment. Rollers
were used to densify the lay-up, thoroughly wetting the glass
fibers with the modified epoxy matrix and to remove excess
matrix and entrapped air. This laminate was then built up layer
by layer until the required thickness. The laminate was then
cured at 1150C in an air oven for a period of 4 hours. It was
then post cured at 1200C for 2 hours and then gradually
cooled by placing it in the oven overnight.
Fig 1: Teflon mould containing the cured glass fiber
reinforced modified epoxy composite {GFRMEC}
Fig 2: GFRMEC removed from the mould
3. CHARACTERISATION
3.1 Mechanical Testing
3.1.1 Tensile Strength
The tensile tests were performed in an Instron testing machine
at a cross head speed of 5mm/min according to ASTM D3039-
76. The values were taken from an average of at least 5
specimens.
3.1.2 Impact Strength
The impact strength of the notched specimens was determined
using rectangular species of 64×12.7×3.2mm3
according to
ASTM D256. The impact test was carried out at room
temperature and the impact energy was reported in Joules per
meter. The values were taken for an average of at least 5
specimens.
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3.1.3 Flexural Properties
Flexural tests were performed with rectangular samples
according to ASTM D-790 using an Instron testing machine,
fitted with a three –point bending fixture at a cross head speed
of 2mm/min. The dimensions of the samples were
100x10x5mm3
.
3.1.4 Fracture Toughness
Fracture toughness, KIC, measurement were done on single
edge notched bend specimens [SEN-B] in an Instron machine
at a cross head speed of 5mm/min, according to ASTM D
5045, for the sample size of 60x12x3mm3
with the length of
the notch equal to 6mm. Before the measurements the cuts
were made sharper by using a laser blade.
3.1.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
The morphology and fracture surface of the blends were
studied using scanning electron microscope [Quanta 200, FEI
Netherland] at an accelerating voltage of 20kV. The
specimens were sputtered with gold before taking the
micrographs.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Mechanical Properties
The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of th
epoxy matrix and glass fiber composite is as depicted below in
Figure 3 and 4 respectively.
Fig 3: Tensile strength of modified epoxy matrix {P5N5} and
glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
P5N5 GFRMEC
Tensile
Strength
in MPa
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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Flexural tests were performed with rectangular samples
790 using an Instron testing machine,
point bending fixture at a cross head speed
2mm/min. The dimensions of the samples were
measurement were done on single-
B] in an Instron machine
at a cross head speed of 5mm/min, according to ASTM D-
with the length of
the notch equal to 6mm. Before the measurements the cuts
The morphology and fracture surface of the blends were
ing scanning electron microscope [Quanta 200, FEI-
Netherland] at an accelerating voltage of 20kV. The
specimens were sputtered with gold before taking the
modulus of the modified
is as depicted below in
of modified epoxy matrix {P5N5} and
glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
Fig 4: Young’s Modulus of modified epoxy matrix
and glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy
composite{GFRMEC}
The increase in tensile property of the glass fiber reinforced
modified epoxy matrix may be attributed to enhanced fiber
matrix interfacial bonding as a result of which there has been
effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fibers.
The impact strength of the modified epoxy matrix and glass
fiber composite is as depicted below in Figure.5.
Fig 5: Impact strength of modified
fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
Samples that were used in this testing were notched. The
notches in the izod impact specimen serve to concentrate the
stress, minimise plastic deformation, and direct the fracture to
the part of the specimen behind the notch. Incorporation of
NBR into P5N5 blend resulted in matrix ductility and hence an
improvement in the impact strength value. The improvement
in impact strength shall be correlated with toughness
enhancement. Significant toughening is achieved only when
the rubber can form a separate phase
with a particle size in the order of few micrometers. The SEM
micrograph of the P5N5 blend show two distinct phases, a
homogeneous phase containing the epoxy and PMMA and a
second phase of separated spherical embedded rubber
GFRMEC
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Young's
Modulus
in MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Impact
strengt
h in J/m
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Young’s Modulus of modified epoxy matrix {P5N5}
and glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy
composite{GFRMEC}
The increase in tensile property of the glass fiber reinforced
modified epoxy matrix may be attributed to enhanced fiber-
bonding as a result of which there has been
effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fibers.
