This document discusses electrolyte imbalances and fluid compartments in the body. It defines key terms like osmosis, diffusion, and active transport that govern fluid and electrolyte movement. Specific electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are explained in depth, outlining their roles, causes of imbalance, symptoms, and treatments for conditions like hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia. Fluid compartments of intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular spaces are defined in relation to fluid movement and homeostasis in the body.

1. Electrolyte
Imbalance

3. Plasma Membrane

5. Basic Cell Physiology
• The cell membrane is a Phospholipid Bilayer – Meaning two
parts.
• Hydrophilic – Outer layer made up of Phosphate groups.
• Hydrophobic – Inner layer made up of lipids and fatty acids.

7. Lysosome

12. Book Terms
• Apoptosis
• cell signaling
• Feedback inhibition
• Ligands
• Hormones
• Endocrine
• Exocrine
• Neurotransmitter
• Ion
• Atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Dysplasia
• Metaplasia

13. Fluid Compartments
• Intravascular – The water portion of the circulatory system
surrounding the blood cells, ( Heart, arteries, veins )
• Interstitial – Water outside the vascular system between
surrounding cells.
• Intracellular – Water within the cell itself.

15. Homeostasis
• The normal balance condition of the body.When
disturbances in homeostasis occur as a result of water shifting
within the body, certain conditions develop related to the type
of shifting that occurs.

16. Fluid and Electrolyte
Movement
• Governing principles: unequal concentrations on different
sides of a cell membrane will move to balance themselves
equally on both sides of the membrane.
• Two components:
• Balance of compounds ( water,electrolytes )
• Balance of charges ( positive, negative )

17. Question:
• What is a solvent?

19. Question:
• What is a solute?

20. Diffusion
• Compounds or charges concentrated on one side of a cell
membrane will move across it to an area of lower
concentration to balance themselves across the membrane.

22. Filtration
• Another type of diffusion, commonly used by the kidneys to
clean blood. The Tubules trap the dissolved compounds but let
water pass through much like a coffee filter traps the grounds.

23. Facilitated Diffusion
• High solute concentration to low solute concentration
• Uses a mediator
• Best example is insulin and glucose

24. Facilitated Diffusion

25. Active Transport
• Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
• Sodium potassium pump
• Requires ATP

26. Active Transport

27. Osmosis
• Diffusion of water across a cell membrane
• Osmotic Pressure – The pressure exerted by the
concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if
hypertonic tends to pull water from the other side of the
membrane
• Tonicity – The concentration of sodium in a solution and the
movement of water in relation to sodium levels.

30. Anions and Cations

31. Electrolytes
• Charged atoms and compounds are called electrolytes made
from inorganic molecules. Electrolytes have the ability to
conduct electricity. Electrolytes with an overall positive charge
are called a cation and overall negative charged are called
anions. The major cations of the body include sodium,
potassium, and calcium; bicarbonate and phosphate are the
major anions.

33. Osmosis
• Isotonic Solution – same concentration of sodium as the cell. (
.9% NS, LR )
• Hypertonic Solution – greater concentration of sodium than
the cell. ( 9.0% NS ) water is drawn out of the cell.
• Hypotonic Solution – Lower concentration of sodium than the
cell. ( D5W ) water flows into the cell.

35. Sodium
• Sodium (Na+) is the principal extracellular cation needed to
regulate the distribution of water throughout the body in the
intravascular and interstitial fluid compartments, making it a
major factor in adequate cellular perfusion.
• “Water follows sodium”

36. Potassium
• About 98% of all the body’s potassium (K+) is found inside
the cells of the body, making it the principal intracellular
cation. Potassium plays a major role in neuromuscular
function as well as in the conversion of glucose into
glycogen.Cellular potassium levels are regulated by insulin.
• Hypokalemia – low potassium
• Hyperkalemia – High potassium

38. Calcium (Ca+)
• The principal cation needed for bone growth, blood clotting
nerve and heart function.

39. Bicarbonate ( HCO 3)
• Determining factor between acidosis and alkalosis in the body.
Bicarbonate is the primary buffer used in all circulating body
fluid.

42. Chloride (CI )
• Primarily regulates the pH of the stomach. It also regulates
extracellular fluid levels.

43. Phosphorus (Ph 2 )
• An important component in the formation of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the powerful energy supplier of the body.

44. Dehydration

45. Dehydration
• Decreased LOC
• Postural Hypotension
• Tachypnea
• Dry mucous membranes
• Tachycardia
• Poor skin turgor
• Flushed, dry skin

46. Overhydration
• Shortness of breath
• Puffy eyelids
• Edema
• Polyuria
• Moist crackles
• Acute weight gain

48. • Sodium
• Potassium
• Calcium
• Magnesium

49. Sodium
• Hyponatremia
• Hypernatremia

50. Hyponatremia
• Too little sodium
• Causes: GI secretion loss, sweating, fluid shifts (edema,
ascites, burns)
• Symptoms: HA, anxiety, muscle weakness, seizures, confusion
• Treatment: NS

52. Hypernatremia
• Too much sodium
• Causes: dehydration, sweating, diarrhea, decreased fluid
intake
• Symptoms: thirst, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine
• Treatment: D5W

54. Potassium (3.5 – 5 mEq/L)
• Hypokalemia
• Hyperkalemia

55. Hypokalemia
• Too little potassium
• < 2.5 mEq/L
• Causes: GI losses, diuretic therapy, diet, renal disease,
increased Na intake, insulin, alkalosis, beta-adrenergic
stimulation
• Symptoms: Cramps, weakness, flacid paralysis, confusion,
weak irregular pulse, flattened t-wave with increased QT.
• Treatment: Potassium IV or po. 20 – 40 mEq/L

58. Hyperkalemia ( >6.5 mEq/L)
• Too much potassium
• Causes: acidosis, decreased urine, renal failure, tissue injury
salt substitute, blood transfusions, severe infection.
• Symptoms: parasthesia of face, tongue, cardiac dysrhythmias,
bradycardia, peaked t-waves, widening QRS.
• Treatment: less potassium in food, Calcium gluconate, bicarb,
insulin, dialysis, diuresis

61. Calcium
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemia

62. Hypocalcemia
• Too little calcium
• Causes: decreased Ca intake, loss by kidneys, Vitamin D
deficiency, hypothyroidism, stored blood products
• Symptoms: Irritability, coma, decreased muscle contractility,
tetany, cramps, change in personality, convulsions.
• Hypocalcemia – overstimulation of nerve cells resulting in
muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, carpal/pedal spasms,
hypotension and vasoconstriction.
• Treatment: Ca gluconate or Ca chloride, increase milk products

64. Hypercalcemia
• Too much calcium
• Causes: Vitamin D and A, hyperthyroidism, sarcoidosis, bone
metastisis
• Symptoms: Anorexia, nausea, fatique, polyuria, dehydration,
short QT, depressed T waves, bradycardia, heart block
• Hypercalcemia – decreased stimulation of nerve cells resulting
in muscle weakness, lethargy, ataxia, vasodilation, and hot
flushed skin.
• Treatment: Restrict Ca, IV fluids, loop diuretic

65. Phosphate
• Hypophosphatemia
• Hyperphosphatemia

66. Magnesium

67. Hypomagnesemia
• Diarrhea, laxatives, diuretics, hypercalcemia, diabetes,
respiratory alkalosis, pregnancy
• Weakness, muscle cramps, tremor
• Hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmias

68. Hypermagnesemia
• Kidney insufficiency
• antacids, laxatives
• Muscle weakness

69. Osmolarity
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic
• Isotonic