This document provides an overview of engineering geology and the interior structure of Earth. It discusses:
- Engineering geology as the application of geology to civil engineering projects.
- The interior structure of Earth, including the crust, mantle (with upper, lower, and outer layers), liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Theories for the origin of Earth, including the nebular hypothesis of Kant and Laplace where Earth formed from a contracting gas cloud/nebula around the sun.
The mineral reserves & reserves estimation using triangular methods Numan Hossain
It includes the introduction about mineral reserves. It also introducing triangular method to estimate the mineral reserves. Here after solving related problems some relevant problems are introduced for practice.Hope, it will be helpful who wants to estimate ore reserves using triangular methods. Here, the differences between probable and proven reserves also displayed.
Geological site investigation for Civil Engineering FoundationsDr.Anil Deshpande
Aim to introduce Preliminary geological Investigations for fulfilling knowledge about geological need to determine engineering properties of foundation rocks and check the suitability & feasibility of site wherein selection of site plays a crucial role to avoid future implications in civil engineering projects.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
The mineral reserves & reserves estimation using triangular methods Numan Hossain
It includes the introduction about mineral reserves. It also introducing triangular method to estimate the mineral reserves. Here after solving related problems some relevant problems are introduced for practice.Hope, it will be helpful who wants to estimate ore reserves using triangular methods. Here, the differences between probable and proven reserves also displayed.
Geological site investigation for Civil Engineering FoundationsDr.Anil Deshpande
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Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
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Geological work of the wind, deflation, wind abrasion, desert pavement,
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This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
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Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
It aims at enhancing the mining process and higher yielding by reducing the chance of failures by providing information about the rocks of the mining area.
Geological work of the wind, deflation, wind abrasion, desert pavement,
ventifacts, desert dunes and sand sheets, sand seas or ergs, loess, coastal dunes, sand hills and
sabkhas, loess and evolution of deserts: Wind action and desert landscape
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Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
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This is a presentation onEngineering Geology.
It contains-
>>Meaning
>>Definition
>>Objective
>>Scope in Construction;Water Resource Developement;Town and Regional Planning.
>>Age Of Earth.
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Geology and Mineral Investment Opportunities in South SudanMining On Top
Geology and Mineral Investment Opportunities in South Sudan
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Mining On Top: Africa - London Summit
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The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Page 22 2.1 IntroductIonStudying the Earth’s interior .docxalfred4lewis58146
Page | 22
2.1 IntroductIon
Studying the Earth’s interior poses a significant challenge due to the lack of
direct access. Many processes observed at the Earth’s surface are driven by the
heat generated within the Earth, however, making an understanding of the interior
essential. Volcanism, earthquakes, and many of the Earth’s surface features are a
result of processes happening within the Earth.
Much of what we know regarding the Earth’s interior is through indirect means,
such as using seismic data to determine Earth’s internal structure. Scientists dis-
covered in the early 1900’s that seismic waves generated by earthquakes could
be used to help distinguish the properties of the Earth’s internal layers. The veloc-
ity of these waves (called primary and secondary waves, or P and S waves) changes
based on the density of the materials they travel through. As a result, seismic waves
do not travel through the Earth in straight lines, but rather get reflected and re-
fracted, which indicates that the Earth is not homogeneous throughout.
The Earth’s interior consists of an inner and outer core, the mantle, and the
crust. Located in the center of the Earth is the inner core, which is very dense
and under incredible pressure, and is thought to be composed of an iron and nick-
el alloy. It is solid, and surrounded by a region of liquid iron and nickel called the
outer core. The outer core is thought to be responsible for the generation of the
Earth’s magnetic field. A very large portion of the Earth’s volume is in the man-
tle, which surrounds the core. This layer is less dense than the core, and consists
of a solid that can behave in a plastic (deformable) manner. The thin outer layer
of the Earth is the crust. The two types, continental and oceanic crust, vary from
each other in thickness, composition, and density.
