Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Production of Biodiesel using waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapur temple (...IJEAB
In India, due to various mythological and religious reasons hundreds of devotees pour oil over the idols in Hanuman or Maruti and Shani temples. The oil once poured cannot be reutilized and was ultimately wasted. These waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapurwas used to produce biodiesel. Immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to catalyze transesterification of waste temple oil. The cells of P.aeruginosa were immobilized within the sodium alginate. Biodiesel production and its applications were gaining popularity in recent years due to decreased petroleum based reserves. Biodiesel cost formed from waste temple oil was higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost.To decrease the cost of biofuel, waste temple oil was used as alternative as feedstock. It has lower emission of pollutants; it is biodegradable and enhances engine lubricity. Waste temple oil contains triglycerides that were used for biodiesel production by chemical and biological method.Transesterification reaction of oil produces methyl esters that are substitutes for fatty acid alkyl biodiesel fuel. Characteristics of oil were studied such as specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, saponification number.Parameters such as temperature,oil: methanol ratio were studied and 88%, 96% of biodiesel yield was obtained with effect of temperature and oil: methanol ratio on transesterification reaction. Withaddition ofNaOH or KOH to fatty acids which formed salt known as soap,which is excellent emulsifying and cleaning agents.
Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Di...IJERA Editor
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which has made life easy and faster in today's modern life. These engines are consuming lot of diesel fuel and have been substantially increasing the atmospheric pollution. There is a concern over the availability of diesel fuel a derivative of fossil fuel, as these sources are limited and in near future they may get exhausted. Hence, there is a need for an alternative source of fuel which is abundant and environmentally friendly. A promising renewable and clean burning diesel replacement is biodiesel fuel. This is an alternative fuel made by different methods like standard base-catalysed transesterification, pyrolysis, thermal cracking etc., An alternative method called catalytic cracking, a fast reaction process is investigated for production of quantitative and qualitative biodiesel. Among many available catalysts, alumina catalyst is selected for production of biodiesel. Catalytic cracking process is carried out on white grape seed oil to convert it into white grape seed biodiesel. On production of biodiesel, physicochemical properties are tested and compared with diesel. Biodiesel thus obtained is a very near quality diesel fuel as per ASTM standards this can be used in the existing diesel engines. Experimental work is carried out on a single cylinder [Kirloskar TV-1 (DI), Water cooled, 4-Stroke] diesel engine with diesel fuel and also with biodiesel blended in various proportions with diesel at different engine loads. On analysis, it is inferred that there is a minimal deviation in engine characteristics with white grape seed biodiesel and with its blends when compared to characteristics of engine fueled with diesel. This gives a scope for further research to be carried out with other catalysts to produce biodiesel with different vegetable or animal fat based oils.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Production of Biodiesel using waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapur temple (...IJEAB
In India, due to various mythological and religious reasons hundreds of devotees pour oil over the idols in Hanuman or Maruti and Shani temples. The oil once poured cannot be reutilized and was ultimately wasted. These waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapurwas used to produce biodiesel. Immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to catalyze transesterification of waste temple oil. The cells of P.aeruginosa were immobilized within the sodium alginate. Biodiesel production and its applications were gaining popularity in recent years due to decreased petroleum based reserves. Biodiesel cost formed from waste temple oil was higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost.To decrease the cost of biofuel, waste temple oil was used as alternative as feedstock. It has lower emission of pollutants; it is biodegradable and enhances engine lubricity. Waste temple oil contains triglycerides that were used for biodiesel production by chemical and biological method.Transesterification reaction of oil produces methyl esters that are substitutes for fatty acid alkyl biodiesel fuel. Characteristics of oil were studied such as specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, saponification number.Parameters such as temperature,oil: methanol ratio were studied and 88%, 96% of biodiesel yield was obtained with effect of temperature and oil: methanol ratio on transesterification reaction. Withaddition ofNaOH or KOH to fatty acids which formed salt known as soap,which is excellent emulsifying and cleaning agents.
Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Di...IJERA Editor
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which has made life easy and faster in today's modern life. These engines are consuming lot of diesel fuel and have been substantially increasing the atmospheric pollution. There is a concern over the availability of diesel fuel a derivative of fossil fuel, as these sources are limited and in near future they may get exhausted. Hence, there is a need for an alternative source of fuel which is abundant and environmentally friendly. A promising renewable and clean burning diesel replacement is biodiesel fuel. This is an alternative fuel made by different methods like standard base-catalysed transesterification, pyrolysis, thermal cracking etc., An alternative method called catalytic cracking, a fast reaction process is investigated for production of quantitative and qualitative biodiesel. Among many available catalysts, alumina catalyst is selected for production of biodiesel. Catalytic cracking process is carried out on white grape seed oil to convert it into white grape seed biodiesel. On production of biodiesel, physicochemical properties are tested and compared with diesel. Biodiesel thus obtained is a very near quality diesel fuel as per ASTM standards this can be used in the existing diesel engines. Experimental work is carried out on a single cylinder [Kirloskar TV-1 (DI), Water cooled, 4-Stroke] diesel engine with diesel fuel and also with biodiesel blended in various proportions with diesel at different engine loads. On analysis, it is inferred that there is a minimal deviation in engine characteristics with white grape seed biodiesel and with its blends when compared to characteristics of engine fueled with diesel. This gives a scope for further research to be carried out with other catalysts to produce biodiesel with different vegetable or animal fat based oils.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
What is biodiesel?,
Jatropha plant,
Why do we need biodiesel ?,
METHODOLOGY,
Process,
Advantages of biodiesel,
Disadvantages of biodiesel,
APPLICATIONS,
Biofuel production,
CONCLUSION,
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
What is biodiesel?,
Jatropha plant,
Why do we need biodiesel ?,
METHODOLOGY,
Process,
Advantages of biodiesel,
Disadvantages of biodiesel,
APPLICATIONS,
Biofuel production,
CONCLUSION,
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
Performance and Emission Analysis of a Novel Porous Radiant Burner for Domest...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
Present study focuses on the performance and emission analysis of a novel porous radiant burner for domestic cooking application using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel. The porous radiant burner (PRB) used here is a novel ceramic porous radiant burner which is designed and developed in the University laboratory for this present study. Two kinds of PRBs as circular porous radiant burner and square porous radiant burner have been developed and hence the thermal efficiency and emission analysis of these burners are tested for their performance. The test results are very encouraging as the thermal efficiency of the circular porous radiant burner and square porous radiant burner are much higher as compared to the conventional metallic burners or other types of burners. The emission characteristic also shows that the emission of CO and NOx values are much lesser than the conventional burner and are well within the world health organization standard. The experimental setup used here is a flexible one that contains PRBs, LPG cylinder, K- type thermocouple, data acquisition system, flue gas analyzer, Infrared camera and a computer. The maximum thermal efficiency obtained in that test for the PRB is about 72% which indicates its bright future prospect.
1) Suspension is the term given to the
system of springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connect a vehicle to its
wheels
3) Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the
car's handling and braking.
2) Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or
luggage from damage and wear
PREPARATION OF BRIQUETTE IN AN INNOVATIVE AND COST EFFECTIVE WAY AND ITS TEST...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This research was conducted for a cleaner
densified biomass solid fuel to reduce the dependency on
woodland which is increasingly becoming critical due to
rural cooking. In this paper study was conducted to
determine the optimum mixing ratio of coal dust (CD) to
saw dust (SD) to produce a solid fuel-CSB (Coal Saw
Briquette). Mixing inefficiency shows starch and water are
also required for adequate strength of CSB. Objective of
the study was to investigate PHU, emission analysis and
cost factor. From research, it was concluded that CD to SD
of ratio 70:30 is suitable for production and usability.
Absence of critical particulate emission (like carbon
monoxide) and higher calorific value promotes it as an
alternative sustainable fuel in rural society. CSB not only
reduce the use of wood energy but also decreases the
statistic for premature death due to indoor air pollution
caused from cooking with biomass.
HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION IN STEEL QUENCHING BY SPRAY IMPINGEMENT COOLING ME...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The present article discusses the experimental results on heat transfer characteristics of spray impingement cooling of a stationary steel plate. The eexperimental setup consisted of an electrically heated flat stationary steel plate of dimension 120 mm x 120 mm x 4 mm, spray setup, water supply and air supply unit. The effects of various controlling parameters such as air-water pressures, water flow rate, nozzle tip to target distance and impingement density were determined and analysed. The cooling rates were computed from the time dependent temperature history and used to analyse the parametric effects. The results obtained in the study confirmed the higher efficiency of the spray cooling system and the cooling strategy was found advantageous over the conventional cooling methods available in the open literature.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
HEAT TRANSFERCHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF ASPIRATING POROUS RADIANT BURNER FUELE...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This work presents the heat transfer characteristics of a self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples. The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity matrix. Time dependent temperature history from thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments.In the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the SMARTView software environments. The experimental results revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit, and scatter thermal radiation. The maximum heat transfer coefficient h, of the PRB was 40 w/m2k. The rate of heat transfer was more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of both convection & radiation might be realized.
Performance Improvement Of Self-Aspirating Porous Radiant Burner By Controlli...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples. The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Time dependent temperature history from thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the SMARTView software environments. The experimental results revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit, and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
CHARACTERIZATION AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF PREMIXED AND PREHEATED POROUS RADIA...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
Experiments were conducted in porous radiant burners of different
configurations. Each of the burner used in the investigation was characterized
with array of pores, number of pores, pore diameter and porosity geometry. The
fuel used in the studies was Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The experimental
results are presented in-terms of the performance and emission from PRBs of
different configurations available in the market used for cooking. This work focuses
to characterize the performance and emission analysis of PRBs. The characterization
of each burner was carried out by the help of a horizontal floor type
profile projector (Metzer-M, Model: 806A). The temperature field at various
flame zones was measured by the help of both FLUKE IR camera (Model: Ti32)
and K-type thermocouples. Thermal efficiency of each of the burner was determined
by calculating the heat gained by the water and the container subjected for
heating and the amount of fuel consumed during the process. Parameters like
convective heat transfer coefficient (h), fuel density, firing rate and thermal efficiency,
were computed by using suitable empirical formulae. The maximum thermal
efficiency obtained was 64.59% and found good agreement with the previous
data in the open literature.
Energy is a crucial input in the economic, social and industrial development of the country. Areas such as hilly regions, forest, tribal and islands which are in remote due to their varied geographic and demographic locations, generally have low load potential, low load factor and inaccessibility to national grid thereby making them unable to connect to the grid due to the involvement of heavy capital investment and therefore are also not expected to have power in the long run. In order to energize such areas the renewable energy sources have been found to be most reliable, economic, eco-friendly and quickly installable as compared to conventional energy sources. Fossil fuels have powered the tremendous industrial and economic development of the developed countries. The oil crisis of 1973 served the warning that fossil fuels were neither inexhaustible nor any cheaper. Renewable energy sources like Solar, Wind, Biomass, SHP, Tidal etc. are the main sources of renewable/green power which can be used to electrify such areas in most appropriate and economic way. Out of these sources, SPV is considered reliable, pollution free and convenient power generation system.
Effect of controlling parameters on heat transfer during spray impingement co...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The heat transfer characteristics of air-water spray impingement cooling of stationary steel plate was experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted on an electrically heated flat stationary steel plate of dimension 120 mm x 120 mm x 4 mm. The controlling parameters taken during the experiments were air-water pressures, water flow rate, nozzle tip to target distance and mass impingement density. The effects of the controlling parameters on the cooling rates were critically examined during spray impingement cooling. Air assisted DM water was used as the quenchant media in the work. The cooling rates were calculated from the time dependent temperature profiles were recorded by NI-cRIO DAS at the desired locations of the bottom surface of the plate embedded with K-type thermocouples. By using MS-EXCEL the effects of these cooling rate parameters were analysed The results obtained in the study confirmed the higher efficiency of the spray cooling system and the cooling strategy was found advantageous over the conventional cooling methods in the present steel industries.
