The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in civil engineering. It describes third angle and first angle projections, which differ in how top, front and side views of an object are arranged relative to each other on a page. It also covers conventions for indicating hidden lines, center lines, and the order drawings should be made. Dimensioning techniques like transferring measurements between views are explained. The document concludes by briefly discussing freehand sketching and physical modeling.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Download link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318852873_Engineering_Drawing_-_I
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22512.56328
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Download link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318852873_Engineering_Drawing_-_I
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22512.56328
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
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civil engineering drawings introduction for beginners.
based on university of Calicut syllabus. Basic introduction. helpful tips in the drawings.
(If any copyrighted materials have been inadvertently used in this work without proper credit being given in one form or another, please notify)
A handbook designed for the students of engineering discipline to learn the basics of engineering Drawing.
Full-text pdf available at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283622413_Engineering_Drawing_for_beginners
Isomeric projection has a proper role in Engineering drawing without this the engineering drawing is incomplete.
This Assignment slides are created by Alamdar Naqvi.
Student of BS Electrical Engineering of GC University Faisabad.
Dimensioning, scales, lines and multiple projectionsAkash Patel
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Third Angle Projection
In third angle projection, front view is always drawn at
the bottom, top view just above the front view, and end
view, is drawn on that side of the front view from where
we are looking at the end of the object relative to the
front.
3.
4. Third Angle Projection
Left End View should be accommodated on the left
of the front view.
Right End View should be accommodated on the
right of the front view.
However one end view is generally drawn.
5. First Angle Projection
First angle projection,
the object is positioned
in first quadrant.
The object is considered
to be in-between the
picture plane and the
observer.
6.
7. First Angle Projection
The top and the end views are rotated through
90° as before until they come in the frontal
plane.
End view is drawn on that side of the front view
which is opposite to the side from which we are
looking at the object relative to the front.
First-angle projection was originally used all
over the world but now in countries like the
united States and Canada, third-angle projection
is standard.
8. First Angle Projection
In Pakistan, we use first angle projection for
building drawing because all of the previous
drawings for important buildings still lying in
the offices are according to this method.
For machine drawing, more trends is to use
third-angle projection because of its convenience
and because most of the machines are imported
form those countries which have third-angle
projection as standard.
10. Hidden Features
To describe an object completely, a drawing
must contain lines representing all the edges,
intersections and surface limits of the object
whether these are visible to the observer from a
particular direction or not.
The hidden edges, intersections and surface
limits must always be indicated by dashed lines.
When a dashed line is to start independently, it
must start form a dash, however, a gap is
provided at the start when the dashed line is
continuation of a full line.
12. Centre Lines
Center-lines are used to indicate the following:
Axes of symmetry for all the symmetrical portions
of a view.
Axis of a cylinder or a cone.
Center of every circular curve must be located by
two mutually perpendicular center-lines. Generally
these two center-lines are horizontal and vertical
but, in some cases, these may be circular and
radial.
13. Precedence Or Order of Lines
In any view, there are chances of coincidence of different
types of lines.
Hidden portions may coincide with visible portions.
center-line may be required where already there is a full
line.
Full lines have the first preference because visible
features are more prominent .
On the second number are the dashed lines because
these are showing physical features though hidden.
Then comes the imaginary lines like cutting plane
symbol and center-lines. Most commonly cutting plane
symbol is given more importance.
A line having lower order of preference is omitted in the
portion where the other line with higher order of
preference is present.
14. Order of Drawing
Find total length (L), width (W) and height (H) of the
object. If any of these is not given as a whole, add
suitable parts to get the dimension keeping in mind the
basic definitions of the three space dimensions.
5 3
Select properly the front side of the object and decide
which end may be shown giving more details.
Decide about the arrangement of views being more
careful about the position of the end view.
15. Order of Drawing
Decide the scale at which the views may be drawn meaning
that whether the object should be drawn by actual sizes or
the dimensions should be considered as reduce/inl arged
by a certain factor for drawing purposes. Usually a
minimum space of one inch must be left in between the
views to make them separate and to write the dimensions.
Adjust available space properly and draw lines to show the
detail of different views.
Rub out the extra lines to obtain rectangular blocks for the
three views.
Draw all those center-lines from for which dimensions can
readily be found out.
Start showing the features one by one and carry the
different views along together as far as possible.
Remove extra line, give dimensions and check the views
before the final presentation.
16. TRANSFERING DIMENSIONS INBETWEEN
THE VIEWS
During drawing work, avoid duplication of laying down the
same measurements.
Height dimensions may easily be transferred among the front
and the end view with the help of the T- square.
Similarly length dimension may be transferred among the top
and the front view by using a combination of any triangle and T-square
.
Width dimension may be transferred among the top and the end
view in different ways.
17.
18. TRANSFERING DIMENSIOANS INBETWEEN
THE VIEWS
The dimension may be
transferred by using a
divider.
A 45° -line may be drawn
from the intersection of the
construction lines extended
form the inner side of the E.V
and lower side of the T.V.
The dimension is then
transferred by taking vertical
projection from the E.V to the
45° -line and then horizontal
projection to the T.V or vice
versa.
19. FREEHAND SKETCHING
A freehand sketch is a drawing in which all the
proportions and measurements are judged by the eye
and all the lines are drawn without the use of drawing
instruments; the only tools used are pencil, eraser
and paper.
If drawing of an existing building is to be made, it will
not be possible to carry all the drawing instruments at
the site and to make the formal drawings there.
Instead the engineer will make a sketch in his note-book
after taking the measurements, then, later on, at
a favorable time sitting in his office, he may carry out
the detailed drawing work.
Further an engineer usually draws sketches only and
it is the job of draftsmen to carry out the drawing
work.
Sketches should be made such that they are easily
readable by the same person and by the others.
20. FREEHAND SKETCHING
All the dimensions should be in some proportions
that means bigger dimensions should actually be
bigger than the smaller ones.
Straight lines should be as straight as possible,
multistroke lines are generally used for the bigger
lengths.
To draw a circle, first sketch the center-lines, and
then draw the 45 construction lines . By guess,
mark a distance equal to radius on all these lines
and join by a smooth curve.
22. Models
Models of a simple object may easily be made in
modeling wax, soap or wood.
For soap models, rectangular block of soap having a
size close to 1.5” x 1” x 1” may be used. First
proportions of the object are marked lightly with
the point of the knife according to the given
pictorial or other graphic views. Cuts are now made
in a suitable order to obtain the model.
Some objects should first be divided into basic
geometric shapes which are made separately and
then these parts are combined in the required
pattern.