This presentation is for those who want to understand the basics of reversible cell injury.
You can also get more idea from my youtube channel:
Harshit Jadav I Medical Wala
When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
This presentation is for those who want to understand the basics of reversible cell injury.
You can also get more idea from my youtube channel:
Harshit Jadav I Medical Wala
When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
This is a short presentation on gout and gouty arthritis. This also gives a brief idea about the causes of gout, its clinical features and investigations. This also provides basic information regarding management and prevention of gout and its associated complications
Dr.A.Mohan krishna
Consultant orthopedic surgeon
Apollo hospitals,
Hyderabad
Appointments: 9247258989
9441184590
www.drmohankrishna.com
www.bonesandjointsclinic.com
www.healthyjointclub.com
The liver function tests typically include alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum bilirubin, prothrombin time (PT), the international normalized ratio (INR), total protein and albumin.
Xanthinuria
Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
Orotic aciduria
Orotic aciduria is a disease caused by an enzyme deficiency resulting in a decreased ability to synthesize pyrimidines. It is the only known enzyme deficiency of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway.
Gout
Gout is caused by a condition known as hyperuricemia, where there is too much uric acid in the body.
Nueva Delhi (también escrito como Nueva Deli) es la capital de la República de la India.
Está situada en la metrópolis de Delhi y es uno de sus nueve distritos.
La ciudad fue establecida el 15 de diciembre de 1911.
La metrópolis es la ciudad más poblada de la India y la quinta más poblada del mundo
Knowledge, attitude and practice about hypertension among adultMd.Nahian Rahman
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury , with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.
An event, natural or manmade, sudden or progressive, that seriously disrupt the functioning of a society, causing human, material or environment losses of such sensitivity that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Gout
1. GOUT
Def.: Gout is a hereditary and metabolic disease
resulting from defective uric acid metabolism.
Cause: In this disease serum uric acid levels are raised
and urates (Monosodium urate) are deposited in the
cartilage and articular cartilage of the joints.
Classification of gout:
1. Primary gout: Due to abnormality of uric acid
production and metabolism.
2. Secondary gout: Excess uric acid production due to
excessive breakdown of nuclei secondary to some
disease (leukaemia, pernicious anaemia,hemolytic
anaemias and polycythemia) 1
2. 2
Uric acid metabolism
In a normal subject uric is metabolized by two ways:
1. Endogenous uric acid: Uric acid is derived from purine
(Purine is derived from the breakdown or synthesis of
nucleoproteins). If the diet is free from purine about
300-600 miligram uric acid is derived from the
endogenous source and this amount of uric acid is
excreted through the urine of a normal adult person.
2. Exogenous uric acid: Diet with high purine and nucleic
acid content such as meat, fish and all other animal
tissues. The level of serum uric acid in normal subject
is about 3-6 mg/100ml.
2
3. 3
URIC ACID LEVEL IN BLOOD IN GOUT IN
The level of serum uric acid level is generally high in
patients suffering from gout: 6-10mg/100ml .
The possible mechanisms for the high serum levels of uric
acid in gout are:
1. Increased production of uric acid: There is evidence
that in gout there is increased synthesis of purines in
the body, leading to increased production of uric acid
(polycythemia, leukaemia, psoriasis, idiopathic).
2. Diminished renal excretion of uric acid: There is also
evidence that uric acid excretion by the kidney is
diminished in gout. This abnormality in the kidneys are
seemed to be hereditary. Other causes include renal
failure, drugs, lead poisoning, lactic alcoholism, severe
vomiting.
4. 4
METABOLIC DEFECT IN PATIENT WITH GOUT
The metabolic defects in the gout are as follow:
(1). Defective excretion of urate by the kidney (primary
renal gout where there is defect in renal tubule).
(2). Reduction in the enzyme hypoxyxanthine-guanine
phosphoribosyl tranferase (catalyses formation of
necleotides from free purines)
(3). Reduced urate binding capacity of plasma
5. 5
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF GOUT
Acute gout:
• Pain the Joint: The metaterso-phalangeal joint
of a great toe is the site acute gouty arthritis in
70 percent of the patients; the ankle, the knee,
the small joints of the feet and hands , the wrist
and elbow follow in decreasing order. The
affected joint is hot, red and swollen.
• Other symptoms: May have fever, anorexia,
nausea, change in the mood.
Some patients have only a single attack some
have recurrent attacks.
6. 6
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF GOUT
Chronic gout:
Recurrent acute attacks are followed by
progressive cartilage and bone erosion in
association with deposition of urate crystal and
secondary degenerative changes. Severe
functional impairment and gross joint deformities
may occur in chronic gout.
7. 7
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF GOUT
Diagnosis can made by examining
1. Serum uric acid level.
2. Synovial fluid of the joint
3. X-ray of the joint.
Treatment: NSAID are the drugs of choice. Among them
Indomethacin (50gm) or naproxen (500mg).
Treatment is continued by giving Colchicine (1mg followed
by 0.5 mg). Colchicine is highly effective but causes
vomiting and diarrhoea.
8. 8
PREVENTION OF GOUT
There are two approaches to prevent gout
1. Drugs:
a. Allopurinol lowers serum urate
b. Sulphinpyrazone or probencid
2. Diet:
a. Excessive purine containing diet and alcohol should
be avoided.
b. Gradual weight loss in case of obese patient.
9. 9
FOODSTUFFS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE CONTENT OF
PURINE
High Moderate Fair Low or absent
300-1000 mg/100gm 150-300mg/100gm 50-150mg/100gm below 50mg/100gm purine
Fish Meats Whole cereals Milk
Pulses Milk product
Sardines Chicken Vegetables Eggs
Herrings small fish -------- -------
Liver --------- --------- --------
Kidney ---------- ---------- ---------
Heart --------- ---------- ----------
Meat extracts -------- ---------- Sugar
10. 10
DIET FOR ADULT MALE SUFFERING FROM GOUT (GM/CAPITA/DAY)
Food item Quantity
Veg. Non-Veg.
Cereals (milled) 400 400
Legumes (pulses) 30 30
Green leafy vegetables 100 100
Other vegetables 100 100
Fruits 100 100
Milk 800 800
Cheese 30 ---
Meat and fish --- 20
Eggs ---- 30
Fat and oils 40 40
Sugar 50 50
11. 11
SOME KEY MESSAGE ABOUT DIET FOR GOUTARY PATIENT
1. Calories: The calorie intake should be restricted to that
required for person who does sedentary work.
2. Proteins and Purines: The proteins intake should be
between 50-60g for an adult. The proteins should be
derived from cereals, milk and eggs. Meat, fish and
other animal tissues should be avoided as they are rich
in purines and nucleic acids. Consumption of excess of
proteins may lead to excessive synthesis of purines in
the body.
3. Fats: Fat consumption should be restricted, as high fat
intake tends to decrease uric acid excretion in the
urine.
12. 12
SOME KEY MESSAGE ABOUT DIET FOR GOUTARY PATIENT
CONTD.-----
4. Carbohydrates: During the attack of gout, the main
source of calories should come from carbohydrate.
5. Fluids: Large volume of fluid intake are encouraged to
take as it increases the volume urinary excretion.
6. Beverages: Tea, coffee and cocoa contain methyl
purines. They are not converted into uric acid in the
body. So 2 to 3 cups of tea/coffee/cocoa per day may
be consumed.