Analysis of industrial flame characteristics and constancy study using image ...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The study of characterizing and featuring different kinds of flames has become more important than ever in order to increase combustion efficiency and decrease particulate emissions, especially since the study of industrial flames requires more attention. In the present work, different kinds of combustion flames have been characterized by means of digital image processing (DIP) in a 500 kW PF pilot swirl burner. A natural gas flame and a set of pulverized fuel flames of coal and biomass have been comparatively analyzed under co-firing conditions. Through DIP, statistical and spectral features of the flame have been extracted and graphically represented as two-dimensional distributions covering the root flame area. Their study and comparison leads to different conclusions about the flame behavior and the effect of co-firing coal and biomass in pulverized fuel flames. Higher oscillation levels in co-firing flames versus coal flames and variations in radiation regimen were noticed when different biomasses are blended with coal and brought under attention.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. V (Feb. 2014), PP 90-93
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
Formation of Glycerol as Byproduct and its Application During
Biodiesel Production From Pongamia Pinnata
Bibhuti B. Samantaray1
,Rajnikant Choudhary1
,Amit Kumar1
,Wasim Akhtar1
,
Manish Kumar1
, Susil K. Garanaik1
1
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Techno School, BPUT, Bhubaneswar-19)
Abstract: Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found
alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but
the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol
glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds;
molecular formula HOCH
2
CHOHCH
2
OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol
as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different
view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel
production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude
glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for
preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst
and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Keywords: Biodiesel,Catalyst, Glycerol,Pongamia Pinnata,Transesterification
I. Introduction
A lot of researches are going on, on the production of alternative fuel from renewable sources of
energy, they got success also in preparing biodiesel as alternative fuel from renewable resources like vegetable
oil and some non-edible oil from plants such as Jatropha, Karanja, Neem, Mahua, Simarouba etc. Earlier, more
emphasis was given on the production of biodiesel not on its by-product like glycerol.But at present time,
production of biodiesel has been industrialized and that also resulted large scale of by-product formation like
Glycerol. So emphasis should be given on proper utilization of by-product from value added application and
profitable biodiesel production. InIndia the emphasis is on the non-edible oilplants like Jatropha, Karanja,
Neem, Mahua, Simarouba etc for the production of biodiesel as well as glycerol as major by-product.
In India the Karanja tree is found all-over the country, especially in eastern India and Western Ghats
[1]. The botanical name of Karanja is Pongamia glabra of Leguminaceae family. Karanja oil has been reported
to contain furan flavones, furanoflavonols, chromenoflavones, flavones and furanodiketones which make the oil
non-edible and hence further encourages its application for biodiesel production and Glycerol as Byproduct
[2].Glycerol or glycerine is a simple polyol (sugar alcohol) compound. It is widely used in pharmaceutical
formulations because it is colourless, odourless, viscous liquid [3]. It is soluble in water and hygroscopic in
nature because of its three hydroxyl groups. Crude glycerol is the principal by-product of biodiesel production,
which is about 11% w/w of Karanja oil.Glycerol is sweet-tasting and of low toxicity. The rate of Biodiesel
production around the world is slower than excepted and the main reason is its relatively high production cost.
Utilization of the glycerol co-product is one of the promising options for lowering the production cost. In other
words, every gallon of biodiesel produced generates approximately 1.05 pounds of glycerol.Fangxia Yang et al.
[4] has done a review regarding Crude Glycerol production as a by-product during Biodiesel Production. In this
Paper we have focused mainly on the production of the Glycerol and its application. Since purified glycerol is a
high-value and commercial chemical with thousands of uses, the crude glycerol presents great opportunities for
new applications. For that reason, more attention is being paid to the utilization of crude glycerol from biodiesel
production in order to defray the production cost of biodiesel and to promote biodiesel industrialization on a
large scale. SimilarlyXiaohu Fan and Rachel Burton [5] have done a review regarding the production of
Biodiesel and Glycerol. In their study they have focused on the production of Biodiesel from the Jatropha tree.
