The document discusses the importance of drawings as a means of communication, particularly in engineering, highlighting their ability to convey shape, size, and appearance effectively. It explains various types of drawings, with a focus on orthographic projections and the first and third angle projection methods. The text also provides a detailed explanation of how to create different views (front, top, side) of objects using these projection methods.

1. DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)
The Fact about:
If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.
Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication
not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

2. Drawings
(Some Types)
Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Zoological Drawings
Drawings Engineering Drawings,
(creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.) (projections.)
Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)

3. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections

4. PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane
(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)
<
A.I
A.V.P. .P.
⊥t
oV
⊥ to Hp & ∠ to Vp p
∠ &
to
Hp
<

5. PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-
TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
X B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.
VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90 0 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

6. 3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method
Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1 Angle method
st
& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections

7. FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV .
.V FO
S R
X Y R F.V
FO .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS

8. THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT
AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF . FO
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
S.V R
F.V
FOR .

9. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.
FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )
TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1 ST AND 3 RD ANGLE
PROJECTION METHODS
ND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULL
RY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
ERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS

10. FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV .
.V FO
S R
X Y R F.V
FO .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS

11. FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT
AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS FO
OF .
S .V R
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS F.V
FOR .

12. FOR T.V.
1
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
FO
R
. F.
V.
S.V
R
FO
x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

13. FOR T.V.
2
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
FO
. R
S .V F.V
R .
FO
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

14. FOR T.V.
3
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
FO
. R
S.V
FOR
F.
V. X Y
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

15. 4
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R
FO .
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

16. FOR T.V.
5
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
.
S.V
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

17. 6
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
. FO X Y
S .V R
R F.V
FO .
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

18. 7
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
FO
R
F.V
. .
S .V
R X Y
FO
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

19. STUDY 8
FOR T.V.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
50
X Y
20
25
FO
R
F.V
.
25 20
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

20. 9
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
FO
. R
F.V
S.V .
R
FO
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

21. 10
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
.
R S.V
FO
FO
R
F.
V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

22. FOR T.V. 11
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
FO
R
F.V X Y
.
.
S .V
R
FO
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

23. 12
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R .
FO
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

24. STUDY 13
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
35
FV
35
10
x y
10 20 30
FO
R 40
F.V
. 70
TV
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

25. STUDY 14
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FV
30 10 30 SV
30
10
30
x y
. FO
S.V R
R F.V
FO .
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
TV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

26. STUDY 15
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
. FO
S.V R
F.V
OR
40
. TV
60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

27. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
. FO
S .V R
R F.V
FO .
40 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
40
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60

28. 17
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
30 SQUARE
40 20
50
FO
. R 20
S.V F.V X 10
Y
R .
FO 30
O 60
F.V.
S.V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

29. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 18
FV
40
X 10 Y
O
30 D 45
FO
R
F.V
.
O
10
50
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
80
TV

30. 19
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FV 40
X O 10 Y
100
10
25 FO
R
TV
10 30 10
F.V
25 .
30 R O
20 D
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

31. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 20
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10 50
35
10
X Y
20 D
FO
R TV
F.V
.
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
O

32. 21
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10
25 15
25
40 10
25
FO
. R
S.V F.V 25
R .
FO O O
80 25
F.V. S.V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

33. FOR T.V.
22
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
450
30
FV
40
X Y
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
40 TV
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

34. 23
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FO HEX PART
R
F.V 20
30
.
20
.
S.V
40
20
R
FO
O 50
20
15
O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

35. FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 24
20 40
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X Y
O
10
30
FO
R
F.V 10
.
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

36. 25
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10 10 15
25
25
X Y
O 50 10
.
FV LSV S .V FO
R R
FO F.V
.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

37. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
26
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FO
R
F.V
.
30 20 10 20
15
10
15
.
S .V
R O
FO 30
15
15
X Y
50
F.V. LEFT S.V.