The impact strength of the modified epoxy matrix and glass
fiber composite is as depicted below in Figure.5.
Impact strength of modified epoxy{P5N5} and glass
fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
Samples that were used in this testing were notched. The
notches in the izod impact specimen serve to concentrate the
stress, minimise plastic deformation, and direct the fracture to
the part of the specimen behind the notch. Incorporation of
blend resulted in matrix ductility and hence an
improvement in the impact strength value. The improvement
in impact strength shall be correlated with toughness
enhancement. Significant toughening is achieved only when
the rubber can form a separate phase inside the epoxy matrix
with a particle size in the order of few micrometers. The SEM
micrograph of the P5N5 blend show two distinct phases, a
homogeneous phase containing the epoxy and PMMA and a
second phase of separated spherical embedded rubber
P5N5 GFRMEC
P5N5 GFRMEC
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particles. Further the glass composite shows an increase in
impact strength indicating that there is substantial matrix and
fiber interfacial bonding, and the fiber is able to redistribute
the stress to new area.
The flexural strength of the modified epoxy matrix and glass
composite is as depicted below in Figure. 6
Fig 6: Flexural strength of modified epoxy{P5N5}
fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
Flexural strength gives the unit resistance to the maximum
load before failure by bending stresses. The flexural strength
of the matrix was substantially increased by reinforcement
with glass fibers. This increase revealed good wetting/
adhesion of the matrix to the fiber.
The fracture toughness value of the modified epoxy matrix
and glass composite is as depicted below in Figure.7.
Fig 7: Fracture toughness of modified epoxy
glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
0
50
100
150
200
250
P5N5 GFRMEC
Flexural
Strength
[MPa]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P5N5 GFRMEC
KIC
[Mpa
m1/2]
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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Further the glass composite shows an increase in
impact strength indicating that there is substantial matrix and
fiber interfacial bonding, and the fiber is able to redistribute
The flexural strength of the modified epoxy matrix and glass
{P5N5} and glass
fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
istance to the maximum
load before failure by bending stresses. The flexural strength
of the matrix was substantially increased by reinforcement
with glass fibers. This increase revealed good wetting/
hness value of the modified epoxy matrix
glass composite is as depicted below in Figure.7.
epoxy {P5N5} and
glass fiber reinforced modified epoxy composite{GFRMEC}
The fracture toughness of the composite
significantly. In toughened matrices the type of reinforcement,
resin/ reinforcement interaction, ply stacking sequence, fatigue
properties, interleaving etc. play a significant role in
determining the toughness of laminate composites . The
woven fabric of glass leads to polymer rich region at the
strand cross-over points and in these regions the extensive
energy dissipating plastic deformation can occur which arises
from multiphase microstructure. The substantial increase in
fracture energy may be attributed to the fact that toughening
mechanisms like shear banding and plastic deformation zone
in the matrix have occurred.
4.2 Morphological Analysis
The scanning electron micrographs of P5N5 blend display
rough fracture surfaces [Figure .8].
micrograph shows the crack propagation mostly through the
epoxy matrix, around the rubber particles [Figure.9]. The
toughening effect is made possible by the formation of two
phase system. The rubber has precipitated out of the mixture
during the polymerization process. The difference in the
solubility due to acrylonitrile content causes the rubber to
precipitate out into spherical particles. The presence of
embedded soft spherical particles stimulates shear deformation
mechanism because points of maximum stress concentration
develop around the equators of such particles when the resin is
stressed. Further void formation is promoted and yielding
constraints adjacent to failed particle are reduced. The
resulting plastic deformation helps to blu
crack tip and suppress fracture.
