Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
Do you think the occurrence of Flood is lethal? A flood is an overflow of water that submerges usually dry land. Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. Flooding is simply the result of a powerful weather system, but certain human activities can exacerbate the chances of flooding and make it worse when it occurs. Urban development, agriculture, and deforestation require careful management to keep such natural disasters from occurring. Causes of floods include hurricanes, broken levees or dams, rapidly thawing snow, and heavy slow-moving rain or repeated rains.
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The flood is described with its every aspect.The mitigation measures also provides structural and non structural type.Impact of flooding is also described.
Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism.
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The driving reaction may be nuclear fission, nuclear fusion or a multistage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a pure fusion weapon remains a hypothetical device.
Rare events are events that occur with low or high frequency, and the term is often used in particular reference to infrequent or hypothetical events that have potentially widespread impact and which might destabilize society. Rare events encompass natural phenomena (major earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, asteroid impacts, solar flares, etc.).
A chemical accident is the unintentional release of one or more hazardous substances which could harm human health or the environment. Chemical hazards are systems where chemical accidents could occur under certain circumstances. Such events include fires, explosions, leakages or releases of toxic or hazardous materials that can cause people illness, injury, disability or death.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
A landslide, also known as a landslip or Mudslide, is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to the people around and destroy whole cities.
Man made disasters are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with natural hazards. Man made disasters may adversely affect humans, other organisms and ecosystems. The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in some risk analysis methodologies.
The disasters that are existing or occurring in outer space beyond a planet, especially away from the planet Earth are called as extra terrestrial or extra planetary disasters.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. FLOODS
• A flood is an overflow of water that
submerges land that is usually dry. Flood as
a temporary covering by water of land which
is usually not covered by water. Floods are
an area of study of the discipline hydrology
and are of significant concern in agriculture,
civil engineering and public health.
3. FLOODS
• Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from
water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in
which the water overtops, resulting in some of that
water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may
occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on
saturated ground in an area flood. While the size
of a lake or other body of water will vary with
seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt,
these changes in size are unlikely to be considered
significant unless they flood property or drown
domestic animals.
4. Types of Floods
• Coastal flood
• A coastal flood, as the name suggests, occurs
in areas that lie on the coast of a sea, ocean,
or other large body of open water. In this
type of flood, water overwhelms low-lying
land and often causes devastating loss of life
and property.
5.
6.
7. COASTAL FLOOD
• Coastal flooding is categorized in three levels:
• Minor: A slight amount of beach erosion will
occur but no major damage is expected.
• Moderate: A fair amount of beach erosion will
occur as well as damage to some homes and
businesses.
• Major: Large-scale beach erosion will occur,
numerous roads will be flooded, and many
structures will be damaged. Citizens should
review safety precautions and prepare to evacuate
if necessary.
8. FLUVIAL FLOODS
• Fluvial or riverine flooding, occurs when
excessive rainfall over an extended period of
time causes a river to exceed its capacity. It can
also be caused by heavy snow melt and ice
jams. The damage from a river flood can be
widespread as the overflow affects smaller
rivers downstream, often causing dams and
dikes to break and swamp nearby areas.
9.
10. Two main types of riverine flooding
• Overbank flooding occurs when water rises
overflows over the edges of a river or stream. This
is the most common and can occur in any size
channel — from small streams to huge rivers.
• Flash flooding is characterized by an intense, high
velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing
river channel with little to no notice.
11. Pluvial (Surface Flood)
• A pluvial or surface water flood, is caused when
heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of
an overflowing water body. One of the most
common misconceptions about flood risk is that
one must be located near a body of water to be at
risk. Pluvial flooding debunks - it can happen in
any urban area & even higher elevation areas that
lie above coastal and river floodplains.
12.
13. Two main types of Pluvial Flooding
• Pluvial flooding often occurs in combination with
coastal and fluvial flooding, and although typically
only a few centimetres deep, a pluvial flood can
cause significant property damage.
• Run-off or flowing water from rain falling on
hillsides that are unable to absorb the water.
Hillsides with recent forest fires are notorious
sources of pluvial floods, as are suburban
communities on hillsides.
14. Catastrophic floods due to errors
• Catastrophic riverine flooding is usually associated
with major infrastructure failures such as the
collapse of a dam, but they may also be caused by
drainage channel modification from a landslide,
earthquake.