2.1.1 Learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Determine the different layers of the Earth and the distinguishing
properties of each layer
2earth’s InteriorRanda Harris and Bradley Deline
Page | 23
Introductory GeoloGy earth’s InterIor
• Understand how seismic waves behave within the different layers of the
Earth
• Understand how seismic tomography has been used to gain a better
understanding of the Earth’s interior
• Understand the Earth’s magnetic field and how it changes over time
• Learn how to use the program Google Earth for geological applications
2.1.2 Key terms
2.2 InterIor oF the eArth
The study of seismic waves and how they travel through the Earth has been
very useful in helping to determine the changes in density and composition within
the Earth and in locating the boundaries be-
tween the inner core, outer core, mantle, and
crust. Seismic waves are energy waves
generated during earthquakes; two types
known as P and S waves propagate through
the Earth as wave fronts from their place of
origin. P-waves are compressional waves
that move back and f.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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About
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
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R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.
Origin and interiors of the earth LECTURE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING
1. 1
Lecture # 1
Engineering Geology and Seismology
Origin and Interiors
of the Earth
SAFIULLAH 13CE07 Department of Civil Engineering
Swedish College of Engineering and Technology,Wah Cantt.
2. 2
Geology literally means
"study of the Earth.“
Physical geology examines the materials and
processes of the Earth.
Historical geology examines the origin and evolution of
our planet through time.
Engineering geology is the application of geological
data, techniques and principles to the study of rock
and soil surfacing materials, and ground water.
Seismology is study of the generation, propagation
and recording of the elastic waves and the source that
produce them.
3. Importance of engg geology in Civil Engineering
practice
What is Engineering Geology?
• Engineering geology is the application of geological
3
data, techniques and principles to the study of rock
and soil surficial materials and ground water.
• This is essential for the proper location, planning,
design, construction, operation and maintenance of
engineering structure.
4. 4
Importance of engg geology in Civil Engineering
practice
What does Engineering Geology study?
• Rock, soil, water and the interaction among these
constituents, as well as with engineering materials and
structures.
5. Why Engineering geology?
• Serve civil engineering to provide information in 3
most important areas:
• Resources for construction; aggregates, fills and
borrows.
• Finding stable foundations;
• Mitigation of geological hazards; Identify proplems,
evaluate the costs, provide information to mitigate
the problem
5
Importance of engg geology in Civil Engineering
practice
6. 6
Origin of Earth
Various Theory
1. Nebular Hypothesis
2. Planetesimal Hypothesis
3. Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis
4. Binary Star Hypothesis
5. Gas Dust Clout Hypothesis
7. 7
Nebular Hypothesis
German philosopher, Kant and French mathematician, Laplace
• Earth, planets and sun originated from Nebula.
• Nebula was large cloud of gas and dust. It rotates slowly.
• Gradually it cooled and contracted and its speed increased.
• A gaseous ring was separated from nebula
• Later the ring cooled and took form of a planet
• On repetition of the process all other planets came into being
• The central region, nebula became sun.
8. 8
Objections to Nebular Hypothesis :
• Sun should have the greatest angular momentum because
of its mass and situated in the center, however, it has only
two percent of momentum of the solar system
• How the hot gaseous material condensed in to rings
9. 9
Planetesimal Hypothesis
Chamberlin and Moulton proposed the theory in 1904
• The sun existed before the formation of planets
• A star came close to the sun.
• Because of the gravitation pull of the star, small gaseous
bodies were separated from the sun
• These bodies on cooing became small planet's
• During rotation the small planets collided and form planets
10. 10
Objection to Planetesimal Hypothesis
• The angular momentum could not be produced by
the passing star.
11. 11
Gaseous Tidal Theory
Jeans and Jeffrey proposed the theory in 1925
• Large star came near the sun. Due to gravitational pull a
gaseous tide was raised on the surface of the sun.
• As the star came nearer, the tide increased in size.
• Gaseous tide detached when star moved away.
• The shape of the tide was like spindle.