3 CH2-O-COOH + 3CH3OH -----> 3CH2OH + 3CH3-O-COOR
(TRIGLYCERIDES) (METHNOL) (GLYCEROL) (ESTER)
Zaki Y. Zakariaet al. [6] has studied catalytic conversion of glycerol to olefins. In that study it has mentioned
the proper utilization of Glycerol in different forms. B.L.A Prabhavathi Devi et al. [7] has found in their
experiment SO3H-carbon catalyst from glycerol for the production of biodiesel
2. Formation of Glycerol as Byproduct and its Application During Biodiesel Production From
www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
II. Experimental Setup And Procedure
2.1 Experimental setup: A schematic of the experimental set-up used for the production of Glycerol is shown
in Fig.1. The Experimental setup consistsa heating device, astirrer,a motor, a thermo meter, beaker, separating
funnel, washing unit, diffuser unit and chemical unit. A metal frame is being used for holding up the motor and
separating funnel at the same time. The crude Karanja oil iskept in the beaker and being heated by the heater
with a controlled environment. A stirring rod is dipped into the solution ofKaranja oil and the other chemical
mixture like MeoH and KoH. The equipment like Beaker, Stirring rod, Separating Funnel, Conical Flask are
made up of high resistance Glass Material. The stirrer is rotated by an electric motor of variable RPM ranging
from 200 rpm to 600 rpm. A temperature measuring device i.e. thermometer is dipped in the solution for
continuous temperature measurement. The beaker is covered with a glass cover to prevent reactant loss as
alcohol being volatile vaporized during the reaction so it is necessary to prevent it from vaporizing. Separatoris
used to separate the glycerol from biodiesel after transesterification process.
Figure.1. Schematic of the experimental setup
2.2 Experimental procedure:Initially 300ml of Karanja oil was taken in the beaker and heated at 700
c for the
removal of moisture. The oil was then allowed to cool down .The transterification process was carried out in a
basic medium to achieve it. KOHis being used as catalysthere .The required amount of catalyst; 10gmKOH
was weighed and dissolved completely in 60 ml of methanol by using stirrer provided in the potassium
methoxide. The alkali methoxide solution was added into the oil for vigorous mixing by means of a
mechanical transesterification vessel. The required temperature of 65-700
C was maintained throughout the
reaction time of 1.5 hours by means of thermostat arrangement. The cloudy looking free fatty acids, called
glycerine, will sink to the bottom and the methyl ester- a translucent liquid, will remain on top. When the
separation appears, we should stop mixing and allows the mixture to settle down overnight.The product was
put in the separating funnel and the two phases due to different density is separated in separated vessels. The
upper layer consist of biodiesel, alcohol, and some soaps (formed due to side reaction saponification-FFA gets
converted to soaps) and lower layer consists of crude glycerol with some impurities and excess alcohol.
Purification of upper layer can be done by heating the solutionup to 70o
c and by bubble washing. It is
necessaryto purify the lower layer glycerol mixture up to desired level but alcohol can be removed by heating
the solution up to 70o
c. The resultant crude glycerol is not highly purified but can be used for several value
added application. A Schematic of the whole process is shown below in Fig.2.
3. Formation of Glycerol as Byproduct and its Application During Biodiesel Production From
www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
Figure 2. The DetailedBiodiesel and Glycerol Production Process.
III. Result And Application
We found that FFA content of Karanja oil is responsible for glycerol formation. Transestification
process can beapplied for the production of glycerol. We have obtained a maximum yield of around 11% (w/w)
Glycerol & around 88% Biodiesel from the raw Karanja oil by transestification. The effective use of crude
glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. It is too costly to refine the crude glycerol to a high purity
so many researches and studies have conducted for innovative utilization of crude glycerol. Glycerol formed
plays a role in determining the cost of the biodiesel as well as production process if formed on large scale. It
helps in profitable biodiesel production. Also glycerol has a number of value added applications. Some of the
most important are listed:-
Crude glycerol (without any purification) could be used as a green solvent for organic reactions.
Crude glycerol could be used as a fuel for generating electricity from microbial fuel cells [8].
Co-hydrothermal pyrolysis and co-liquefaction of manure with crude glycerol could improve the
production yield of bio-oil. However, for the co-liquefaction, too much addition of crude glycerol affected
the carbon content and heat value of the bio-oil [8,9].
In food and beverages, glycerol serves as a solvent, and sweetener, and may help preserve foods.