Fig.8 Rough surface of the P5N5 blend seen with holes and
stress whitening.
GFRMEC
GFRMEC
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The fracture toughness of the composite increased
significantly. In toughened matrices the type of reinforcement,
resin/ reinforcement interaction, ply stacking sequence, fatigue
properties, interleaving etc. play a significant role in
determining the toughness of laminate composites . The
fabric of glass leads to polymer rich region at the
over points and in these regions the extensive
energy dissipating plastic deformation can occur which arises
from multiphase microstructure. The substantial increase in
e attributed to the fact that toughening
mechanisms like shear banding and plastic deformation zone
in the matrix have occurred.
Analysis
The scanning electron micrographs of P5N5 blend display
rough fracture surfaces [Figure .8]. The magnified P5N5
micrograph shows the crack propagation mostly through the
epoxy matrix, around the rubber particles [Figure.9]. The
toughening effect is made possible by the formation of two
phase system. The rubber has precipitated out of the mixture
g the polymerization process. The difference in the
solubility due to acrylonitrile content causes the rubber to
precipitate out into spherical particles. The presence of
embedded soft spherical particles stimulates shear deformation
ts of maximum stress concentration
develop around the equators of such particles when the resin is
stressed. Further void formation is promoted and yielding
constraints adjacent to failed particle are reduced. The
resulting plastic deformation helps to blunt a propagating
crack tip and suppress fracture.
Rough surface of the P5N5 blend seen with holes and
stress whitening.
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 5
Fig. 9. The magnified P5N5 micrograph shows the crack
propagation occurring mostly through the epoxy matrix
around the rubber particles.
The morphology of the composite was investigated by means
of scanning electron microscopy. Morphology studies of
GFRMEC revealed that the use of modified epoxy matrix has
lead to better adhesion between the matrix and the fiber
indicating good wetting and strong interface. The evidence for
the same is provided from the matrix traces seen on the
surface of the fiber. Very little fiber pull out suggests that the
modified epoxy matrix has been efficient in holding on to the
fibers. In addition most fibers on the fractured surface were
oriented in the flowing direction of the molding. This indicates
that the composites have higher degree of fiber orientation
under the stress, which results in higher fiber efficiency factor
and hence higher mechanical strength. The glass fibers
protruding from the composite indicate the degree of fiber pull
out and crack deflection. The fiber surfaces that protrude are
not clean with some adhering matrix material on it further
indicating that the fibers are well adhered to the matrix.
Fig 10: The fibers well embedded in the modified epoxy
matrix.
Fig 11: The crack propagation seen occuring through the
modified epoxy matrix.
Fig 12: Fiber pull out and fiber breakage leading to better
toughness.
Fig 13: The micrograph depicting fiber pull out, fiber fracture,
fiber/matrix debonding.
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CONCLUSIONS
It has been observed that the modified epoxy matrix may be
considered as an excellent matrix for potential composite
preparations. The substantial enhancement in the
mechanical properties of the GFRMEC does indicate good
adhesion between the matrix and the fibers. Hence this
modified epoxy matrix may be used to develop various other
composites containing different reinforcing materials and the
study of their mechanical and morphological properties can be
carried out.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank Mr. Ganesh M, Managing
Director, GLS polymers in extending his help in carrying out
mechanical characterisation of the specimens in his lab and
Mr. Srinivasa Urala in helping with design and fabrication of
moulds to characterise the specimens.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. K. Natarajan is the inventor of TGPPD
epoxy resin and NCCS cable seal. Two
patent holder, he is the recipient of the
prestigious National award for his
invention of NCCS cable seal. He is
currently the HOD of Chemistry Dept.& Director, Advanced
Polymer Material Lab (APML), R.V.College of Engineering,
Padma C. B, co-author of the research paper,
is a PhD scholar from R.V. College of
Engineering. Currently working in the area
of polymer resin modification, composite
processing and characterization.