• It broke into pieces-forming nine planets of the solar system.
12. Interior of earth
Crust:
Continental crust (25-40 km)
Oceanic crust (~6 km)
Mantle
Upper mantle (650 km)
Lower mantle (2235 km)
Core
Outer core: liquid (2270 km)
Inner core: solid (1216 km)
Values in brackets represent the approximate thickness of each layer
13. Layers of the Earth
The earth is divided into three main layers: Inner core, outer
core, mantle and crust.
The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the
outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core
is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid.
Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed
of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and
oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the
mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner.
14. THE CRUST
The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of
the least dense calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals.
Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in
earthquakes.
The shell of the earth, the crust, can be said to have two different
thicknesses.
Under the oceans, it is relatively thin. It varies in thickness from 5 to
8 km. Under the land masses, it is relatively thick. The thickness of the
continental crust varies from 10 to 65 km.
15. THE CRUST
The eggshell analogy for the crust is not an exaggeration. It is
paper thin compared with the radius of the earth which is
approximately 6400 km.
The total weight of the continental crust is less than 0.3% of the
weight of the earth.
Variations in the crust thickness are compensated by the weight
of the water and the differences in the specific gravities of the
crust under the oceans (3.0 to 3.1) and under the continents(2.7 to
2.8).
16. THE CRUST
If one thinks of the crust as virtually floating on the mantle,
one is less likely to wonder why the earth does not wobble as it
rotates about its axis.
The weight of the crust plus the mantle has a reasonably
uniform distribution over the globe.
17. THE MOHO
The Moho, or the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, refers to a zone or
a thin shell below the crust of the earth that varies in thickness
from 1 to 3 km.
18. THE MOHO
In seismology, the term "discontinuity" is used in its general
sense. It refers to a change over a short distance of a material
property. In this case, the "short distance" may be as long as 3
km, a trifle compared with the radius of the earth.
In that zone, the P-wave velocity has been observed to
increase from approximately 6 to approximately 8 km/sec.
The Moho is considered to be the boundary between the
crust and the mantle.
The increase in P-wave velocity is ascribed to change in
composition of the medium. Rocks of the mantle are poorer in
silicon but richer in iron and magnesium
19. THE MANTLE
The mantle can be thought of having three different layers. The
separation is made because of different deformational properties in
the mantle inferred from seismic wave measurements.
(1) The upper layer is stiff. It is presumed that if the entire mantle
had been as stiff, the outer shell of the earth would stay put. This
stiff layer of the mantle and the overlying crust are referred to as the
lithosphere. The lithosphere is approximately 80-km thick
20. THE MANTLE
(2) Beneath the lithosphere is a soft layer of mantle called the
asthenosphere.
Its thickness is inferred to be several times that of the lithosphere.
One may think of this as a film of lubricant although film is not exactly
the word for something so thick. It is assumed that the lithosphere,
protruding (meaning: extending beyond) parts and all, can glide over the
asthenosphere with little distortion of the lithosphere
21. THE MANTLE
(3) The mesosphere is the lowest layer of the mantle.
Considering the vagueness in defining the lower boundary of
the asthenosphere it would be expected that the thickness and
material properties of the mesosphere are not well known.
It is expected to have a stiffness somewhere between those of
the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.
22. THE CORE
At a depth of approximately 2900 km, there is a large reduction
(on the order of 40%) in the measured velocity of seismic waves.
The boundary between the mantle and the core is assumed to be
at this depth.
Because no S-wave has been observed to travel through the
material below this boundary for a thickness of approximately 2300
km, it has been inferred that the core comprises two layers.
The 2300-km thick outer layer which is in a molten state and an
1100-km thick inner layer which is solid.
23. THE CORE
It is known that the pressure increases toward the center of the
earth. So does the temperature. The liquid outer layer versus the
solid inner layer is rationalized by recognizing that the melting
point of the material increases (with pressure) at a faster rate than
the temperature as the center of the earth is approached.