It is also used as filler in commercially prepared low-fat foods (e.g., cookies), and as a thickening agent in
liqueurs.
Glycerol and water are used to preserve certain types of leaves.[9]
Glycerol is used in medical and pharmaceutical and personal care preparations, mainly It is found in
allergen immunotherapies, cough syrups, elixirs and expectorants, toothpaste, mouthwashes, skin care
products, shaving cream, hair care products, soaps and water-based personal lubricants.
In solid dosage forms like tablets, glycerol is used as a tablet holding agent.
Glycerol can be used as a laxative when introduced into the rectum in suppository or small-volume (2–10
ml) (enema) form; it irritates the anal mucosa and induces a hyperosmotic effect.[10]
Taken orally (often mixed with fruit juice to reduce its sweet taste), glycerol can cause a rapid, temporary
decrease in the internal pressure of the eye. This can be useful for the initial emergency treatment of
severely elevated eye pressure. [11].
Glycerol is used as a skin moisturizer in soaps and lotions and a softening agent in candy and baked goods
[12].
Glycerol is a good source of carbon and energy for growth of several microorganisms.
IV. Conclusion
The study has enabled us to confirm that Karanja oil can be used as a raw material to obtain Glycerol
as major by-product during biodiesel production from Karanja oil. Biodiesel can be used as fuel in diesel engine.
The engine performance with biodiesel is similar to that of diesel, while emission are less in case of biodiesel.
Also glycerol availability has increased tremendously as it arises as by-product of the biodieselprocess. Besides
using glycerol as a chemical in creams and other small-scale applications,glycerol may be used as starting
material for large-scale biotechnological processes. In this experiment the maximum percentage of biodiesel
4. Formation of Glycerol as Byproduct and its Application During Biodiesel Production From
www.iosrjournals.org 93 | Page
production is around 11 % which shows a good agreement with the previous studies. Though the process of
Glycerol production is costly still it lends required support towards the overall cost of the Biodiesel production.
References
[1] Y.C.Sharma and B. Singh, Development of Biodiesel from Karanja, a tree found in rural India, Fuel 87, (2008) 1740-1742
[2] V.RManilla,M.V. Mallikarjun, G.L.Narayana Rao, Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil, IJEE, 1, 2011, 94-100
[3] NPachauri and B He, Value Added Utilisation of Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Production, ASABE, Paper number:-066223
[4] F Yang, M A. Hanna and RSen, Value-Added Uses For Crude-Glycerol-A By-product Of Biodiesel Production, Biotechnology for
Biofuel, 2012, 5:13
[5] X Fan and R Burton, Recent Development of Biodiesel Feedstockand the application of Glycerol: A Review, The open fuel &
Energy Science Journal, 1200912, 100-109
[6] Z Y. Zakaria, N A S Amin and J Linnekoski, A perspective on catalytic conversion of glycerol to olefins, Biomass and Bioenergy
55, 2013, 370-385.
[7] B.L.A. Prabhavathi Devi, T V K Reddy, K V Lakshmi and R.B.N. Prasad, A green recyclable SO3H-carbon catalyst derived from
glycerol for the production of biodiesel from FFA-containing karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil in a single step,Bioresource Technology
153, 2014, 370-373
[8] Feng Y, Yang Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Lee H, Ren N: Treatment of biodiesel production wastes with simultaneous electricity generation
using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell. BioresourTechnol102, 2011, 411-415
[9] Xiu S, Shahbazi A, Shirley V, Mims MR, Wallace CW: Effectiveness and mechanisms of crude glycerol on the biofuel production
from swine manure through hydrothermal pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 87, 2010, 194-198.
[10] "Glycerin Enema" (http://www.drugs.com/cdi/glycerin-enema.html). Drugs.com. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
[11] "Glycerin (Oral Route)" (http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR601713). Mayo Foundation for MedicalEducation
and Research. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
[12] "Glycerin in Bath Salts – Health Benefits for the Skin" (http://homemadebathsaltsrecipes.blogspot.com/2012/03/glycerinin-bath-
salts-health-benefits.html). Homemade Bath Salts Recipes. Retrieved 22 February 2013.