This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It explains that an object can be represented through multiple views that each show two dimensions of its three principal dimensions. These views are obtained by either revolving the object or moving the observer around the object. The document also covers topics like line conventions for hidden, visible and center lines in multiview drawings.

1. Chapter 3
Orthographic
Projection

2. TOPICS
Object representation
Glass box concept
Line convention
Orthographic projection of point,
line, plane, surface and object.
Multiview projection

3. OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection
Multiview projection

4. MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions
of an object …
Width Depth
Height
Width
Height
Depth
Depth
… can be presented only
two in each view.
Adjacent view(s)
is needed to
fulfill the size
description.

5. 1. Revolve the object with respect
to observer.
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
2. The observer move around the
object.

6. REVOLVE THE OBJECT
Front
view
Right side view
Top view

7. OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Front
view
Right side
view
Top view

8. THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT
Bottom view
Left side view
Rear view

9. Height
Width
Depth
History

10. MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
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11. MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
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12. MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
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13. MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
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14. Orthographic
Projection
of Object Features

15. OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.
Corners Represent the intersection of two or
more edges.
Edge
Corner
Edge No edge
No corner No corner

16. Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting
element
is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface
Limit
Limit
OBJECT FEATURES

17. PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.
You have to project the remaining surfaces which are
invisible too !
You have to project the remaining surfaces which are
invisible too !

18. s
s
s
PROJECTION OF OBJECT

19. PROJECTION OF OBJECT

20. Line Convention

21. LINE CONVENTION
Precedence of coincide lines.
Hidden line drawing.
Center line drawing.

22. PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Visible
line
Visible
line
Order of
importance
Hidden
line
Hidden
line
Center
line
Center
line

23. HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Correct
No !
Join
Leave
space

24. Correct No !
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space
Leave
space
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

25. Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.
Correct
No !
L T
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

26. Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

27. CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.
Leave space Leave space

28. Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Leave
space
Leave
space
Leave
space
Leave
space
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
CENTER LINE PRACTICE