15.
16. Causes of flooding
• Rains
• River overflow
• Strong winds in coastal areas
• Dam breaking
• Ice and snow-melts
• Heavy siltation of the river bed reduces the water
carrying capacity of the rivers/stream.
• Blockage in the drains lead to flooding of the area.
20. Before the floods
Know about your local relief centres and evacuation
routes.
Keep emergency numbers and important information
handy
Fold and roll up anything onto higher ground including
chemicals and medicines.
Make sure everything that is of importance is secured
Plant trees and shrubs and keep a lot of vegetation in
your compound .
21. During the floods
Flash floods occur in a short duration of time.
As soon as they start, be quick, keep safe and
ensure that children and elderly are safe by
leaving the house to a higher ground.
Turn off all electrical appliance, gas, heating
and the like if there is a bit of time.
Try to keep away from flood water as it may
contain chemicals or other hazardous materials.
22. After the floods
Make sure you have permission from emergency
officers to get back inside your house.
Keep all power and electrical appliance off until the
house is cleaned up properly and an electrical
personnel has confirmed that it is OK to put them on.
Make sure you have photographs, or a record of all the
damage, as it may be needed for insurance claims.
Wear appropriate gear (mask and gloves) before
cleaning begins.
23. Methods of flood prevention
• Humans cannot stop the rains from falling or
stop flowing surface water from bursting its
banks. These are natural events, but we can do
something to prevent them from having great
impact. Here are a few.
• In some places, retaining walls levees, lakes,
dams, reservoirs or retention ponds have been
constructed to hold extra water during times of
flooding.
24. Methods of flood prevention
• Vegetation
• Town planning
• Sea / Coastal Defence Walls
• Education
• Vegetation
25. Flood forecasting
• Anticipating floods before they occur allows for
precautions to be taken and people to be warned.
so that they can be prepared in advance for
flooding conditions. For example, farmers can
remove animals from low-lying areas and utility
services can put in place emergency provisions to
re-route services if needed. Emergency services
can also make provisions to have enough resources
available ahead of time to respond to emergencies
as they occur.
26. Flood forecasting
• For example, farmers can remove animals from low-
lying areas and utility services can put in place
emergency provisions to re-route services if needed.
Emergency services can also make provisions to have
enough resources available ahead of time to respond to
emergencies as they occur. People can evacuate areas to
be flooded
27. Distribution of floods
• On a global scale, river floodplains and coastal
areas are the most susceptible to flooding.
Bangladesh is the most flood prone area in the
world. This country is a low lying riverine
country located between the foothills of the
Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. It is
vulnerable due to a long monsoon season which
causes heavy rainfall.
28.
29. Floods in India
• The peculiar nature of India’s climate,
dominated by monsoons, causes situations
where drought and floods may affect
different pockets at the same time of year.
The main reasons for floods in India are:
• 1. Heavy concentrated rainfall
• 2. Cyclone and strong winds, and
• 3. Inadequate drainage
30.
31.
32. Flood prone zones in India
• 1 = flood-prone areas;
• 2 = major rainstorm zones after Dhar and
Nandargi (1995);
• 3 = percentage of annual rainfall contributed
by southwest monsoon;
• 4 = major hydro-geomorphic zones
33. Flood prone zones in India
• Among the severely affected areas of the country
are the Brahmaputra valleys, north Bihar (Kosi
River and north Gangetic plain) and lower West
Bengal. Apart from these, floods affect large areas
in the following belts:
The lower courses of rivers in the north Indian
plains which get silted and change their courses.
Such situations are in the states of Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal
34. Flood prone zones in India
Inadequate drainage in parts of Haryana and
Punjab is the main cause of inundation. The
tributaries of the Indus – the Jhelum, Sutlej, Beas,
Ravi and Chenab – cause floods in Jammu and
Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh
and Himachal Pradesh.
Certain areas in central India and the peninsula get
flooded by the Narmada, Tapti, Chambal,
Godavari, Krishna, Cauveri and Pennar.
35. Flood prone zones in India
Large tracts (area of land) along the east
coast get flooded due to cyclonic storms.
The total area affected by floods in
India is between 7.5 million hectares and 10
million hectares. Eastern Uttar Pradesh and
northern Bihar are the worst affected regions
of the country.
